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Murakami T, Shigeki S. Pharmacotherapy for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4674. [PMID: 38731893 PMCID: PMC11083137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Keloids (KD) and hypertrophic scars (HTS), which are quite raised and pigmented and have increased vascularization and cellularity, are formed due to the impaired healing process of cutaneous injuries in some individuals having family history and genetic factors. These scars decrease the quality of life (QOL) of patients greatly, due to the pain, itching, contracture, cosmetic problems, and so on, depending on the location of the scars. Treatment/prevention that will satisfy patients' QOL is still under development. In this article, we review pharmacotherapy for treating KD and HTS, including the prevention of postsurgical recurrence (especially KD). Pharmacotherapy involves monotherapy using a single drug and combination pharmacotherapy using multiple drugs, where drugs are administered orally, topically and/or through intralesional injection. In addition, pharmacotherapy for KD/HTS is sometimes combined with surgical excision and/or with physical therapy such as cryotherapy, laser therapy, radiotherapy including brachytherapy, and silicone gel/sheeting. The results regarding the clinical effectiveness of each mono-pharmacotherapy for KD/HTS are not always consistent but rather scattered among researchers. Multimodal combination pharmacotherapy that targets multiple sites simultaneously is more effective than mono-pharmacotherapy. The literature was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Online search engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Murakami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima 731-2631, Japan;
| | - Sadayuki Shigeki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima 731-2631, Japan
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Nao SC, Huang LS, Shiu-Hin Chan D, Wang X, Li GD, Wu J, Wong CY, Wang W, Leung CH. Repurposing sodium stibogluconate as an uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor against prostate cancer using a time-resolved oligonucleotide-based drug screening platform. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107176. [PMID: 38330721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Repurposing drugs can significantly reduce the time and costs associated with drug discovery and development. However, many drug compounds possess intrinsic fluorescence, resulting in aberrations such as auto-fluorescence, scattering and quenching, in fluorescent high-throughput screening assays. To overcome these drawbacks, time-resolved technologies have received increasing attention. In this study, we have developed a rapid and efficient screening platform based on time-resolved emission spectroscopy in order to screen for inhibitors of the DNA repair enzyme, uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG). From a database of 1456 FDA/EMA-approved drugs, sodium stibogluconate was discovered as a potent UDG inhibitor. This compound showed synergistic cytotoxicity against 5-fluorouracil-resistant cancer cells. This work provides a promising future for time-resolved technologies for high-throughput screening (HTS), allowing for the swift identification of bioactive compounds from previously overlooked scaffolds due to their inherent fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Cuo Nao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Le-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | | | - Xueliang Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 45 South Gaoxin Road, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chun-Yuen Wong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 45 South Gaoxin Road, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; MoE Frontiers Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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Kim S, Woo YR, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS. Clinical Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil and Bleomycin in Dermatology. J Clin Med 2024; 13:335. [PMID: 38256469 PMCID: PMC10816055 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are widely used in various dermatological disorders. Both drugs are well-recognized as antineoplastic drugs and exert their effect by blocking the cell cycle. Topical and intralesional formulations are available and have been studied in both non-neoplastic and cancerous lesions. However, data comparing the effect of bleomycin and 5-FU in the dermatological disorders are limited. This review outlines the action mechanisms of both drugs and compares their clinical efficacies in a wide range of dermatologic diseases including hypertrophic scar, wart, skin cancer, vascular malformation, hemangioma, and vitiligo, and discusses the overall safety of the drugs. Intralesional bleomycin treatment is effective in hypertrophic scars and warts, but intralesional 5-FU may also be considered since it is cheaper and less painful. Moreover, intralesional 5-FU and bleomycin injection is a viable option for premalignant lesions (i.e., actinic keratosis) and inoperable skin cancers. Both bleomycin and 5-FU have been applied as treatment adjuncts for vitiligo, with 5-FU showing a slightly better outcome. Both agents have a good safety profile, and no serious side effects have been reported following their use in the field of dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hei Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (Y.R.W.); (S.H.C.); (J.D.L.)
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Qi W, Xiao X, Tong J, Guo N. Progress in the clinical treatment of keloids. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1284109. [PMID: 38046417 PMCID: PMC10690427 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1284109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid is a pathological scar that is higher than the skin surface following skin damage. Its lesion range often extends beyond the original damage boundary and does not naturally subside over time. Its pathogenesis is very complex, currently the main causes include fibroblast excessive proliferation, collagen and extracellular matrix (Extracellular matrix, ECM) excessive deposition, excessive angiogenesis, and so on. The traditional treatment method primarily involves surgical intervention, but it is associated with a high recurrence rate post-surgery. Consequently, many treatment methods are derived according to the different clinical characteristics of keloid. This paper will review the therapeutic progress in recent years from surgical treatment, physiotherapy, drug therapy, and biological therapy, with the goal of offering valuable insights for the clinical treatment of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Tong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nengqiang Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Balouch B, Ranjbar PA, Barna A, Marshall C, Eichorn D, Martha V, Tong J, Hawkshaw MJ, Sataloff RT. 5-Fluorouracil for Treatment of Vocal Fold Scar. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00127-3. [PMID: 37270334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vocal fold (VF) scar can result from trauma, neoplasm, inflammatory processes, congenital causes, surgery and other etiologies. In general, once the vibratory margin of the VF has been scarred, it has not been possible to return VF function to normal; but often it can be improved. The drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a pyrimidine antimetabolic that has many clinical applications ranging from systemic chemotherapy to topical treatment of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Local injection with 5-FU also has been used for hypertrophic scar and keloids. 5-FU was shown to have benefit in animal models of VF scar and subglottic stenosis. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of 5-FU injection on VF vibratory function in patients with VF scar. Outcomes of 5-FU injection were compared to controls injected with dexamethasone. METHODS Adult voice center patients who had undergone VF injection with dexamethasone or a series of three 5-FU injections for treatment of VF scar were included in the study. Postoperative outcomes included percentage of subjects demonstrating improvement after injection, change in scar size, glottic closure, and VF stiffness, as well as digital image analysis measurements of mucosal wave. Outcomes were compared between subjects who received 5-FU and those who received dexamethasone. RESULTS There were 58 VFs injected with 5-FU and 58 historical controls injected with dexamethasone. Baseline subject characteristics and etiology of scar did not differ significantly between the 5-FU and dexamethasone cohorts, except that scar size was greater in the 5-FU group and mucosal wave was worse at baseline. After a series of three 5-FU injections, 61.22% improved, 8.16% demonstrated no change, and 30.61% worsened. In the dexamethasone cohort, 51.06% improved, 0.00% demonstrated no change, and 48.94% worsened. The response differed significantly between the 5-FU and dexamethasone cohorts, with a greater proportion of subjects who underwent 5-FU injection demonstrating improvement postoperatively. In the 5-FU cohort, 32.76% of subjects previously had undergone and failed dexamethasone injection for VF scar: and within that group 84.21% improved, 5.26% demonstrated no change, and 10.53% worsened following 5-FU injection. On digital image analysis, the percent improvement in postoperative mucosal wave was significantly greater in the 5-FU cohort compared to the dexamethasone group, which demonstrated a worsening of mucosal wave. CONCLUSIONS A series of three intralesional injections with 5-FU outperformed dexamethasone for improving mucosal wave in patients with VF scar. A prior failed trial of dexamethasone injection predicted a favorable response to 5-FU. Further research is encouraged to confirm or refute these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Balouch
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Alex Barna
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Camryn Marshall
- Florida Atlantic University College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Daniel Eichorn
- Department of Otolaryngology - Facial Plastic Surgery and Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishnu Martha
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jane Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Mary J Hawkshaw
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert T Sataloff
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.
