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Chowdhury I, Dashi G, Keskitalo S. CMGC Kinases in Health and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3838. [PMID: 37568654 PMCID: PMC10417348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CMGC kinases, encompassing cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), glycogen synthase kinases (GSKs), and CDC-like kinases (CLKs), play pivotal roles in cellular signaling pathways, including cell cycle regulation, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and gene expression regulation. The dysregulation and aberrant activation of these kinases have been implicated in cancer development and progression, making them attractive therapeutic targets. In recent years, kinase inhibitors targeting CMGC kinases, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors and BRAF/MEK inhibitors, have demonstrated clinical success in treating specific cancer types. However, challenges remain, including resistance to kinase inhibitors, off-target effects, and the need for better patient stratification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of CMGC kinases in cancer biology, their involvement in cellular signaling pathways, protein-protein interactions, and the current state of kinase inhibitors targeting these kinases. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in targeting CMGC kinases for cancer therapy, including potential strategies to overcome resistance, the development of more selective inhibitors, and novel therapeutic approaches, such as targeting protein-protein interactions, exploiting synthetic lethality, and the evolution of omics in the study of the human kinome. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and protein-protein interactions involving CMGC kinases expands, so too will the opportunities for the development of more selective and effective therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Chowdhury
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.C.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanna Dashi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.C.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (I.C.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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He C, Liu B, Wang HY, Wu L, Zhao G, Huang C, Liu Y, Shan B, Liu L. Inhibition of SRPK1, a key splicing regulator, exhibits antitumor and chemotherapeutic-sensitizing effects on extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1100. [PMID: 36303126 PMCID: PMC9609466 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence has convincingly shown that abnormal pre-mRNA splicing is implicated in the development of most human malignancies. Serine/arginine-rich protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), a key splicing regulator, is reported to be overexpressed in leukemia and other cancer types, which suggests the therapeutic potential of targeting SRPK1. Methods SRPK1 expression was measured in 41 ENKTL patients by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT‒PCR. We knocked down SRPK1 expression in the ENKTL cell line YT by siRNA transfection and inhibited SRPK1 using inhibitors (SPHINX31 and SRPIN340) in YT cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) isolated from ENKTL patients to investigate its role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Then, RNA-seq analysis was performed to predict the potential signaling pathway by which SRPK1 inhibition induces cell death and further verified this prediction by Western blotting. Results In the present study, we initially evaluated the clinical significance of SRPK1 in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), a very aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The expression of SRPK1 in ENKLT patients was examined by immunohistochemistry and qRT‒PCR, which revealed SRPK1 overexpression in more than 60% of ENKTL specimens and its association with worse survival. Cellular experiments using the human ENKTL cell line YT and PBLs from ENKTL patients, demonstrated that inhibition of SRPK1 suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we investigated the downstream targets of SRPK1 by RNA-seq analysis and found that SRPK1 inhibition induced ATF4/CHOP pathway activation and AKT1 inhibition. Furthermore, ENKTL patients presenting high SRPK1 expression showed resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The association of SRPK1 expression with cisplatin resistance was also confirmed in YT cells. SRPK1 overexpression via pLVX-SRPK1 plasmid transfection dramatically decreased the sensitivity of YT cells to cisplatin, while siRNA-mediated SRPK1 knockdown or SRPK1 inhibitor treatment significantly increased cisplatin cytotoxicity. Conclusion In summary, these results support that SRPK1 might be a useful clinical prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for ENKTL, especially for patients who relapse after cisplatin-based chemotherapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10158-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying He
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.169, TianShan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035 Hebei China ,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Drug Resistance, Shijiazhuang, China ,grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Beichen Liu
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.169, TianShan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035 Hebei China ,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Drug Resistance, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan-You Wang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Lili Wu
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.169, TianShan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035 Hebei China
| | - Guimin Zhao
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.169, TianShan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035 Hebei China
| | - Chen Huang
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.169, TianShan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035 Hebei China
| | - Yueping Liu
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Baoen Shan
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China ,grid.452582.cResearch Center and Tumor Research Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- grid.452582.cDepartment of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.169, TianShan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035 Hebei China ,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Drug Resistance, Shijiazhuang, China
