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Xing Y, Ding X, Liang X, Liu G, Hou S, Hou S. Magnetic MXene-based molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for methylmalonic acid. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:208. [PMID: 37165282 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetic Ti3C2Tx-MXene/Fe3O4 composite was prepared from Ti3C2Tx and magnetic Fe3O4. The characterizations by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that the Ti3C2Tx/Fe3O4 nanomaterial presented an outstanding conductivity and a large specific area, which could improve the electron transfer rate, leading to the amplification of the sensor's signal. Furthermore, an ultrasensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on MXene/Fe3O4 composites was fabricated for detecting methylmalonic acid (MMA) with high selectivity. The current intensity of differential pulse voltammetry of the sensor presented a good linear relationship with the logarithm of MMA concentration ranging from 9 × 10-15 mol L-1 to 9 × 10-13 mol L-1. The detection limit of the sensor was 2.33 × 10-16 mol L-1. The fabricated sensor was utilized for detecting MMA in human serum samples with excellent recoveries. Therefore, this method significantly improved the sensitivity of detection, and constitutes an affordable sensing platform for trace detection of organic carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ding
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shili Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shifeng Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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Rajeev R, Benny L, Roy M, Mathew AT, Akshaya KB, Varghese A, Hegde G. A facile and economic electrochemical sensor for methylmalonic acid: a potential biomarker for vitamin B12 deficiency. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05544e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A facile and cost-effective method based on a modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) has been developed for sensing of methylmalonic acid (MMA). The fabricated sensor showed a linear dynamic range (0.50 pM–55 nM) and a LOD of (0.16 pM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijo Rajeev
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Libina Benny
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Moulisha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Agnus T. Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - K. B. Akshaya
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Gurumurthy Hegde
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
- Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD), CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
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Kushnir MM, Shushan B, Roberts WL, Pasquali M. Serum Acylcarnitines and Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.7.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108
| | | | - William L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Kushnir MM, Komaromy-Hiller G, Shushan B, Urry FM, Roberts WL. Analysis of Dicarboxylic Acids by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. High-Throughput Quantitative Measurement of Methylmalonic Acid in Serum, Plasma, and Urine. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.11.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a dicarboxylic acid whose concentration can be increased in blood and urine in patients with an inborn error of metabolism or vitamin B12 deficiency. We developed a method for the selective analysis of dicarboxylic acids that exploits the high specificity of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and the substantial difference in fragmentation patterns of the isomers methylmalonic (MMA) and succinic acid (SA).
Methods: Dicarboxylic acids were extracted from samples with methyl-tert-butyl ether and derivatized with butanolic HCl to form dibutyl esters. The derivative was injected into the liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS system using TurboIonSprayTM (nebulizer-assisted electrospray) ionization and quantified by the multiple reaction monitoring mode of MS/MS.
Results: The assay for MMA was linear up to 150 μmol/L. The total imprecision was ≤7.5% at both low and high concentrations. The limits of quantification and detection were 0.1 and 0.05 μmol/L, respectively. The degree of interference from SA could be predicted from the branching ratios of the major product ions.
Conclusions: The method is specific for dicarboxylic acids. The LC-MS/MS analysis for MMA requires minimal chromatographic separation and takes <60 s per sample. The entire analysis, including sample preparation, for a batch of 100 specimens can be performed in <4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108
| | - Gabor Komaromy-Hiller
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | | | - Francis M Urry
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - William L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Abstract
Cbl and folate are both necessary for the metabolism of HCYS, whereas only Cbl is required for MMA metabolism. During the past decade, analytical methods have been developed that are sensitive enough to detect low levels of MMA and HCYS normally present in the plasma. These methods are sufficiently precise to be used in the clinical laboratory and measurements of the serum levels of the metabolites provide sensitive and specific techniques for the identification of Cbl and folate deficiencies. These techniques constitute an important addition to the battery of diagnostic tests that are available for detecting the vitamin deficiencies and for distinguishing each from the other. By virtue of the role of Cbl and folate in the metabolic pathways that involve MMA and HCYS, levels of both metabolites rise in Cbl deficiency, but only HCYS rises in folate deficiency. During the development of Cbl or folate deficiencies, accumulation of these metabolites in the plasma signals the existence of a condition of biochemical vitamin deficiency of sufficient degree to cause impairment in the metabolic pathways which are dependent on these vitamins. Circulating metabolite levels appear to accurately reflect the nutritional status of the vitamins and a rise in serum metabolite levels is therefore one of the earliest and most reliable indicators of developing Cbl and folate deficiencies. Elevations