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Hao R, Wang C, Yang C, Chang J, Wang X, Yuan B, Xu H, Zhou S, Fan C, Li Z. Transdermal delivery of Protocatechuic aldehyde using hyaluronic acid/gelatin-based microneedles for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:202-213. [PMID: 36773724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hypertrophic scar (HS) involves many pathological processes, such as reduced apoptosis in fibroblasts, excessive collagen deposition by fibroblasts, over-abundant angiogenesis, etc. The therapeutic effects of current treatments targeting one single pathological process are limited. Due to their diverse biological activities, natural products offer a potential solution to this issue. In this study reported herein, we investigated the effects of Protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) on both hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts (HSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Microneedles (MN) containing PA and hyaluronic acid (HA) or containing PA, HA, and gelatin were prepared by mixing PA stock solution with HA or HA/gelatin at a ratio of 1:10. The HS prevention and treatment outcomes of these HA-PA-MN and HA/gelatin-PA-MN were tested using a rabbit ear HS model. Our data indicate that PA induces apoptosis and reduces collagen deposition in HSF. In addition, PA attenuates VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis of HUVECs. Furthermore, HA-PA-MN or HA/gelatin-PA-MN are able to effectively penetrate the epidermis of the HS tissues and then quickly dissolve, enabling the fast release of PA directly into the dermis of the HS tissues. HA-PA-MN or HA/Gelatin-PA-MN have also been found to effectively prevent or alleviate HS in a rabbit ear HS model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PA can be used to prevent and treat HS by simultaneously regulating HSF and HUVECs, which offers a potential novel reagent for HS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Hao
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiqiao Wang
- Department of Burn, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Burn, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiting Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Zhiming Li
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Li Y, Zhang D, Hang B, Wang H. The Efficacy of Combination Therapy Involving Excision Followed by Intralesional 5-Fluorouracil and Betamethasone, and Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Keloids: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2845-2854. [PMID: 36582847 PMCID: PMC9793735 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s388717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Combined therapy for keloids is currently recommended. Surgery is one of the main options, but the measures to prevent recurrence after excision are still being explored. Objective The randomized controlled study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of excision followed by intralesional low concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)(12.5 mg/mL) and betamethasone. Methods Sixty patients were randomly assigned to three groups. Patients in group A had excision followed by 5-FU and betamethasone intralesional injections, group B had 5-FU and betamethasone intralesional injections, and group C had excision followed by radiotherapy. Efficacy parameters were assessed from 8 to 12 months, including improvement on the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and the Patient and Observer Scar Scale (POSAS), as well as side effects and recurrence. Trial registration number: ChiCTR2100046025. Results After 4 months' treatment, the improvement of the VSS and POSAS scores in group A was not different from that in group C (P > 0.05) but was superior to that in group B (P < 0.05); the pain and pruritus of the three groups were relieved more than 50%. After 8 to 12 months' follow-up, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of side effects and recurrence among the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Excision followed by intralesional low concentrations of 5-FU (12.5mg/mL) with betamethasone is a safe and sustainable treatment for keloid, with no significant difference from excision followed by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhuo Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dewu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Hang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), Xi’an, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hao Wang, Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), No. 157, West 5th Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 182 9183 9156, Email
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Kaur A, Garg R, Mittal RK, Shah S, Patial T, Addiwal R. Comparative Efficacy of Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide and 5-Fluorouracil for Keloid Scars. PLASTIC AND AESTHETIC NURSING 2022; 42:184-189. [PMID: 36469388 DOI: 10.1097/psn.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TAC; a synthetic corticosteroid) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; a cytotoxic chemotherapy drug) are the medications most commonly used to treat keloid scars. We investigated the clinical efficacy of TAC compared with 5-FU. We included 40 patients in the study and divided them into two equal groups ( n = 20 Group A; n = 20 Group B). Group A patients received 4 mg/cm 2 or 0.1 ml/cm 2 of intralesional TAC (40 mg/ml) at 3-week intervals. Group B patients received 10 mg/cm 2 or 0.2 ml/cm 2 of intralesional 5-FU (50 mg/ml) at 3-week intervals. We assessed the scar using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), visual analog scale (VAS), and patient satisfaction score (PSS). We found that Group A patients had a lower VAS than Group B patients (2.09 vs. 3.18). We saw a reduction in the VSS in both treatment arms; however, we found that Group B patients had a more marked reduction in the VSS compared with Group A patients (2.57 vs. 2.68). The PSS was higher in Group A than in Group B (1.97 vs. 1.78). We concluded that intralesional 5-FU elicits a better response than intralesional TAC. Although 5-FU is less well tolerated and has more side effects than TAC, we found that 5-FU was more effective in resolving keloid scars. Notably, the PSS was higher in the TAC group, but the VSS and VAS were better in Group B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Amandeep Kaur, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a plastic surgeon, Department of Burns, Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ivy Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Ramneesh Garg, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajinder K. Mittal, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery and department head, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sheerin Shah, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an associate professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Tushar Patial, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an assistant professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Raman Addiwal, MS, MBBS, is a neurosurgery resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Mamata Medical College, Khamam, Telangana, India
| | - Ramneesh Garg
- Amandeep Kaur, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a plastic surgeon, Department of Burns, Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ivy Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Ramneesh Garg, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajinder K. Mittal, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery and department head, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sheerin Shah, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an associate professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Tushar Patial, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an assistant professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Raman Addiwal, MS, MBBS, is a neurosurgery resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Mamata Medical College, Khamam, Telangana, India
| | - Rajinder K Mittal
- Amandeep Kaur, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a plastic surgeon, Department of Burns, Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ivy Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Ramneesh Garg, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajinder K. Mittal, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery and department head, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sheerin Shah, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an associate professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Tushar Patial, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an assistant professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Raman Addiwal, MS, MBBS, is a neurosurgery resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Mamata Medical College, Khamam, Telangana, India
| | - Sheerin Shah
- Amandeep Kaur, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a plastic surgeon, Department of Burns, Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ivy Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Ramneesh Garg, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajinder K. Mittal, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery and department head, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sheerin Shah, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an associate professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Tushar Patial, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an assistant professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Raman Addiwal, MS, MBBS, is a neurosurgery resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Mamata Medical College, Khamam, Telangana, India
| | - Tushar Patial
- Amandeep Kaur, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a plastic surgeon, Department of Burns, Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ivy Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Ramneesh Garg, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajinder K. Mittal, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery and department head, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sheerin Shah, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an associate professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Tushar Patial, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an assistant professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Raman Addiwal, MS, MBBS, is a neurosurgery resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Mamata Medical College, Khamam, Telangana, India