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Guo W, Hu Z. SRPK1 promotes sepsis-induced acute lung injury via regulating PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 signaling. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 45:203-212. [PMID: 36226860 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2134789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis is the most common cause of death in intensive care unit. Moreover, sepsis is the leading cause of acute lung injury (ALI). Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) was demonstrated to promote the development of ALI. However, the potentials of SRPK1 in sepsis-induced ALI are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potentials of SRPK1 in sepsis-induced ALI and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed to establish sepsis-induced ALI model in vivo. Primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to construct sepsis-induced ALI model in vitro. Gene expression was detected using western blot and qRT-PCR. The interaction between forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) was detected using luciferase and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Cellular functions were CCK-8, colony formation, PI staining, and flow cytometry assay. RESULTS SRPK1 was downregulated in patients with sepsis-induced ALI. Overexpression of SRPK1 suppressed the pyroptosis of HPMECs as well as promoted cell proliferation. Additionally, SRPK1 overexpression alleviated sepsis-induced ALI in vivo. SRPK1 activated phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. Blocking the activation of PI3K degraded the cellular functions of HPMECs. Moreover, FOXO3 transcriptionally inactivated NLRP3 and suppressed its mRNA and protein expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, SRPK1 suppressed sepsis-induced ALI via regulating PI3K/AKT/FOXO3/NLRP3 signaling. SRPK1 may be the potential biomarker for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Medicine, Soochow University, Shizi Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.,Emergency Department, The first affiliated hospital of JinZhou Medical University, Section 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Zhansheng Hu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, The first affiliated hospital of JinZhou Medical University, Section 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
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Li Q, Zeng C, Liu H, Yung KWY, Chen C, Xie Q, Zhang Y, Wan SWC, Mak BSW, Xia J, Xiong S, Ngo JCK. Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of SRPKs Alters the Splicing Isoforms of VEGF and Inhibits Angiogenesis. iScience 2021; 24:102423. [PMID: 33997701 PMCID: PMC8102418 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-arginine (SR) protein kinases (SRPKs) regulate the functions of the SR-rich splicing factors by phosphorylating multiple serines within their C-terminal arginine-serine-rich domains. Dysregulation of these phosphorylation events has been implicated in many diseases, suggesting SRPKs are potential therapeutic targets. In particular, aberrant SRPK1 expression alters the balances of proangiogenic (VEGF165) and antiangiogenic (VEGF165b) splicing isoforms of the key angiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), through the phosphorylation of prototypic SR protein SRSF1. Here, we report a protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitor of SRPKs, docking blocker of SRPK1 (DBS1), that specifically blocks a conserved substrate docking groove unique to SRPKs. DBS1 is a cell-permeable inhibitor that effectively inhibits the binding and phosphorylation of SRSF1 and subsequently switches VEGF splicing from the proangiogenic to the antiangiogenic isoform. Our findings thus provide a new direction for the development of SRPK inhibitors through targeting a unique PPI site to combat angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuyue Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haizhen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kristen Wing Yu Yung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Xie
- Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephanie Winn Chee Wan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bertha Sze Wing Mak
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Combined SRPK and AKT pharmacological inhibition is synergistic in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nikas IP, Themistocleous SC, Paschou SA, Tsamis KI, Ryu HS. Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase 1 (SRPK1) as a Prognostic Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010019. [PMID: 31861708 PMCID: PMC7017105 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a heterogeneous disease composed of tumor cells and microenvironment, is driven by deregulated processes such as increased proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis. Alternative splicing, a mechanism led by splicing factors, is implicated in carcinogenesis by affecting any of the processes above. Accumulating evidence suggests that serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), an enzyme that phosphorylates splicing factors rich in serine/arginine domains, has a prognostic and potential predictive role in various cancers. Its upregulation is correlated with higher tumor staging, grading, and shorter survival. SRPK1 is also highly expressed in the premalignant changes of some cancers, showing a potential role in the early steps of carcinogenesis. Of interest, its downregulation in preclinical models has mostly been tumor-suppressive and affected diverse processes heterogeneously, depending on the oncogenic context. In addition, targeting SRPK1 has enhanced sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy in some cancers. Lastly, its aberrant function has been noted not only in cancer cells but also in the endothelial cells of the microenvironment. Although the aforementioned evidence seems promising, more studies are needed to reinforce the use of SRPK1 inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias P. Nikas
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus; (S.C.T.); (S.A.P.); (K.I.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22559633
| | - Sophie C. Themistocleous
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus; (S.C.T.); (S.A.P.); (K.I.T.)
| | - Stavroula A. Paschou
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus; (S.C.T.); (S.A.P.); (K.I.T.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, “Aghia Sophia” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I. Tsamis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus; (S.C.T.); (S.A.P.); (K.I.T.)
