1
|
Costello L, Goncalves K, Maltman V, Barrett N, Shah K, Stephens A, Dicolandrea T, Ambrogio I, Hodgson E, Przyborski S. Development of a novel in vitro strategy to understand the impact of shaving on skin health: combining tape strip exfoliation and human skin equivalent technology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1236790. [PMID: 38020123 PMCID: PMC10652890 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1236790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The removal of unwanted hair is a widespread grooming practice adopted by both males and females. Although many depilatory techniques are now available, shaving remains the most common, despite its propensity to irritate skin. Current techniques to investigate the impact of shaving regimes on skin health rely on costly and lengthy clinical trials, which hinge on recruitment of human volunteers and can require invasive biopsies to elucidate cellular and molecular-level changes. Methods Well-characterised human skin equivalent technology was combined with a commonplace dermatological technique of tape stripping, to remove cellular material from the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). This method of exfoliation recapitulated aspects of razor-based shaving in vitro, offering a robust and standardised in vitro method to study inflammatory processes such as those invoked by grooming practices. Results Tape strip insult induced inflammatory changes in the skin equivalent such as: increased epidermal proliferation, epidermal thickening, increased cytokine production and impaired barrier function. These changes paralleled effects seen with a single dry razor pass, correlated with the number of tape strips removed, and were attenuated by pre-application of shaving foam, or post-application of moisturisation. Discussion Tape strip removal is a common dermatological technique, in this study we demonstrate a novel application of tape stripping, to mimic barrier damage and inflammation associated with a dry shave. We validate this method, comparing it to razor-based shaving in vitro and demonstrate the propensity of suitable shave- and skin-care formulations to mitigate damage. This provides a novel methodology to examine grooming associated damage and a platform for screening potential skin care formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Costello
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Goncalves
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Maltman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Barrett
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kous Shah
- Procter & Gamble, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Erica Hodgson
- Procter & Gamble, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Reprocell Europe Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boothby-Shoemaker W, Comeau N, Daveluy S. The dermatologist's guide to beards: a review of structure, function, care and pathology. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:1214-1220. [PMID: 37310915 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Facial hair is a commonly desired feature for many individuals. Despite a breadth of dermatology literature covering strategies for removing facial hair, there are no known articles summarizing strategies for facial hair growth or reviewing common facial hair pathologies. Here, we assess Google Trends to describe significant increases in search terms related to facial hair growth and maintenance over the last decade, suggesting an increased public interest in this topic. Next, we review ethnic differences that may affect facial hair distribution, growth, and predisposition to certain facial hair pathologies. Lastly, we review studies on agents used for facial hair growth and review common facial hair pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Comeau
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven Daveluy
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sikora BC, Wortzman M, Nelson DB, Dover JS. A pilot study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of a comprehensive, hydrating topical antioxidant developed specifically for men. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2816-2823. [PMID: 34189833 PMCID: PMC8457217 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction There is growing interest in skincare products designed for men. This pilot study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a comprehensive antioxidant product in men. Methods This 12‐week study evaluated improvements from baseline in erythema, lines/wrinkles, skin tone, texture, brightness, dryness/flaking and pores (6‐point scale), global improvements (5‐point scale), and sebum levels following daily application in males with mild to moderate photodamaged skin. Subject self‐assessments and adverse events (AEs) were captured. Results Twenty‐two subjects completed the study. Early mean percent improvements from baseline were demonstrated in all categories at week 4 with visible improvements in skin tone (29%; p = .0001) and pores (28%; p < .0001). Reductions in skin surface sebum levels (forehead region) from baseline were demonstrated at 8 (p < .0001) and 12 (p < .0003) weeks. Ninety‐six percent of subjects reported overall visible improvement of their skin and that the study product calmed/soothed skin, reducing redness and irritation after shaving. One subject reported mild dryness. Conclusion Once daily application of a comprehensive topical antioxidant designed for men led to significant improvements in skin appearance, substantial reductions in skin surface sebum levels, and was well tolerated with a high level of subject satisfaction over 12 weeks.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sukakul T, Bunyaratavej S, Chaweekulrat P, Trakanwittayarak S, Varothai S. Facial hair shaving behavior and skin problems of shaved areas of males. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1409-1413. [PMID: 34254359 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Unwanted facial hair is a common problem and requires different grooming regimens or treatments. Shaving beard hair can cause undesirable skin effects, such as irritation, razor burn, razor nick, and pseudofolliculitis barbae. This study explores male behaviors related to shaving facial hair and the consequential effects on the shaved skin. A questionnaire-based, cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted on 340 healthy men. Most of the participants were manual shavers. Approximately one-third of the manual shavers prepared their skin for shaving, compared to 13% of the electric shavers. The most common shaving-related skin problems were irritation and dryness, razor burn, razor nicks, and pseudofolliculitis barbae. The shaving-related skin problems resulted from individual skin conditions and their shaving techniques. Appropriate skin preparation should be undertaken before shaving, and post-shaving care products should be used to avoid problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumanas Bunyaratavej