| | - Raman Addiwal
- Amandeep Kaur, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a plastic surgeon, Department of Burns, Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ivy Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Ramneesh Garg, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajinder K. Mittal, MS, MCh, MBBS, is a professor of plastic surgery and department head, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sheerin Shah, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an associate professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Tushar Patial, MS, MCh, MBBS, is an assistant professor of plastic surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Raman Addiwal, MS, MBBS, is a neurosurgery resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Mamata Medical College, Khamam, Telangana, India
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Rana M, Perotti A, Bisset LM, Smith JD, Lamden E, Khan Z, Ismail MK, Ellis K, Armstrong KA, Hodder SL, Bertoli C, Meneguello L, de Bruin RAM, Morris JR, Romero-Canelon I, Tucker JHR, Hodges NJ. A ferrocene-containing nucleoside analogue targets DNA replication in pancreatic cancer cells. Metallomics 2022; 14:mfac041. [PMID: 35689667 PMCID: PMC9320222 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a disease that remains refractory to existing treatments including the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine. In the current study we demonstrate that an organometallic nucleoside analogue, the ferronucleoside 1-(S,Rp), is cytotoxic in a panel of PDAC cell lines including gemcitabine-resistant MIAPaCa2, with IC50 values comparable to cisplatin. Biochemical studies show that the mechanism of action is inhibition of DNA replication, S-phase cell cycle arrest and stalling of DNA-replication forks, which were directly observed at single molecule resolution by DNA-fibre fluorography. In agreement with this, transcriptional changes following treatment with 1-(S,Rp) include activation of three of the four genes (HUS1, RAD1, RAD17) of the 9-1-1 check point complex clamp and two of the three genes (MRE11, NBN) that form the MRN complex as well as activation of multiple downstream targets. Furthermore, there was evidence of phosphorylation of checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 as well as RPA1 and gamma H2AX, all of which are considered biochemical markers of replication stress. Studies in p53-deficient cell lines showed activation of CDKN1A (p21) and GADD45A by 1-(S,Rp) was at least partially independent of p53. In conclusion, because of its potency and activity in gemcitabine-resistant cells, 1-(S,Rp) is a promising candidate molecule for development of new treatments for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marium Rana
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alessio Perotti
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucy M Bisset
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James D Smith
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma Lamden
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zahra Khan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Media K Ismail
- Department of pharmacy, college of pharmacy, Knowledge University, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Katherine Ellis
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, and The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katie A Armstrong
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samantha L Hodder
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- MRC Laboratory or Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Leticia Meneguello
- MRC Laboratory or Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory or Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joanna R Morris
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, and The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelon
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James H R Tucker
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Chhabra A, Pandey S, Rathore Y, Kaur G, Lakhanpal T, Singh Tanwar K, Kumaran MS, De D, Shukla J. Nuclear medicine in the management of superficial skin abnormalities and institutional experience. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:625-630. [PMID: 35362693 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Keloid, hypertrophic scars and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) falls under the category of non-melanoma skin cancer. Intralesional steroids, external beam radiation therapy, 5-Fluorouracil, cryotherapy, laser, etc are the available treatment options. However, recurrence has been reported with each type of treatment mode. In the present article, various treatment modes have been discussed and institutional experience of Rhenium-188 skin patches for the treatment of keloids and BCC has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Sendhil Kumaran
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipankar De
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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11
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Wu Y, Wang GJ, He HQ, Qin HH, Shen WT, Yu Y, Zhang X, Zhou ML, Fei JB. Low-dose intralesional injection of 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone reduces tissue resident memory T cells in chronic eczema. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:166-176. [PMID: 35071516 PMCID: PMC8727240 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells have been reported to play a significant role in the pathogenesis and relapse of chronic eczema.
AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of the intralesional injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and triamcinolone (TA) with those associated with TA alone for the treatment of chronic eczema.
METHODS A total of 168 patients were randomized to 5-FU+TA or TA groups and received a one-time intralesional injection of 5-FU+TA or TA only. Biopsies were collected before and 2 wk after treatment for evaluation of histopathological changes. All patients were followed up monthly for up to 1 year.
RESULTS No serious adverse event was observed in either group. Although the mean atopic dermatitis severity index scores and effective rates were comparable between the two groups after 2 wk of treatment, the relapse rate was significantly lower in the 5-FU+TA group than in the TA group. Histological examination showed significantly fewer CD8+ and CD103+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells in the 5-FU+TA group.
CONCLUSION One-time intralesional injection of 5-FU+TA is effective and safe for chronic eczema treatment and can further reduce the retention of TRM cells in the lesional skin and the relapse rate of chronic eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Guo-Jiang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Hui-Qiong He
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Hai-Hong Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Wen-Tong Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Mao-Lin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jian-Biao Fei
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
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12
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Nurzati Y, Zhu Z, Xu H, Zhang Y. Identification and Validation of Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Keloid Based on GEO Database. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:897-912. [PMID: 35115816 PMCID: PMC8801514 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s337951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Keloid is a pathological scar type, which invades normal surrounding tissue without self-limiting to cause pain, itching, cosmetic disfigurement, etc. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying keloid remains unclear. This dilemma leads to no biomarker available for diagnosis. Thus, to seek accurate diagnosis, biomarkers are necessary for keloid diagnosis to help control its incidence. Methods Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to select differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in GSE113620. miRTarBase miRNA–target tools were used to predict the interactions between miRNAs and their target mRNAs. Target mRNAs that were differentially expressed in keloid were selected by analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE44270 and GSE92566. PPI network analysis, gene enrichment analysis, cell-specific and tissue-specific expression analyses of DE-target mRNAs were conducted. RT-PCR analysis was conducted to validate our results. Results Three novel miRNAs (miR-30b-5p, miR-212-3p, miR-149-5p) and five target mRNAs (SIX1, CCNA2, CCNB1, FOXM1, RUNX2) were identified as potential biomarkers for keloid patients. Additionally, the potential functions of those miRNAs-mRNAs pathways were analyzed. Discussion These findings of keloid-related miRNAs, mRNAs, and miRNA–mRNAs regulatory networks may provide insights into the underlying pathogenesis of keloid and serve as potential biomarkers for keloid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeletai Nurzati
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201100, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Heng Xu; Yixin Zhang Email ;
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201100, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Yamaguchi Y, Fukunaga Y, Takagi M, Saito T, Tamura K, Hoshiya T. Time-course changes in 5-fluorouracil-induced neural progenitor cell damages in the developing rat brain. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:299-308. [PMID: 34621107 PMCID: PMC8484929 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) is a DNA-damaging agent and teratogenic in rodents. This study
aimed to investigate its influence on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the developing
fetal rat brain. Dams were intraperitoneally injected with 5-Fu (50 mg/kg b.w.) on
gestation day 13 and its effects on fetal NPCs were observed from 3 to 72 hours after
treatment (HAT), via periodic examination at six intervals. In NPCs of the fetal brain,
the p53-labeling index (LI%) was markedly elevated at 3 HAT. Pyknosis and cleaved
caspase-3-LI% also increased at 3 HAT, reaching peak values at 9 and 12 HAT. These
parallel changes suggested the induction of apoptosis through a p53-mediated pathway.