- Neurosurgical Institute, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 03080 Seoul, Korea;
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Patel M, Sachidanandan M, Adnan M. Serine arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1): a moonlighting protein with theranostic ability in cancer prevention. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:1487-1497. [PMID: 30535769 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine/arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1); a versatile functional moonlighting protein involved in varied cellular activities comprised of cell cycle progression, innate immune response, chromatin reorganization, negative and positive regulation of viral genome replication, protein amino acid phosphorylation, regulation of numerous mRNA-processing pathways, germ cell development as well as inflammation due to acquaintances with many transcription factors and signaling pathways. Several diseases including cancer have been associated with dysregulation of SRPK1. The function of SRPK1 in cancer is contradictory and inexplicable because it acts as both tumor suppressor and promoter based on the type of cell and locale. Over expression of SRPK1 including its role has been recently narrated and associated with several cancers, which includes, lung, glioma, prostate and breast via dysregulated signals from the Akt/eIF4E/HIF-1/VEGF, Erk or MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Therefore, SRPK1 has occurred as a promising and possible curative target in cancer. In recent years, few natural and synthetic SRPK1 inhibitors have been discovered. This review emphasizes and highlights the complicated connections between SRPK1 and oncogenic signaling circuits together with the possibility of aiming SRPK1 in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Manojkumar Sachidanandan
- Department of Oral Radiology, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, P O Box 2440, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hail, P O Box 2440, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
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Brym P, Bojarojć-Nosowicz B, Oleński K, Hering DM, Ruść A, Kaczmarczyk E, Kamiński S. Genome-wide association study for host response to bovine leukemia virus in Holstein cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 175:24-35. [PMID: 27269789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and the processes underlying the phenomenon of differential host response to BLV infection still remain poorly understood. The aim of the study was to screen the entire cattle genome to identify markers and candidate genes that might be involved in host response to bovine leukemia virus infection. A genome-wide association study was performed using Holstein cows naturally infected by BLV. A data set included 43 cows (BLV positive) and 30 cows (BLV negative) genotyped for 54,609 SNP markers (Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip). The BLV status of cows was determined by serum ELISA, nested-PCR and hematological counts. Linear Regression Analysis with a False Discovery Rate and kinship matrix (computed on the autosomal SNPs) was calculated to find out which SNP markers significantly differentiate BLV-positive and BLV-negative cows. Nine markers reached genome-wide significance. The most significant SNPs were located on chromosomes 23 (rs41583098), 3 (rs109405425, rs110785500) and 8 (rs43564499) in close vicinity of a patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 1 (PNPLA1); adaptor-related protein complex 4, beta 1 subunit (AP4B1); tripartite motif-containing 45 (TRIM45) and cell division cycle associated 2 (CDCA2) genes, respectively. Furthermore, a list of 41 candidate genes was composed based on their proximity to significant markers (within a distance of ca. 1 Mb) and functional involvement in processes potentially underlying BLV-induced pathogenesis. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that host response to BLV infection involves nine sub-regions of the cattle genome (represented by 9 SNP markers), containing many genes which, based on the literature, could be involved to enzootic bovine leukemia progression. New group of promising candidate genes associated with the host response to BLV infection were identified and could therefore be a target for future studies. The functions of candidate genes surrounding significant SNP markers imply that there is no single regulatory process that is solely targeted by BLV infection, but rather the network of interrelated pathways is deregulated, leading to the disruption of the control of B-cell proliferation and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brym
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - B Bojarojć-Nosowicz
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - K Oleński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - D M Hering
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Ruść
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - E Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - S Kamiński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Expression of SRPK1 in gliomas and its role in glioma cell lines viability. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8699-707. [PMID: 26738865 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among factors regulating the splicing of major importance is serine/arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) that phosphorylates SR splicing factors. SRPK1 is expressed in the mammalian central nervous system in a region- and neuron-specific manner. Based on previous observations that glial cells are practically devoid of SRPK1 and reports showing aberrant expression of SRPK1 in numerous tumors, but with conflicting roles, this study aims to investigate the expression of SRPK1 in glioma and its influence on tumor cell biological features. As shown by immunohistochemical analysis, malignant glioma cells express SRPK1 in glioblastomas with significant association between SRPK1 expression and patients' survival. SRPK1 expression was also significantly upregulated at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level in glioma cell lines. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of SRPK1 had little effect on cell viability, while it slightly enhanced the sensitivity of cells to killing by cisplatin. These results support the idea that at least in vitro, the effect of SRPK1 knockdown on the viability of glioma cell lines is rather limited, while the in vivo effects could be attributed to the modulation of angiogenesis by SRPK1.
