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Powell LW. A career forged in iron. Hepatology 2015; 61:4-14. [PMID: 25043645 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrie W Powell
- The Center for the Advancement of Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, and The University of Queensland Center for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Bothwell TH. Contributions of the Brisbane Liver Group to knowledge of iron metabolism. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 11:1025-7. [PMID: 8985821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Bothwell
- Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa
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3
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Lasne Y, Francina A, Benzerara O. Serum ferritin spectrotypes in patients with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 197:85-93. [PMID: 2049859 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90270-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum ferritin spectrotypes from patients heterozygous for beta-thalassaemia were determined after agarose isoelectric focusing followed by radio-immunofixation with anti-ferritin antibody. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a specific spectrotype for heterozygous beta-thalassaemia. This spectrotype was shown to be different from those in hereditary spherocytosis and idiopathic haemochromatosis. Statistical discrimination reached 100% of well-classified patients between these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lasne
- Laboratoire Central des Isotopes, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Cozzi A, Levi S, Bazzigaluppi E, Ruggeri G, Arosio P. Development of an immunoassay for all human isoferritins, and its application to serum ferritin evaluation. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 184:197-206. [PMID: 2692876 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Calibrated mixtures of anti-H and anti-L ferritin subunit monoclonal antibodies were used in a sandwich enzyme-immunoassay for the evaluation of all isoferritins. The assay was designed to have overlapping calibration plots for human liver (95% L-chain) and recombinant human H-chain ferritin (100% H-chain). It appeared to recognize all the heart isoferritins including the ones in the middle of the isoferritin spectrum. By direct comparison it was shown that these isoferritins are under-evaluated by the assays for H- and L-subunit-rich ferritins, based on the two separated antibodies. The three assays (for total, H-rich and L-rich ferritins) provide an index of the presence of the isoferritins with intermediate H/L composition. Sera from 30 tumor and non-tumor patients were analyzed. Intermediate isoferritins were found in 2 non-tumor subjects and in none of the 14 patients with Hodgkin's disease or mammary carcinoma. It is concluded that the evaluation of the total and intermediate isoferritins is possible, but does not have an evident clinical significance for tumor monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, University of Milan, San Raffaele Hospital, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Halliday
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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Ryall RG, Rumpff J. Changes in sample isoferritin composition as a possible cause of dilutional discrepancies in ferritin 2-site immunoradiometric assay results. Ann Clin Biochem 1986; 23 ( Pt 2):172-9. [PMID: 3767263 DOI: 10.1177/000456328602300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of changes in sample isoferritin composition on the behaviour of ferritin 2-site immunoradiometric assays was investigated using a computer model and experimental studies. Modelling studies predicted that under conditions where a sample has a different isoferritin composition from the assay standards, progressively higher values will be generated for the apparent ferritin content of the sample when it is analysed at increasing dilutions. In addition, the assay results will underestimate the actual ferritin content of such samples at all dilutions. Dilutional discrepancies in assay results and underestimation of sample ferritin concentrations were found in practical assays when synthetic samples with demonstrably different isoferritin profiles were analysed. Differences in isoferritin composition between assay standards and assayed samples may therefore be a cause of dilutional discrepancies in some results from ferritin 2-site immunoradiometric assays.
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7
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Cazzola M, Arosio P, Bellotti V, Bergamaschi G, Dezza L, Iacobello C, Ruggeri G. Use of a monoclonal antibody against human heart ferritin for evaluating acidic ferritin concentration in human serum. Br J Haematol 1985; 61:445-53. [PMID: 4063206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1985.tb02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays for acidic ferritins rich in H subunits have shown that these isoferritins are predominant in some cells such as monocytes and red blood cells but have provided conflicting results about their presence in human serum. We have used an immunoradiometric assay based on a monoclonal antibody against human heart ferritin (monoclonal 2A4) for evaluating acidic ferritin concentration in human serum. This assay proved to be highly specific for acidic isoferritins having more than 60% H subunits. Heart-type ferritin was detected in only one fifth of normal sera and sera from patients with iron overload; values were very low compared with those for basic ferritin. Acidic ferritin was found in relatively high concentrations in most patients with iron deficiency anaemia. In other disease states characterized by increased serum concentrations of basic ferritin, acidic ferritin was always less than 21% of the total ferritin. Dialysis in low-ionic-strength buffer showed that both normal and pathological sera had binding factors for human heart ferritin. We conclude that: (i) human serum contains low concentrations of acidic isoferritins which, at variance with basic ferritin, do not appear to be directly related to the amount of storage iron; (ii) the findings of the present study reinforce the opinion that basic and acidic ferritins have different functional behaviours.