Pyknotic NPCs were distributed across the ventricular zone (VZ) of the telencephalic wall
until 12 HAT, and became localized in the medial and dorsal layers at 12 and 48 HAT.
Significant decreases in the numbers of mitotic NPCs and BrdU-LI% were noted from 3 HAT
and 24 HAT, respectively. BrdU-positive NPCs were located in the ventral and middle layer
at 24 and 48 HAT. p21-positive cells were detected at 12 and 24 HAT. The present results
demonstrated that p53-mediated apoptosis was induced in all phases of the cell cycle of
the NPCs in the early stage after 5-FU treatment. Furthermore, apoptosis of NPCs and
suppression of cell proliferative activity are the events that take place in parallel
leading to prominent reduction in the width of the telencephalic wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamaguchi
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Yachiyo Fukunaga
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Mizuho Takagi
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Saito
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Toru Hoshiya
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BoZo Research Center Inc, 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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14
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Takahashi K, Tanabe R, Ehata S, Kubota SI, Morishita Y, Ueda HR, Miyazono K. Visualization of the cancer cell cycle by tissue-clearing technology using the Fucci reporter system. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3796-3809. [PMID: 34145937 PMCID: PMC8409402 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-clearing technology is an emerging imaging technique currently utilized not only in neuroscience research but also in cancer research. In our previous reports, tissue-clearing methods were used for the detection of metastatic tumors. Here, we showed that the cell cycles of primary and metastatic tumors were visualized by tissue-clearing methods using a reporter system. First, we established cancer cell lines stably expressing fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci) reporter with widely used cancer cell lines A549 and 4T1. Fluorescence patterns of the Fucci reporter were investigated in various tumor inoculation models in mice. Interestingly, fluorescence patterns of the Fucci reporter of tumor colonies were different between various organs, and even among colonies in the same organs. The effects of antitumor drugs were also evaluated using these Fucci reporter cells. Of the three antitumor drugs studied, 5-fluorouracil treatment on 4T1-Fucci cells resulted in characteristic fluorescent patterns by the induction of G2 /M arrest both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the combination of a tissue-clearing method with the Fucci reporter is useful for analyzing the mechanisms of cancer metastasis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Tanabe
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shogo Ehata
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Environmental Science CenterThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shimpei I. Kubota
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Department of Systems PharmacologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Laboratory for Synthetic BiologyRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchSuitaJapan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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15
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Liang Y, Zhou R, Fu X, Wang C, Wang D. HOXA5 counteracts the function of pathological scar-derived fibroblasts by partially activating p53 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:40. [PMID: 33414417 PMCID: PMC7791133 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of p53 can lead to the formation of pathological scars, including hypertrophic scars and keloids. HOXA5 has been reported to be a critical transcription factor in the p53 pathway in cancers. However, whether HOXA5 also plays a role in pathological scar progression through activating p53 signaling remains unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that HOXA5 overexpression in hypertrophic scar-or keloids-derived fibroblasts decreased cell proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis, whereas increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the results of luciferase activity assays and ChIP PCR assays indicated that HOXA5 transactivated p53 by binding to the ATTA-rich core motif in the p53 promoter. HOXA5 also increased the levels of p21 and Mdm2, which are downstream targets of p53. Interestingly, silencing p53 in these pathological scar-derived fibroblasts partially attenuated HOXA5-mediated growth inhibition effect and HOXA5-induced apoptosis. In addition, 9-cis-retinoic acid augmented the expression of HOXA5 and promoted the effects of HOXA5 on pathological scar-derived fibroblasts, and these effects could be suppressed by HOXA5 knockdown. Thus, our study reveals a role of HOXA5 in mediating the cellular processes of pathological scar-derived fibroblasts by transcriptionally activating the p53 signaling pathway, and 9-cis-retinoic acid may be a potential therapy for pathological scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujun Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Danru Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Huang A, Chen L, Wang Y, Ma S, Jin S, Cai H, Huang X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Lin K, Lin F. The Analysis of Differentially Expressed circRNAs Under the Antiproliferative Effect From 5-Fluorouracil on Osteosarcoma Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820964215. [PMID: 33308021 PMCID: PMC7739131 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820964215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used drug for cancer treatment, but its effect and underlying mechanisms on osteosarcoma (OS) cells remain unclear. METHODS U2OS and MG63 cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 500 μM 5-FU. MTS and flow cytometry were used to examine the effect of 5-FU on cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. Circular RNA (circRNA) expression was detected using RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Differentially expressed circRNAs were further subjected to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analysis to predict their functions. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network was generated to analyze the regulatory networks of 5-FU-induced differentially expressed circRNAs. Western blotting (WB) was used to verify the protein in the downstream of circRNAs. RESULTS 5-FU inhibited the cell viability of the MG63 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The most significant effect was observed in the cells treated with 500 μM 5-FU. Apoptosis was also increased in the MG63 cells after 500 μM 5-FU treatment for 3 days. RNA sequencing results showed that 183 differentially expressed circRNAs (172 upregulated and 11 downregulated) in 5-FU-treated cells. KEGG and GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed circRNAs were primarily enriched in proliferation-, apoptosis-, and metabolism-related functions. qPCR was used to verify the most upregulated and downregulated circRNAs. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network showed that these 8 circRNAs had a sizable regulatory network that links a series of genes involved in tumor suppression. CONCLUSION 5-FU treatment resulted in the differentially expressed circRNAs that were proliferation- and apoptosis-associated and were involved in the 5-FU-induced inhibition of tumor proliferation in OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- AiJun Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - LiPing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second People's Hospital of Futian District, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - YiMing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - ShuQiang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhou Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - ZengRong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangsiyu Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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17
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Nischwitz SP, Rauch K, Luze H, Hofmann E, Draschl A, Kotzbeck P, Kamolz LP. Evidence-based therapy in hypertrophic scars: An update of a systematic review. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 28:656-665. [PMID: 32506727 PMCID: PMC7539946 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are still a major burden for numerous patients, especially after burns. Many treatment options are available; however, no evidence-based treatment protocol is available with recommendations mostly emerging from experience or lower quality studies. This review serves to discuss the currently available literature. A systematic review was performed and the databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched for suitable publications. Only original articles in English that dealt with the treatment of hypertrophic scars in living humans were analyzed. Further, studies with a level of evidence lower than 1 as defined by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons were excluded. After duplicate exclusion, 1638 studies were screened. A qualitative assessment yielded 163 articles eligible for evidence grading. Finally nine studies were included. Four of them used intralesional injections, four topical therapeutics and one assessed the efficacy of CO2 -laser. Intralesional triamcinolone + fluorouracil injections, and topical pressure and/or silicone therapy revealed significant improvements in terms of scar height, pliability, and pigmentation. This systematic review showed that still few high-quality studies exist to evaluate therapeutic means and their mechanisms for hypertrophic scars. Among these, most of them assessed the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone injections with the same treatment protocol. Intralesional injection appears to be the best option for hypertrophic scar treatment. Future studies should focus on a possible optimization of infiltrative therapies, consistent end-point evaluations, adequate follow-up periods, and possibly intraindividual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Nischwitz
- COREMED - Cooperative Centre for Regenerative Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Hanna Luze
- COREMED - Cooperative Centre for Regenerative Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Hofmann
- COREMED - Cooperative Centre for Regenerative Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Petra Kotzbeck
- COREMED - Cooperative Centre for Regenerative Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lars-Peter Kamolz