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10
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Potential Antileukemia Effect and Structural Analyses of SRPK Inhibition by N-(2-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl)Isonicotinamide (SRPIN340). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134882. [PMID: 26244849 PMCID: PMC4526641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of pre-mRNA splicing machinery activity has been related to the biogenesis of several diseases. The serine/arginine-rich protein kinase family (SRPKs) plays a critical role in regulating pre-mRNA splicing events through the extensive phosphorylation of splicing factors from the family of serine/arginine-rich proteins (SR proteins). Previous investigations have described the overexpression of SRPK1 and SRPK2 in leukemia and other cancer types, suggesting that they would be useful targets for developing novel antitumor strategies. Herein, we evaluated the effect of selective pharmacological SRPK inhibition by N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)isonicotinamide (SRPIN340) on the viability of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cell lines. Along with significant cytotoxic activity, the effect of treatments in regulating the phosphorylation of the SR protein family and in altering the expression of MAP2K1, MAP2K2, VEGF and FAS genes were also assessed. Furthermore, we found that pharmacological inhibition of SRPKs can trigger early and late events of apoptosis. Finally, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission, molecular docking and molecular dynamics were analyzed to gain structural information on the SRPK/SRPIN340 complex. These data suggest that SRPK pharmacological inhibition should be considered as an alternative therapeutic strategy for fighting leukemias. Moreover, the obtained SRPK-ligand interaction data provide useful structural information to guide further medicinal chemistry efforts towards the development of novel drug candidates.
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Odunsi K, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Andrews C, Beck A, Amuwo O, Lele S, Black JD, Huang RY. Elevated expression of the serine-arginine protein kinase 1 gene in ovarian cancer and its role in Cisplatin cytotoxicity in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51030. [PMID: 23236423 PMCID: PMC3517604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively spliced variants of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been shown to be important for their tumorigenicity. In the present study we have tested whether serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), a major regulator of splicing factors, is involved in ovarian cancer progression and plays a role in chemo-sensitivity. By Western blot analyses, SRPK1 protein was found to be overexpressed in 4 out of 6 ovarian cancer cell lines as compared with an immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cell line; and in 55% of ovarian tumor samples as compared with non-neoplastic ovarian tissue samples. Reduction of SRPK1 expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) encoding small hairpin RNA in ovarian cancer cells led to (i) reduced cell proliferation rate, slower cell cycle progression and compromised anchorage-independent growth and migration ability in vitro, (ii) decreased level of phosphorylation of multiple serine-arginine proteins, and P44/42MAPK and AKT proteins, and (iii) enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin. Together, these results suggest that elevated SRPK1 expression may play a role in ovarian tumorigenesis and SRPK1 may be a potential target for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy Beck
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Olajumoke Amuwo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Shashikant Lele
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Black
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruea-Yea Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The Akt-SRPK-SR axis constitutes a major pathway in transducing EGF signaling to regulate alternative splicing in the nucleus. Mol Cell 2012; 47:422-33. [PMID: 22727668 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is regulated by developmental and environmental cues, but little is known about how specific signals are transduced in mammalian cells to regulate this critical gene expression step. Here, we report massive reprogramming of alternative splicing in response to EGF signaling. By blocking individual branches in EGF signaling, we found that Akt activation plays a major role, while other branches, such as the JAK/STAT and ERK pathways, make minor contributions to EGF-induced splicing. Activated Akt next branches to SR protein-specific kinases, rather than mTOR, by inducing SRPK autophosphorylation that switches the splicing kinases from Hsp70- to Hsp90-containing complexes. This leads to enhanced SRPK nuclear translocation and SR protein phosphorylation. These findings reveal a major signal transduction pathway for regulated splicing and place SRPKs in a central position in the pathway, consistent with their reputed roles in a large number of human cancers.