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8
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Matzner Y, Konijn AM, Shlomai Z, Ben-Bassat H. Differential effect of isolated placental isoferritins on in vitro T-lymphocyte function. Br J Haematol 1985; 59:443-8. [PMID: 3871631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1985.tb07331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of isoferritins isolated from human term placenta on certain T-lymphocyte parameters was studied in vitro using normal human lymphocytes. These isoferritins differed in ion exchange affinity, isoelectric point, and subunit composition. Only the acidic isoferritins caused a marked suppression of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) blastogenesis and the most acidic isoferritin ('Acid I') was suppressive at a concentration as low as 0.25 microgram/ml. All four isoferritins suppressed concanavalin A (Con A) blastogenesis in a similar concentration dependent manner, with maximum effect at an isoferritin concentration of 1 microgram/ml. Both basic and acidic isoferritins reduced the Con-A-capping phenomenon in normal lymphocytes at concentrations higher than 0.5 microgram/ml, but at 0.25 microgram/ml only the acidic isoferritin was effective. The above findings support our previous report concerning the suppressive effect of splenic ferritin on T-lymphocyte function in vitro and indicate that acidic isoferritins, which often predominate in malignancy, demonstrate a higher degree of immunosuppressive activity. Thus, acidic isoferritins may play a role in the development of abnormal lymphocyte function encountered in certain proliferative disorders.
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van Oost BA, van den Beld B, van Asbeck BS, Marx JJ. Monitoring of intensive phlebotomy therapy in iron overload by serum ferritin assay. Am J Hematol 1985; 18:7-12. [PMID: 3966464 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Four patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis were treated with intensive phlebotomy therapy. In 1 to 2 years, 8.8-16.7 g iron was removed. In three out of four patients hemoglobin levels fell at the end of therapy. Serum ferritin was continuously measured during therapy. The greatly elevated serum ferritin levels normalized or decreased to subnormal levels in all patients after therapy. Despite some fluctuations in the first phase of therapy, the fall in serum ferritin was regular with halving of the ferritin levels after about 50% of the excess iron was removed. The normalization of serum ferritin occurred in advance of the hemoglobin decrease at the end of therapy, indicating that in the later stages of therapy the normal iron stores are also depleted. It is emphasized that serum ferritin measurements are useful for monitoring of intensive phlebotomy therapy, and in particular to indicate the end of therapy before anemia develops.
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Zuyderhoudt FM, Linthorst C. The microheterogeneity of human liver and serum ferritins measured on minute amounts of ferritin in crude samples. Ann Clin Biochem 1984; 21 ( Pt 6):471-6. [PMID: 6517485 DOI: 10.1177/000456328402100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented to measure the microheterogeneity of ferritin in micrograms amounts, without purifying the samples extensively. Ferritin-containing samples such as serum and homogenized liver-biopsy specimens were mixed with Sephadex G-75 and ampholines. Isoelectric focussing was performed and the pH gradient in the Sephadex was measured. The Sephadex was divided into predetermined pH ranges and the ferritin eluted from these fractions. Ferritin concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The method proved to be reproducible. The isoferritin profiles of different human serum and liver tissue samples were quite variable. In most cases serum ferritins focussed between approximately pH 5.5 and pH 4.9 and liver ferritins between approximately pH 5.8 and pH 5.3. We examined whether there was a similarity in the isoferritin patterns of serum and liver of distinct patients. We also studied liver tissue and serum from a patient with haemochromatosis and from a child with iron overload of unknown origin. In the serum of our patients the isoferritin pattern had shifted to lower pI when compared with that found in liver tissue. Only in the case of a patient with transfusion iron overload were basic isoferritins measured in the serum. In this case no liver biopsy specimen was available for comparison.
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Worwood M, Hourahane D, Jones BM. Accumulation and release of isoferritins during incubation in vitro of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Br J Haematol 1984; 56:31-43. [PMID: 6704326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1984.tb01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin concentration has been measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in the incubation medium following in vitro culture. Antibodies to both heart and spleen ferritin were used. Mononuclear cells cultured in medium containing about 12 mumol Fe/l accumulate ferritin rapidly with an increase in the heart:spleen ferritin ratio from 3:1 to about 10:1. Higher concentrations of iron (100 mumol/l) produce an even greater effect. The accumulation of ferritin is prevented by the addition of desferrioxamine (2 mmol/l) to the incubation medium. Accumulation of ferritin appears to take place largely in monocytes. Phagocytosis of red blood cells also causes rapid accumulation of ferritin but without any change in the heart:spleen ratio. Small amounts of both spleen and heart type ferritin are released during incubation in an iron containing medium and following phagocytosis of red blood cells. Some concanavalin A binding ferritin is also released suggesting that phagocytic cells may be a source of the concanavalin A binding ferritin found in normal plasma.