- COREMED - Cooperative Centre for Regenerative Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Hietanen KE, Järvinen TAH, Huhtala H, Tolonen TT, Kaartinen IS. Histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis of 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone treated keloids in double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 28:385-399. [PMID: 32112591 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are a major complication related to surgical wound healing and very challenging condition to treat. Many treatment options are available, but the efficacy of the treatment is poor in most of cases and some keloids do not respond to the treatment at all. We compared the efficacy of intralesional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and triamcinolone (TAC) injections in a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT). Forty-three patients with 50 keloid scars were treated with either intralesional TAC or 5-FU-injections over 6 months. We wanted to find out whether biological features (cell density, cell proliferation rate, vascular density, myofibroblast numbers, steroid hormone receptor expression) in keloids could be used to predict the response to therapy and define the biological changes that take place in patients receiving a response. As there was no statistically significant difference in the remission rate between TAC and 5-FU treatments, all patients were combined and analyzed as responders and nonresponders. Although responders have slightly more myofibroblasts than the nonresponders in their keloids in the pretreatment biopsy samples, we could not identify a single predictive factor that could identify those patients that respond to drug injections. The good clinical response to therapy is associated with the simultaneous reduction of myofibroblasts in the keloid. This study demonstrates that myofibroblasts are reduced in number in those keloids that were responsive to therapy, and that both 5-FU and TAC injections are useful for keloid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriistiina E Hietanen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu T Tolonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka S Kaartinen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Sofra X, Lampe N. Technological Advances in Accelerated Wound Repair and Regeneration. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.127053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Triamcinolone Acetonide Suppresses Keloid Formation Through Enhancing Apoptosis in a Nude Mouse Model. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 83:S50-S54. [PMID: 31513066 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of steroid treatments for keloids is in regards to modulation of inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis, with no in vivo study on the latter. Using a nude mouse model, we investigated whether triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections induce keloids regression through enhancing apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six keloid specimens (1 × 1 cm) were harvested from 6 patients and separated into sets of 2 from the same patient: no treatment and intralesional TA injection (0.4 mg/mL/kg) at 8 weeks of postimplantation. One set was implanted in each of 18 randomly selected nude mice, which were separated into 3 groups based on time of keloid harvesting after treatment: group A, 2 weeks; group B, 8 weeks; and group C, 14 weeks. Each group had 1 set of specimen from each patient. Histological staining was performed with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed for human-prolyl 4-hydroxylase (hPH4) and caspase 3 protein, along with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS All keloid specimens survived, with no noted overgrowth. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed dense extracellular matrix and viable fibroblasts, and hPH4 immunohistochemistry revealed strong expression, demonstrating keloid viability. Caspase 3 protein and TUNEL expressions were significantly increased in the treatment versus control groups, demonstrating that TA injections induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injections significantly increased apoptosis in keloids, represented by increased caspase 3 protein and TUNEL expressions, supporting that steroids suppress keloids in part owing to enhancement of apoptosis.
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Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars Using Laser-Assisted Corticosteroid Versus Laser-Assisted 5-Fluorouracil Delivery. Dermatol Surg 2019; 45:423-430. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Park JW, Oh J, Ko SJ, Chang MS, Kim J. Effects of Onchung-eum, an Herbal Prescription, on 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Oral Mucositis. Integr Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1285-1296. [PMID: 30296855 PMCID: PMC6247538 DOI: 10.1177/1534735418805560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In most cancer patients, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent
side effect, leading to low quality of life and delay in therapy. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the effects of Onchung-eum, a
well-known herbal prescription in traditional medicine comprising 8 herbs that
has long been used for skin diseases, on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)–induced OM in
human pharyngeal cells and golden Syrian hamsters. DPPH
(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, MTT
(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and
reactive oxygen species production were measured in vitro. The effects of
Onchung-eum on OM of hamster cheek pouches induced by 5-FU
were evaluated histologically and using TUNEL assay. In addition, the expression
of nuclear factor-κB, caspase-3, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by
immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Significantly increased cell viability
was observed in the Onchung-eum–treated groups compared with
the 5-FU–treated control group. In 500 and 1000 mg/kg
Onchung-eum–treated groups, the damaged epithelial layers
in the cheek pouches of hamsters were significantly recovered. Moreover, at all
concentrations, cell death in the cheek pouches of hamsters in the
Onchung-eum–treated groups significantly decreased. The
expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB, and caspase-3 also
significantly decreased in Onchung-eum–treated groups at 500
and 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, this study revealed that
Onchung-eum can be used to treat chemotherapy-induced OM.
However, further studies are required to understand the underlying
mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woo Park
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Oh
- 2 Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Ko
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mun Seog Chang
- 3 Department of Prescriptionology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Bhattacharjee R, Kumaran MS, Vinay K. Intralesional 5-fluorouracil to treat extensive molluscum contagiosum in an immunocompromised patient: A novel therapeutic modality. Dermatol Ther 2018; 31:e12658. [PMID: 30019365 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajsmita Bhattacharjee
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Muthu Sendhil Kumaran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Keshavamurthy Vinay
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Shi C, Zhu J, Yang D. The pivotal role of inflammation in scar/keloid formation after acne. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2018; 9:e1448327. [PMID: 29707102 PMCID: PMC5914537 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2018.1448327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most keloids are clinically observed as solid nodules or claw-like extensions. However, they appear hypoechoic on ultrasound images and are therefore easily confused with liquid features such as blood or vessels. The pathological manifestations of typical keloids also include prominent, thick blood vessels. The existing classification of scars fails to reflect the natural history of keloids. The outer characteristics of a typical keloid include bright red hyperplasia with abundant vessels, suggesting the importance of vascular components in the process of scar formation and prompting consideration of the role of inflammation in the development of granular hyperplasia. Additionally, we further considered the potential effectiveness of oral isotretinoin for severe keloids secondary to severe acne. We also explored different principles and applications related to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), pulsed dye laser (PDL), and CO2 laser treatments for scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, No.1278 Baode Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyu Zhu
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, No.1278 Baode Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, China
| | - Degang Yang
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, No.1278 Baode Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, China
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Erickson T, Gray J, Tayebi B, Tung R. A multimodal approach to the treatment of extensive burn scars: a modified subcision technique for intralesional delivery of corticosteroid and 5-fluorouracil in combination with several procedural laser therapies; a case report. Scars Burn Heal 2018; 4:2059513118818997. [PMID: 35154809 PMCID: PMC8832315 DOI: 10.1177/2059513118818997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertrophic scars and keloids are challenging to manage due to recurrence
and often sub-optimal response to treatment. There is a lack of both
definitive treatment standards and randomised controlled trials comparing
therapeutic options. While a wide array of procedures has been utilised to
improve traumatic burn scars, such interventions have been used with varying
degrees of success. Some reported methods include intralesional injections
of anti-inflammatory and anti-mitotic medications, laser-based therapy,
topical therapies, cryotherapy, silicone gel sheeting, pressure therapy,
radiotherapy and reconstructive surgery. Case: We report a case of extensive traumatic burn scarring on the head and neck
successfully treated with a multimodal approach comprised of an infrequently
used modified subcision technique to deliver alternating intralesional
injections of anti-inflammatory (high-dose steroid) and anti-metabolite
(5-flurouracil) concurrently with a series of laser (epilatory, vascular and
fractional) treatments. Methods: Our treatment modality utilised a subcisional technique to deliver
intralesional steroid and anti-metabolite medications directly into scar
tissue to downregulate inflammation and inhibit collagen synthesis.