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pichanee Chaweekulrat
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supenya Varothai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Male rhinoplasty is unique in that it requires precise preoperative planning to achieve a successful result. Better communication and clarity are paramount with male rhinoplasty patients because the patients may be less attentive. It is important for the surgeon to screen the patients for any psychosocial disorders. Through a series of cases, male rhinoplasty techniques are highlighted. Masculine features should be preserved, and the nose should not be feminized or oversculpted. Another key component in any rhinoplasty case is proper skin care, especially during the postoperative period. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Therapeutic, V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raja Mohan
- From the Dallas Plastic Surgery Institute
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maurer M, Rietzler M, Burghardt R, Siebenhaar F. The male beard hair and facial skin - challenges for shaving. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 38 Suppl 1:3-9. [PMID: 27212465 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of shaving is to cut the beard hair as closely as possible to the skin without unwanted effects on the skin. To achieve this requires the understanding of beard hair and male facial skin biology as both, the beard hair and the male facial skin, contribute to the difficulties in obtaining an effective shave without shaving-induced skin irritation. Little information is available on the biology of beard hairs and beard hair follicles. We know that, in beard hairs, the density, thickness, stiffness, as well as the rates of elliptical shape and low emerging angle, are high and highly heterogeneous. All of this makes it challenging to cut it, and shaving techniques commonly employed to overcome these challenges include shaving with increased pressure and multiple stroke shaving, which increase the probability and extent of shaving-induced skin irritation. Several features of male facial skin pose problems to a perfect shave. The male facial skin is heterogeneous in morphology and roughness, and male skin has a tendency to heal slower and to develop hyperinflammatory pigmentation. In addition, many males exhibit sensitive skin, with the face most often affected. Finally, the hair follicle is a sensory organ, and the perifollicular skin is highly responsive to external signals including mechanical and thermal stimulation. Perifollicular skin is rich in vasculature, innervation and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. This makes perifollicular skin a highly responsive and inflammatory system, especially in individuals with sensitive skin. Activation of this system, by shaving, can result in shaving-induced skin irritation. Techniques commonly employed to avoid shaving-induced skin irritation include shaving with less pressure, pre- and post-shave skin treatment and to stop shaving altogether. Recent advances in shaving technology have addressed some but not all of these issues. A better understanding of beard hairs, beard hair follicles and male facial skin is needed to develop novel and better approaches to overcome the challenge of shaving. This article covers what is known about the physical properties of beard hairs and skin and why those present a challenge for blade and electric shaving, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rietzler
- Procter & Gamble Braun German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Strasse 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany
| | - R Burghardt
- Procter & Gamble Braun German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Strasse 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany
| | - F Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cowley K, Vanoosthuyze K. The biomechanics of blade shaving. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 38 Suppl 1:17-23. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Cowley
- Gillette Reading Innovation Centre; Reading, Berkshire UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang G, Köppl A. FEM simulation of single beard hair cutting with foil–blade-shaving system. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 46:271-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Kluger N, Jegou MH, Assouly P. [Beard and moustache dermatosis and alopecia]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 141:624-32; quiz 623, 633. [PMID: 25288068 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kluger
- Departments of dermatology, allergology and venereology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Skin and Allergies Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Meilahdentie 2, PO Box 160, 00029 HUS, Finlande.
| | - M-H Jegou
- Cabinet de dermatologie, 8, rue Jules-Ferry, 33290 Blanquefort, France
| | - P Assouly
- Centre Sabouraud, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Age-Related Changes in Male Skin: Quantitative Evaluation of One Hundred and Fifty Male Subjects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:9-17. [DOI: 10.1159/000351349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|