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12
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Cragg SJ, Covell AM, Burch A, Owen GM, Jacobs A, Worwood M. Turnover of 131I-human spleen ferritin in plasma. Br J Haematol 1983; 55:83-92. [PMID: 6882691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human spleen ferritin was labelled with 131I and injected into two normal men. The labelled ferritin left the plasma rapidly. The experimental clearance curve could be fitted with accuracy into two single exponential functions. The first component, T 1/2 = 9 min, accounted for the clearance of about 90% of the labelled ferritin. Surface counting showed uptake of 131I by the liver but not by the spleen. Such a rapid plasma turnover is similar to that found after injection of tissue ferritins into experimental animals but contrasts with the slow turnover previously found for 131I-labelled human plasma ferritin. Differential clearance of isoferritins from the plasma is an important factor explaining the biochemical and immunological differences between tissue and plasma ferritins.
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Cazzola M, Arosio P, Gobbi PG, Barosi G, Bergamaschi G, Dezza L, Iacobello C, Ascari E. Basic and acidic isoferritins in the serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1983; 19:339-45. [PMID: 6683172 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(83)90131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin concentration has been measured in the serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) by radioimmunoassays with monospecific antibodies to liver (basic) and HeLa (acidic) ferritin. Elevated levels of serum ferritin with the liver ferritin assay were found only in patients with systemic disease, and were associated with low serum iron. Basic ferritin levels returned promptly to normal when complete remission was achieved. High levels of serum ferritin with the HeLa ferritin assay were found in 94% of all untreated patients. Acidic ferritin concentration was not related to systemic symptoms or alterations of iron metabolism, and returned to within the normal range only 1-2 yr after complete remission. These findings suggest that basic and acidic isoferritins can be distinguished in terms of biological and clinical significance. Basic ferritin is synthesized by the reticuloendothelial cells and the high values found in patients with systemic symptoms are compatible with the non-specific changes known to occur in the reticuloendothelial system during inflammation. In patients with untreated HD an elevated serum concentration of basic ferritin can be considered a marker of systemic symptoms and, therefore, an unfavourable prognostic factor. Acidic ferritin may be derived from abnormal lymphocytes and/or monocytes, including malignant cells, and its serum concentration may be of value in following the course of remission.
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McLaren GD, Muir WA, Kellermeyer RW. Iron overload disorders: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1983; 19:205-66. [PMID: 6373141 DOI: 10.3109/10408368309165764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hemochromatosis is a syndrome which, when fully expressed, is manifested by melanoderma , diabetes mellitus, and liver cirrhosis, with iron overload involving parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells in many organ systems. This clinical presentation may arise as a consequence of either hereditary or acquired abnormalities of iron overload, although the mechanisms are quite different. In hereditary hemochromatosis (also known as primary, or idiopathic, hemochromatosis), increased intestinal iron absorption leads to excessive accumulations of iron, throughout the body, particularly in parenchymal cells. In secondary forms of iron overload including transfusional hemosiderosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, and porphyria cutanea tarda, iron accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system initially, but with increasing amounts of total body iron, excessive iron deposits eventually accumulate in parenchymal cells throughout the body producing a picture indistinguishable from hereditary hemochromatosis. In this article, the course, prognosis, and therapy of iron overload will be reviewed in detail. Clinical and experimental data concerning the pathogenesis of the different forms of iron overload will be examined critically. In particular, information relating to possible abnormalities of reticuloendothelial function, intestinal mucosal iron transport, and alterations in serum and tissue isoferritin patterns in hereditary hemochromatosis will be analyzed, and possible directions for future research will be suggested. The mode of inheritance and linkage with the major histocompatibility (HLA) complex will be discussed. Theories on the pathogenesis of tissue damage by excess iron will be evaluated. Methods for measuring the extent of iron overload in clinical practice will be described, including measurements of serum iron, serum ferritin, iron absorption, cobalt excretion, desferrioxamine excretion, liver biopsy and tissue iron determinations, and HLA typing. Finally, unresolved problems in the understanding of the disease process, diagnosis, and therapy will be delineated.