Alexandrite, fractional and pulsed dye laser therapy was employed to improve
skin texture, reduce dyschromia and reduce tissue burden of hypertrophic
scar and keloid tissue, resulting in improved mobility and skin
elasticity. Conclusion: Our case supports a combined medical and procedural, subcisional, approach to
successfully treat a patient with extensive hypertrophic scarring and keloid
formation with associated hair entrapment after a head and neck burn.
Head and neck scarring can result in significant psychological and physical
impairments that may interfere with a patient’s daily life activities and
self-esteem. Burn injuries can result in hypertrophic scars and keloids that are
large in size, out of proportion to the initial area of injury, thought to be
due to inflammation that increases collagen production in the skin. In our case
report, we utilise a combined, non-surgical method of steroid and
anti-metabolite injections as well as laser technology to successfully reduce
the symptoms and appearance of large head and neck scars. Treatments consisted
of a non-invasive combination of injections into the scar tissue delivering
medication to reduce inflammation, pulsed dye laser to aid in decreasing scar
thickness and Alexandrite laser to reduce inflammation associated with trapped
hair follicles. One session of erbium fractional laser therapy was performed
with local anaesthesia, creating microscopic wounds to stimulate collagen
remodelling in the skin and facilitate resurfacing and healing of the scar.
These treatment sessions were performed outpatient and occurred at eight-week
intervals for 10 months. Results included decreased associated itching,
increased mobility of the head and neck, and improved skin texture and colour.
Our patient also reported an overall improvement in his mental wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Erickson
- Division of Dermatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayla Gray
- Division of Dermatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Tung
- Division of Dermatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wang H, Quan L, Liang J, Shi J, Qiu T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hui Q, Zhang Y, Tao K. Gene expression profiling analysis of keloids with and without hydrocortisone treatment. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5283-5288. [PMID: 29285054 PMCID: PMC5740600 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the genetic effects of hydrocortisone (HC) treatment on keloids and screen medicines to be used in a combination therapy of keloids with HC. The dataset GSE7890 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. It contained data regarding 4 fibroblast samples from normal scar tissue and 5 samples from keloid tissue with HC treatment, as well as 5 samples from normal scar and 5 samples from keloids without HC treatment. Following the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the functions of these DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Furthermore, adverse effects of HC were identified using WebGestalt. Additionally, candidate small molecule drugs associated with keloids were selected from a connectivity map database. A total of 166 and 41 DEGs, with and without HC treatment respectively, were only present in dermal fibroblasts from keloids (termed genesets A and B, respectively). A set of 26 DEGs was present following both treatments (geneset C). A number of DEGs in geneset B (COL18A1 and JAG1) were associated with endothelial cell differentiation. However, in genesets A and C, certain genes (CCNB1 and CCNB2) were involved in the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways, and a number of genes (IL1R1 and COL1A1) were associated with bone loss. Additionally, numerous small molecule drugs (including acemetacin) were associated with keloids. Thus, it has been determined that HC may treat keloids by targeting genes associated to endothelial cell differentiation (COL18A1 and JAG1). However, HC has a number of adverse effects, including bone loss. Acemetacin may be applied in a combination therapy, along with HC, to treat keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Liangliang Quan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiulong Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Hui
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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Zhao H, Zhang Y, Sun J, Zhan C, Zhao L. Raltitrexed Inhibits HepG2 Cell Proliferation via G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest. Oncol Res 2017; 23:237-48. [PMID: 27098147 PMCID: PMC7838684 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14562725373671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Raltitrexed (RTX) is an antimetabolite drug used as a chemotherapeutic agent for treating colorectal cancer, malignant mesothelioma, and gastric cancer. The antitumor capacity of RTX is attributed to its inhibitory activity on thymidylate synthase (TS), a key enzyme in the synthesis of DNA precursors. The current study is aimed at investigating the potential antitumor effects of RTX in liver cancer. Using the HepG2 cell line as an in vitro model of liver cancer, we evaluated the effects of RTX on cell proliferation employing both a WST-8 assay and a clone formation efficiency assay. In addition, we monitored the ultrastructure changes of HepG2 cells in response to RTX with transmission electric microscopy. To investigate the mechanism underlying the regulation of cell proliferation by RTX, we analyzed cell cycle using cell flow cytometry. Moreover, real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to examine expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), as well as their mediators tumor suppressor genes p53 and p16. Our results demonstrate that RTX inhibits HepG2 proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1. This cell cycle arrest function was mediated via downregulation of cyclin A and CDK2. The observed elevated expression of p53 and p16 by RTX may contribute to the reduction of cyclin A/CDK2. Our study indicates that RTX could serve as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Jaloux C, Bertrand B, Degardin N, Casanova D, Kerfant N, Philandrianos C. Les cicatrices chéloïdes (deuxième partie) : arsenal et stratégie thérapeutique. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2017; 62:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tanshinone IIA Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis Through the Downregulation of Survivin in Keloid Fibroblasts. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76:180-6. [PMID: 26101974 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are considered benign dermal fibroproliferative tumors. Keloid fibroblasts (KFs) persistently proliferate and fail to undergo apoptosis, and no treatment is completely effective against these lesions. Tanshinone IIA induces apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of various tumor cell types. In this study, we investigated the effect of tanshinone IIA on the regulation of proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in KFs, and investigated potential mechanisms involved in the effects. First, KFs and normal skin fibroblasts (NSFs) were treated with various concentrations of tanshinone IIA. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess the proliferative activity of KFs and NSFs, and flow cytometry was used to investigate the cell cycle and apoptosis in KFs. We found that the proliferation of all tanshinone IIA-treated KFs was significantly decreased after treatment for 72 hours (P < 0.001). Also, NSFs treated with tanshinone IIA did not exhibit noticeable effects compared with KFs. In addition, the percentages of G0/G1 cells in all tanshinone IIA-treated KFs were significantly increased after treatment for 72 hours (P < 0.001). And the percentages of cells undergoing early apoptosis in all tanshinone IIA-treated KFs were significantly increased after treatment for 120 hours (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the apoptosis antibody array kit and Western blot analysis revealed that tanshinone IIA decreased survivin expression in KFs (P < 0.001). In conclusion, tanshinone IIA downregulates survivin and deactivates KFs, thus suggesting that tanshinone IIA could serve as a potential clinical keloid treatment.