of serum metabolites above the reference range not only precede a fall in the serum vitamin levels but also show a more consistent correlation with objective evidence of vitamin deficiency than do low blood vitamin levels. The advent of serum metabolite measurements has also made it possible to identify subtle or atypical forms of vitamin deficiency that may be associated with unusual or previously undiscovered disease manifestations. Thus, in patients who display only neurological manifestations of disease, underlying Cbl deficiency may be revealed by the finding of raised serum or urine levels of MMA. Similarly, unsuspected folate deficiency may be disclosed by the finding of a raised serum HCYS. This may have important implications with respect to disease risk, since there is mounting evidence that sub-optimal folate nutritional status may be associated with increased risks of vascular disease, neoplasia and birth defects. Finally, the measurement of serum levels of MMA, HCYS and other metabolites that accumulate in Cbl and folate deficiencies may provide important new insights into the mechanism whereby these vitamin deficiencies lead to different patterns and manifestations of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Green
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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Stabler SP, Marcell PD, Podell ER, Allen RH, Lindenbaum J. Assay of methylmalonic acid in the serum of patients with cobalamin deficiency using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:1606-12. [PMID: 3700655 PMCID: PMC424564 DOI: 10.1172/jci112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the incidence of elevated levels of serum methylmalonic acid in patients with cobalamin deficiency, we utilized a new capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique to measure methylmalonic acid in the serum of 73 patients with clinically confirmed cobalamin deficiency. Values ranged from 55 to 22,300 ng/ml, and 69 of the 73 patients had values above the normal range of 19-76 ng/ml as determined for 50 normal blood donors. In the cobalamin-deficient patients, serum methylmalonic acid was significantly correlated with the serum folate level and the degree of neurologic involvement. Some patients with pernicious anemia who were intermittently treated with cyanocobalamin were found to have elevated serum levels of methylmalonic acid while free of hematologic and neurologic abnormalities. A cobalamin-deficient patient is described with a normal serum cobalamin and an elevated serum methylmalonic acid. We conclude that the ability to measure methylmalonic acid in human serum will be useful in studies designed to determine the incidence of cobalamin deficiency in various patient populations.
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Westwood A, Taylor W, Davies G. Colorimetric method for determination of urinary methylmalonic acid. Ann Clin Biochem 1979; 16:161-4. [PMID: 517981 DOI: 10.1177/000456327901600134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The colorimetric method for the determination of methylmalonic acid by coupling with diazotised p-nitroaniline has been re-examined. Extraction of the diazotised product into amyl alcohol and tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide considerably increases its stability and sensitivity and reduces background absorbance. Preliminary solvent extraction and ion-exchange chromatography are desirable but can be accomplished simply and quickly using very small quantities of urine. In this form, the method is very reliable and gives recoveries of about 95% and a coefficient of variation of about 7%.
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Millar KR, Lorentz PP. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of methylmalonic acid in urine. J Chromatogr A 1974; 101:177-81. [PMID: 4443382 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Williams DL, Spray GH. Urinary excretion of short-chain fatty acids in latent pernicious anaemia and related conditions. Br J Haematol 1974; 26:185-91. [PMID: 4843736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sauberlich HE, Dowdy RP, Skala JH. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1973; 4:215-340. [PMID: 4217238 DOI: 10.3109/10408367309151557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gutteridge JM, Wright EB. A simple and rapid thin-layer chromatographic technique for the detection of methylmalonic acid in urine. Clin Chim Acta 1970; 27:289-91. [PMID: 4190478 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(70)90346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Green AE, Pegrum GD. Value of estimating methylamalonic acid excretion in anaemia. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1968; 3:591-2. [PMID: 5673952 PMCID: PMC1991133 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5618.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A rapid technique suitable for routine pathology laboratories has been used to estimate methylmalonic acid excretion in a 24-hour urine collection following a 10g. valine load. Levels above 40 mg./24 hours were found only in patients with vitamin B(12) deficiency. Patients with pernicious anaemia treated more than 24 hours before urine collection and patients with other types of anaemia had methylmalonic acid levels below 25 mg./24 hours.This method of demonstrating vitamin B(12) deficiency can be applied rapidly in debilitated patients so that specific treatment can be instituted within 36 hours of admission.
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Gompertz D. The measurement of urinary methylmalonic acid by a combination of thin-layer and gas chromoatography. Clin Chim Acta 1968; 19:477-84. [PMID: 5643314 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(68)90275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Brozović M, Hoffbrand AV, Dimitriadou A, Mollin DL. The excretion of methylmalonic acid and succinic acid in vitamin B 12 and folate deficiency. Br J Haematol 1967; 13:1021-32. [PMID: 6075438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Gompertz D, Jones JH, Knowles JP. Metabolic precursors of methylmalonic acid in vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chim Acta 1967; 18:197-204. [PMID: 6076279 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(67)90157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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