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13
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Giannakouros T, Nikolakaki E, Mylonis I, Georgatsou E. Serine-arginine protein kinases: a small protein kinase family with a large cellular presence. FEBS J 2011; 278:570-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells for adult T-cell leukemia: a nationwide retrospective study. Blood 2010; 116:1369-76. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-247510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is increasingly used as a curative option for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an intractable mature T-cell neoplasm causally linked with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). We compared outcomes of 386 patients with ATL who underwent allogeneic HSCT using different graft sources: 154 received human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–matched related marrow or peripheral blood; 43 received HLA-mismatched related marrow or peripheral blood; 99 received unrelated marrow; 90 received single unit unrelated cord blood. After a median follow-up of 41 months (range, 1.5-102), 3-year overall survival for entire cohort was 33% (95% confidence interval, 28%-38%). Multivariable analysis revealed 4 recipient factors significantly associated with lower survival rates: older age (> 50 years), male sex, status other than complete remission, and use of unrelated cord blood compared with use of HLA-matched related grafts. Treatment-related mortality rate was higher among patients given cord blood transplants; disease-associated mortality was higher among male recipients or those given transplants not in remission. Among patients who received related transplants, donor HTLV-I seropositivity adversely affected disease-associated mortality. In conclusion, allogeneic HSCT using currently available graft source is an effective treatment in selected patients with ATL, although greater effort is warranted to reduce treatment-related mortality.
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Abstract
Because severe forms of the graft-versus-host reaction directed against normal tissues (also termed graft-versus-host disease [GVHD]) also contribute to morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, major efforts have focused on strategies to separate GVHD from the potentially beneficial immune reactivity against tumor (also called the graft-versus-tumor [GVT] effect). This article focuses on the data supporting the contribution of the GVT effect to cure of malignancy, what is known about the biology of the GVT reaction, and, finally, strategies to manipulate the GVT effect to increase the potency of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Fry
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation/Immunology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, 1 West Wing, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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16
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Tsianou D, Nikolakaki E, Tzitzira A, Bonanou S, Giannakouros T, Georgatsou E. The enzymatic activity of SR protein kinases 1 and 1a is negatively affected by interaction with scaffold attachment factors B1 and 2. FEBS J 2009; 276:5212-27. [PMID: 19674106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SR protein kinases (SRPKs) phosphorylate Ser/Arg dipeptide-containing proteins that play crucial roles in a broad spectrum of basic cellular processes. Phosphorylation by SRPKs constitutes a major way of regulating such cellular mechanisms. In the past, we have shown that SRPK1a interacts with the nuclear matrix protein scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1) via its unique N-terminal domain, which differentiates it from SRPK1. In this study, we show that SAFB1 inhibits the activity of both SRPK1a and SRPK1 in vitro and that its RE-rich region is redundant for the observed inhibition. We demonstrate that kinase activity inhibition is caused by direct binding of SAFB1 to SRPK1a and SRPK1, and we also present evidence for the in vitro binding of SAFB2 to the two kinases, albeit with different affinity. Moreover, we show that both SR protein kinases can form complexes with both scaffold attachment factors B in living cells and that this interaction is capable of inhibiting their activity, depending on the tenacity of the complex formed. Finally, we present data demonstrating that SRPK/SAFB complexes are present in the nucleus of HeLa cells and that the enzymatic activity of the nuclear matrixlocalized SRPK1 is repressed. These results suggest a new role for SAFB proteins as regulators of SRPK activity and underline the importance of the assembly of transient intranuclear complexes in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Tsianou
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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17
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Kawahara M, Hori T, Matsubara Y, Okawa K, Uchiyama T. Identification of HLA class I-restricted tumor-associated antigens in adult T cell leukemia cells by mass spectrometric analysis. Exp Hematol 2007; 34:1496-504. [PMID: 17046569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we attempted a comprehensive analysis of MHC class I-bound peptides in adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells in order to identify as many tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as possible that could be used for CTL-based immunotherapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Using mass spectrometry combined with reversed-phase liquid chromatography, we could sequence 188 HLA class I-restricted candidate peptides from three ATL-derived cell lines. In accordance with the restrained expression of HTLV-I viral RNA in these cell lines, there were no HTLV-I-encoded peptides among these candidates. Based on the differential expression between ATL cells and normal CD4+ T cells, we selected 10 novel peptides as T cell epitopes of overexpressed source proteins. RT-PCR analysis revealed that 5 source proteins including PRAME, a known tumor-testis antigen, were highly expressed in the majority of 16 ATL cases. Furthermore we could induce PRAME-specific CTLs in vitro from an HLA-B62+ healthy donor that showed specific cytotoxicity against HLA-B62+ PRAME+ ATL cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that comprehensive analysis of HLA class I-bound peptides by mass