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Lakkakula JR, Kurapati R, Tynga I, Abrahamse H, Raichur A, Maçedo Krause RW. Cyclodextrin grafted calcium carbonate vaterite particles: efficient system for tailored release of hydrophobic anticancer or hormone drugs. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The porous cyclodextrin-CaCO3 microparticles are acting as the intelligent hydrophobic drug carriers, where the loaded drug is stable at blood pH but released at acidic pH (cancer cells) due to recrystallization of CaCO3 particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya R. Lakkakula
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Center for Nanomaterials Science
- University of Johannesburg
- South Africa
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Rajendra Kurapati
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Ivan Tynga
- Laser Research Centre
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of Johannesburg
- South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of Johannesburg
- South Africa
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Center for Nanomaterials Science
- University of Johannesburg
- South Africa
- Department of Materials Engineering
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Chen R, Zhang Z, Xue Z, Wang L, Fu M, Lu Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Fan Z. Protein-protein interaction network of gene expression in the hydrocortisone-treated keloid. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:549-54. [PMID: 25660986 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In order to explore the molecular mechanism of hydrocortisone in keloid tissue, the gene expression profiles of keloid samples treated with hydrocortisone were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. METHODS Firstly, the gene expression profiles (GSE7890) of five samples of keloid treated with hydrocortisone and five untreated keloid samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Secondly, data were preprocessed using packages in R language and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using a significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) protocol. Thirdly, the DEGs were subjected to gene ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the interactions of DEGs in samples of keloid treated with hydrocortisone were explored in a human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and sub-modules of the DEGs interaction network were analyzed using Cytoscape software. RESULTS Based on the analysis, 572 DEGs in the hydrocortisone-treated samples were screened; most of these were involved in the signal transduction and cell cycle. Furthermore, three critical genes in the module, including COL1A1, NID1, and PRELP, were screened in the PPI network analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of the keloid and provide references for keloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Uyeturk U, Gucuk A, Firat T, Kemahli E, Kukner A, Ozyalvacli ME. Effect of Mitomycin, Bevacizumab, and 5-Fluorouracil to Inhibit Urethral Fibrosis in a Rabbit Model. J Endourol 2014; 28:1363-7. [PMID: 25026189 DOI: 10.1089/end.2014.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Uyeturk
- Department of Urology, Abant Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Adnan Gucuk
- Department of Urology, Abant Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Tulin Firat
- Department of Histology, Abant Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Eray Kemahli
- Department of Urology, Abant Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Aysel Kukner
- Department of Histology, Abant Izzet Baysal Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey
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ZHANG ZHE, NIE FANGFEI, KANG CHUNFU, CHEN BIN, QIN ZELIAN, MA JIANXUN, MA YONGGUANG, ZHAO XIA. Increased periostin expression affects the proliferation, collagen synthesis, migration and invasion of keloid fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:253-61. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Huang L, Cai YJ, Lung I, Leung BC, Burd A. A study of the combination of triamcinolone and 5-fluorouracil in modulating keloid fibroblasts in vitro. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66:e251-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders that are characterized by histological accumulation of collagens and fibroblasts, refractory clinical symptoms such as itching, topical invasiveness, and frequent postsurgical recurrence. At present, to treat or prevent keloids, new drugs are currently being designed and the pharmaceutical indications of known drugs are being expanded. AREAS COVERED The current pharmacological interventions for keloids are mainly described on the basis of the various hypotheses on keloid etiology and the keloid ingredients that are targeted. These interventions include angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers (based on hypertension hypothesis), selective estrogen receptor modulator (based on endocrinological hypothesis), vitamins and essential fatty acids (based on immunonutritional hypothesis), and transglutaminase inhibitor (based on metabolic hypothesis). Drugs that directly target the reduction or destruction of the major extracellular matrix or cellular constituents of keloids are also included. Besides, drugs that indirectly modulate the biochemical microenvironment are described. These include growth factors, immunomodulators, and anti-inflammation and anti-allergy drugs. EXPERT OPINION Due to the unclear etiology of keloids and the lack of animal models, efficient, reliable, and specific pharmaceutical interventions for keloids continue to be lacking. The reliability of current data and clinical observations must be strengthened by large-scale, randomized, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Huang
- Nippon Medical School, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Tokyo , 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku , Japan +81 3 5814 6208 ; +81 3 5685 3076 ;
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Park SY, Park JY, Kim CH, Kang SU, Kim JH, Bark KM, Kim TH, Shin SC, Kang HY. Effects of Xanthium stramarium and Psoralea corylifolia Extracts Combined with UVA1 Irradiation on the Cell Proliferation and TGF-β1 Expression of Keloid Fibroblasts. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:304-9. [PMID: 24003272 PMCID: PMC3756194 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.3.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthium stramarium (XAS) and Psoralea corylifolia (PSC), phototoxic oriental medicinal plants, has been used in traditional medicines in Asian countries. Objective The effects of highly purified XAS or PSC extract combined with ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) irradiation on cell proliferation and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) expression of the keloid fibroblast were being investigated to define potential therapeutic uses for keloid treatments. Methods The keloid fibroblasts were treated with XAS or PSC alone or in the combination with UVA1 irradiation. The cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of TGF-β1 and collagen I were investigated. Results XAS and PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts. Furthermore, the XAS and PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation inhibited TGF-β1 expression and collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts. Conclusion These findings may open up the possibility of clinically used XAS or PSC in combination with UVA1 irradiation for keloid treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yi Park
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Filgueiras MDC, Morrot A, Soares PMG, Costa ML, Mermelstein C. Effects of 5-fluorouracil in nuclear and cellular morphology, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cytoskeletal and caveolar distribution in primary cultures of smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63177. [PMID: 23646193 PMCID: PMC3639966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in the world and is one of the leading causes of cancer death. The anti-metabolite 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of patients with colon cancer and other cancer types. 5-FU-based chemotherapy has been shown to be very efficient in the improvement of overall survival of the patients and for the eradication of the disease. Unfortunately, common side effects of 5-FU include severe alterations in the motility of the gastrointestinal tissues. Nevertheless, the molecular and cellular effects of 5-FU in smooth muscle cells are poorly understood. Primary smooth muscle cell cultures are an important tool for studies of the biological consequences of 5-FU at the cellular level. The avian gizzard is one of the most robust organs of smooth muscle cells. Here we studied the molecular and cellular effects of the chemotherapic drug 5-FU in a primary culture of chick gizzard smooth muscle cells. We found that treatment of smooth muscle cells with 5-FU inhibits cell proliferation by the arrest of cells in the G1 phase of cell cycle and induce apoptosis. 5-FU induced a decrease in the percentage of histone H3-positive cells. Treatment of cells with 5-FU induced changes in cellular and nuclear morphology, a decrease in the number of stress fibers and a major decrease in the number of caveolin-3 positive cells. Our results suggest that the disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the reduction of caveolin-3 expression could explain the alterations in contractility observed in patients treated with 5-FU. These findings might have an impact in the understanding of the cellular effects of 5-FU in smooth muscle tissues and might help the improvement of new therapeutic protocols for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Carvalho Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Luis Costa