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Vidnes A. A single site serum ferritin immunoradiometric assay. A comparison between serum and liver ferritin standards and two antibody preparations. Clin Biochem 1982; 15:252-6. [PMID: 7151271 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(82)97031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A single site immunoradiometric assay (1S-IRMA) for serum ferritin was developed to investigate some standardization problems in the assay of ferritin. In comparison to this 1S-IRMA, a 2-site solid phase IRMA gave lower answers of serum ferritin in the normal reference range, as well as in serum from idiopathic hemochromatosis patients. Purified serum ferritin or liver ferritin gave different standard curves in this new immunoassay system and the differences obtained were further dependent on the antibody preparation employed. The different isoferritin profiles obtained, dependent on the antibody preparation employed for ferritin purification, indicate a different antibody specificity for different ferritin subunits. Serum ferritin purified from different serum pools from healthy persons showed similar isoferritin profiles and immunoassay reactivities.
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Jones BM, Worwood M, Jacobs A. Serum ferritin in patients with cancer: determination with antibodies to HeLa cell and spleen ferritin. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 106:203-14. [PMID: 6250746 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(80)90173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some malignant tissues and cell lines contain acidic isoferritins and it has been suggested that the assay of such isoferritins in serum may be of value in the diagnosis of malignancy. This paper describes a radioimmunoassay for acidic ferrtin purified from HeLa cells. Examiniation of purified heart, kidney, liver and spleen ferritin showed that the assay was highly specific for acidic isoferritins. Ferritin concentrations have been measured with antibodies to HeLa cell and spleen ferritin in extracts of normal and tumour tissue. Although the tumours contained more HeLa type ferritin than the corresponding normal tissue the HeLa/spleen type ferritin ratio was low. HeLa-type ferritin concentrations have been compared with values obtained with anti-spleen ferritin in over 1000 sera from normal subjects and patients with cancer and leukaemia. HeLa-type ferritin as not detected ( less than 2 micrograms/l) in most normal sera. Concentrations of up to 53 micrograms/l were found in sera from patients with malignant disease but the HeLa/spleen type ferritin ratio was always very low. There appears to be little application for antibodies to HeLa cell or heart ferritin in the diagnosis or monitoring of cancer.
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Lavoie DJ, Marcus DM, Otsuka S, Listowsky I. Characterization of ferritin from human placenta. Implications for analysis of tissue specificity and microheterogeneity of ferritins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 579:359-66. [PMID: 534648 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ferritins can be resolved into multiple components by isoelectric focusing, and each tissue contains a characteristic subset of isoferritins. Ferritin isolated from human liver was compared to acidic ferritin isolated from mid-gestational human placenta to define a structural basis for ferritin heterogeneity. Placenta ferritin contained several major bands with isoelectric points in the range of pI = 4.7-5.0 which were more acidic than the predominant isoferritins of human liver. Ferritin from each tissue was resistant to denaturation by 10 M urea and appeared to be identical by electron microscopy. Circular dichroism measurements revealed that placenta ferritin had substantially less ordered secondary structure than liver ferritin. Both types of ferritin contained only two subunits when analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, but isoelectric focusing of dissociated subunits in urea revealed 6-7 different components. In this system, placenta ferritin was enriched in the more acidic subunits and it completely lacked the most basic subunits noted in liver ferritin; placental ferritin had no unique components. Differences in isoelectric points among assembled ferritins from these two tissues appear to result from different proportions of these acidic and basic subunits.
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Halliday JW, Mack U, Powell LW. The kinetics of serum and tissue ferritins: relation to carbohydrate content. Br J Haematol 1979; 42:535-46. [PMID: 476005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1979.tb01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant differences were observed in the rate of disappearance from plasma of ferritins purified from rat serum and from different organs. Ferritin from all sources including purified serum ferritin was rapidly removed from plasma by the liver. No difference in biological half-life was observed between apoferritin prepared by ultracentrifugation of liver ferritin and whole liver ferritin and iron-loaded animals cleared injected serum ferritin from plasma at a comparable rate to normal rats. When amounts of 100 microgram of ferritin were injected into rats the half-life was significantly lengthened. The study confirmed the fact that ferritin iron and ferritin protein were removed from plasma at the same rate. No consistent effect of acidic or more basic isoferritin composition on biological half-life was apparent. After chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 6B those ferritins which were predominantly bound to Con A-Sepharose had a half-life which was approximately twice that of ferritins which did not bind. It is concluded that the variation in plasma disappearance of ferritins of different tissue origin was explainable on the basis of carbohydrate content of the molecule.