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Mermelstein
- Laboratório de Diferenciação Muscular e Citoesqueleto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ge X, Wang Y, Li Q, Yu H, Ji G, Miao L. NK4 regulates 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma cells by modulating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:448-54. [PMID: 23619566 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of NK4, an antagonist for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the Met receptor, in regulating the response of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We established the CCA cell line, HuCC-T1, to produce abundant NK4 (Hu-NK4). Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, 5-FU metabolism and intracellular signaling were examined. There were no significant differences in the mRNA levels of thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase between the mock-transfected control Hu-Em cells and Hu-NK4 cells, suggesting that NK4 expression does not alter 5-FU metabolism. Moreover, cell cycle analysis showed that 5-FU treatment caused a decrease in the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase while NK4 gene expression had little effect on the cell cycle distribution. However, 5-FU-induced apoptosis was significantly increased in the Hu-NK4 cells when compared to that in the Hu-Em cells. Further investigation revealed that NK4 gene expression enhanced 5-FU-induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation, and that the apoptosis of cells was associated with modulation of expression of the Bcl-2 family members. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that both NK4 and 5-FU were inhibitors for HGF-induced phosphorylation of Met, but they may be independent factors. Collectively, these results suggest that following 5-FU treatment in CCA cell lines, NK4 was involved in apoptosis induction through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. This indicates that NK4 may be an important mediator of 5-FU-induced cell death. Moreover, downregulation of NK4 in response to 5-FU may represent an intrinsic mechanism of resistance to this anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiu Ge
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
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Wigmore P. The effect of systemic chemotherapy on neurogenesis, plasticity and memory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 15:211-240. [PMID: 23239468 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2012_235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been enormously successful in treating many forms of cancer and improving patient survival rates. With the increasing numbers of survivors, a number of cognitive side effects have become apparent. These have been called "chemobrain" or "chemofog" among patient groups, who describe the symptoms as a decline in memory, concentration and executive functions. Changes which, although subtle, can cause significant distress among patients and prevent a return to the quality of life experienced before treatment. This cognitive side effect of chemotherapy was not anticipated as it had been assumed that chemotherapy agents, administered systematically, could not cross the blood-brain barrier and that the brain was therefore protected from their action. It is now realised that low concentrations of many chemotherapy agents cross the blood-brain barrier and even those that are completely prevented from doing so, can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral tissues which in turn can cross the blood-brain barrier and impact on the brain. A large number of patient studies have shown that cognitive decline is found in a proportion of patients treated with a variety of chemotherapy agents for different types of cancer. The deficits experienced by these patients can last for up to several years and have a deleterious effect on educational attainment and ability to return to work. Imaging studies of patients after systemic chemotherapy show that this treatment produces structural and functional changes in the brain some of which seem to persist even when the cognitive deficits have ceased. This suggests that, with time, brain plasticity may be able to compensate for the deleterious effects of chemotherapy treatment. A number of mechanisms have been suggested for the changes in brain structure and function found after chemotherapy. These include both central and peripheral inflammatory changes, demyelination of white matter tracts, a reduction in stem cell proliferation in both the hippocampal neurogenic region and by oligodendrocyte precursors as well as changes in hormonal or growth factor levels. A number of possible treatments have been suggested which range from pharmacological interventions to cognitive behavioural therapies. Some of these have only been tested in animal models while others have produced varying degrees of improvement in patient populations. Currently, there is no recognised treatment and a greater understanding of the causes of the cognitive decline experienced after chemotherapy will be key to finding ways of preventing or treating the effects of chemobrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wigmore
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK,
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Levy LL, Zeichner JA. Management of acne scarring, part II: a comparative review of non-laser-based, minimally invasive approaches. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012; 13:331-40. [PMID: 22849351 DOI: 10.2165/11631410-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acne scarring is a commonly encountered yet extremely challenging problem to treat for the dermatologist. As acne scarring can lead to significant psychological distress and low self-esteem, it is of utmost importance to have effective and satisfying treatments in the physician's armamentarium. However, many treatments are unsatisfying, leading to patient disappointment and frustration. Although early treatment of acne lesions and inflammation with isotretinoin is beneficial in preventing acne scarring, many patients still present with troubling noticeable scars. Despite the advances in pharmacology and technology, scar treatment still remains suboptimal and is tainted with several adverse effects. However, some treatments can provide benefits. This review article exhaustively discusses and analyzes the various minimally invasive approaches to the treatment of acne scarring with an emphasis on pharmacologic agents, such as isotretinoin for atrophic acne scars and corticosteroids and chemotherapeutic drugs for hypertrophic scars. Intralesional injections of corticosteroids are efficacious in reducing keloid scar formation in addition to preventing recurrence following surgical excision. In-office and minimally invasive procedural management, including chemical peels, dermabrasion, tissue augmentation, and punch excision is also discussed. Superficial chemical peels are efficacious in treating atrophic scars with relatively few adverse effects and complications. Although dermabrasion is used less often with the advent of laser resurfacing, this technique remains as a viable option for those with atrophic scars. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can be managed successfully with topical agents such as azelaic acid and hydroquinone. The efficacy of various treatment modalities is highlighted with a focus on choosing the correct modalities for specific scar types.
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Lin YJ, Zhen YZ, Zhao YF, Wei J, Hu G. Rhein Lysinate Induced S-Phase Arrest and Increased the Anti-Tumor Activity of 5-FU in HeLa Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:817-25. [PMID: 21721159 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhein lysinate (RHL), easily dissolved in water, is one of the anthraquinones, and has been shown to have anti-tumor activity in different human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we observed that RHL could cause vacuolar degeneration in HeLa cells, which was not observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and other cell lines (SKOV-3 and SK-BR-3). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-tumor effect of rhein lysinate on human cervix cancer HeLa cells. The results indicated that RHL could induce HeLa cell S-phase arrest and RHL (higher than 80 μM) also induced HeLa cell G2/M-phase arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the HeLa cells, RHL induced HUVECs G1-phase arrest at all dose levels tested in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with RHL led to a significant S or G2/M-phase arrest through promoting the expression of p53 and p21 and the phosphorylation of p53. Moreover, 80 μM RHL could increase 5-FU anti-tumor activity. In conclusion, RHL could be a novel chemotherapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of human cervix cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Lin
- Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Zhan Zhen
- Basic Medical College, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fang Zhao
- Basic Medical College, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
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Kim KH, Kim IT. Effect of Mitomycin C and 5-Fluorouracil on Cultured Human Nasal Mucosa Fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2011.52.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Hae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Taek Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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