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Abstract
(1) Brief introduction to iron metabolism and the biochemistry of ferritin. (2) Early studies of circulating ferritin. (3) Methods for measuring serum ferritin concentrations -- immunoradiometric, radioimmuno- and enzyme-linked immuno assays based on liver or spleen ferritin -- an evaluation of these techniques. (4) Serum ferritin concentrations in normal subjects -- definition of normality -- relationship between storage iron and serum ferritin concentrations -- changes during development from birth to old age -- iron deficiency -- variability of serum ferritin concentration -- evaluation of use of ferritin assay for assessment of storage iron levels. (5) Serum ferritin concentrations in disease -- hemochromatosis -- secondary iron overload -- liver damage -- infection and chronic disease -- cancer. (6) Assay of serum ferritin with antibodies to ferritins other than liver or spleen -- ferritinemia and cancer. (7) Properties of serum ferritin -- molecular weight -- iron content -- isoelectric focusing patterns -- carbohydrate content -- immunological properties. (8) Physiology of circulating ferritin -- release of ferritin from tissues -- origin of circulating ferritin -- clearance from the plasma -- iron and protein turnover. (9) Summary -- factors influencing serum ferritin concentrations and clinical use of ferritin estimations.
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Zuyderhoudt FM, Boers W, Linthorst C, Jörning GG, Hengeveld P. An enzyme-linked immunoassay for ferritin in human serum and rat plasma and the influence of the iron in serum ferritin on serum iron measurement, during acute hepatitis. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 88:37-44. [PMID: 679492 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To measure human serum ferritin and rat plasma ferritin a non-competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay has been developed using horseradish peroxidase as the enzyme. In this assay it proved necessary to use heated rat plasma to obtain reproducible ferritin values. The heating procedure caused a loss of 38% of the plasma ferritin. Rat plasma ferritin values have been corrected for this loss. The standard deviation, from duplicate normal human and rat samples is 10 ng ferritin/ml serum and 69 ng/ml plasma, respectively. (The mean ferritin concentrations are: in human sera, 82 ng/ml and in rat plasma 762 ng/ml.) Mean recovery of added liver ferritin in the human serum is 104% +/- 4% (+/-S.E.M') and in the rat plasma 101% +/- 3% (+/- S.E.M.). Normal ferritin concentrations varied in the human material between 30 ng/ml and 300 ng/ml serum, and in the rat plasma between 500 ng/ml and 1300 ng/ml. During increased body iron and acute hepatitis the ferritin concentrations, in patients as well as in rats, exceeded the upper limit of the normal values in most cases. During human hepatitis high serum ferritin levels combined with high serum iron levels were measured. The high serum iron concentrations could not be explained by the high serum ferritin concentrations, even if the iron content of the ferritin is supposed to be high.
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Jones BM, Worwood M. An immunoradiometric assay for the acidic ferritin of human heart: application to human tissues, cells and serum. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 85:81-8. [PMID: 647967 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human tissues contain ferritin molecules with a range of isoelectric points but immunoassays for detecting serum ferritin have generally employed antibodies to the more basic liver or spleen proteins. To study the distribution of more acidic ferritins in tissues and serum acidic ferritin has been isolated from normal human heart and a two-site immunoradiometric assay for this protein developed. This assay gives little cross-reaction with spleen ferritin. Tissue ferritins have been fractionated by anion exchange chromatography and assayed with both spleen and heart antibodies. The spleen ferritin assay detects the more basic ferritin and the heart ferritin assay the more acidic ferritin. Acidic ferritins were found in heart, kidney, reticulocytes and HeLa cells. In sera from normal subjects and patients with iron overload, myocardial infarction, leukaemia and carcinoma only low concentrations of heart ferritin were found, although in the pathological sera spleen ferritin concentrations were generally raised. Circulating ferritin contains only a small proportion of molecules with the immunological characteristics of acidic heart ferritin.
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Batey RG, Hussein S, Sherlock S, Hoffbrand AV. The role of serum ferritin in the management of idiopathic haemochromatosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1978; 13:953-7. [PMID: 725519 DOI: 10.3109/00365527809181375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The value of the serum ferritin assay in the management of idiopathic haemochromatosis has been examined in groups of patients at diagnosis, during venesection therapy, and following completion of therapy. At diagnosis, serum ferritin levels were elevated in all 16 patients studied, including 10 with precirrhotic disease. Venesection resulted in a gradual fall in serum ferritin which commenced shortly after the start of treatment in 5/8 patients. In 3/8 the fall was preceded by a transient rise in ferritin levels. In three patients serum ferritin fell to normal before liver iron stores had been restored to normal. After therapy serum ferritin proved unreliable in detecting early re-accumulation of hepatic iron stores. Serum ferritin does provide valuable information in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis, particularly at diagnosis and during therapy. A normal value does not exclude iron storage disease.
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