spectrometry is useful for identification of TAA-derived peptides in ATL. Considering that expression patterns of leukemia/lymphoma-associated antigens vary from case to case, this approach appears to be suitable for the tailor-made immunotherapy of hematological malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Lu H, Knutson KL, Gad E, Disis ML. The tumor antigen repertoire identified in tumor-bearing neu transgenic mice predicts human tumor antigens. Cancer Res 2007; 66:9754-61. [PMID: 17018635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FVB/N mice transgenic for nontransforming rat neu develop spontaneous breast cancers that are neu positive and estrogen receptor negative, mimicking premenopausal human breast cancer. These animals have been widely used as a model for immunobased therapies targeting HER-2/neu. In this study, we used serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries to characterize the antigenic repertoire of neu transgenic (neu-tg) mice and questioned the ability of this murine model to predict potential human tumor antigens. After screening 3 x 10(6) clones from 3 different cDNA libraries, 15 tumor antigens were identified, including cytokeratin 2-8, glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase, complement C3, galectin 8, and serine/threonine-rich protein kinase 1. Multiple proteins involved in the Rho/Rho-associated, coiled coil-containing protein kinase (Rock) signal transduction pathway were found to be immunogenic, including Rock1, Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2, and schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen preparation 70. All of the identified antigens are self-proteins that are expressed in normal tissues in addition to breast tumors and the majority of the antigens are intracellular proteins. More than half of the mouse tumor antigens have human homologues that have been reported previously as tumor antigens. Finally, the tumor-specific antibody immunity and marked immune cell infiltration that was observed in mice with spontaneous tumors were not observed in mice with transplanted tumors. Our results indicate that neu-tg mice bearing spontaneous tumors develop humoral immunity to their tumors similar to cancer patients and that tumor antigens identified in transgenic mouse may predict immunogenic human homologues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Library
- Genes, erbB-2
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Humans
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Receptor, ErbB-2
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Testis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lu
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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19
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Pandya D, Rahman S, Wigdahl B, Khan ZK, Jain P. New insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-induced disease. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been over 25 years since the discovery of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1); however, the exact sequence of events that occur during primary infection, clinical latency or the development of disease remains unresolved. The advances in molecular virology and neuroimmunology have contributed significantly to our understanding of HTLV-1 pathogenesis, but also uncovered the complexity of the virus–host interaction both in the peripheral blood and the CNS. Here, we overview the general pathologic features of HTLV-1, molecular mechanisms of oncogenic transformation and characteristics of the host immune response during the associated neuroinflammatory process. We also discuss both current and new approaches in the diagnosis and therapy of HTLV-1 associated diseases – adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Finally, potentially important emerging areas of research that may have an impact on our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism have been briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Pandya
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, New College Building, Room 18311, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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20
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Hayes GM, Carrigan PE, Miller LJ. Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase 1 Overexpression Is Associated with Tumorigenic Imbalance in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Breast, Colonic, and Pancreatic Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2072-80. [PMID: 17332336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant patterns of pre-mRNA processing are typical of human malignancies, yet the mechanisms responsible for these changes remain undefined. We have recently shown overexpression of a core splice regulatory protein, serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), in dysplastic and neoplastic pancreatic ductular cells. In the present study, we have established that SRPK1 levels are similarly up-regulated in breast and colonic tumors where its expression increases coordinately with tumor grade. Targeting SRPK1 for inhibition using small interfering RNA in breast and colonic tumor cell lines in vitro resulted in both increased apoptotic potential and enhanced cell killing after treatment with gemcitabine and cisplatin. Recent reports have described multifaceted interactions between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT signaling networks and the splice regulatory machinery. Consequently, we have shown that targeted inhibition of SRPK1 in tumor cells results in reduced phosphorylation of MAPK3, MAPK1, and AKT. Alterations in the splice pattern and resulting expression of MAPK kinase are implicated in mediating the antitumoral effects resulting from SRPK1 down-regulation. The up-regulation of SRPK1 in multiple cancers and its ability to regulate multiple relevant signaling pathways provide support for developing agents to inhibit this kinase for possible broad application to treat epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Hayes
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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21
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Hishizawa M, Imada K, Sakai T, Nishikori M, Arima N, Tsudo M, Ishikawa T, Uchiyama T. Antibody Responses Associated with the Graft-versus-Leukemia Effect in Adult T-Cell Leukemia. Int J Hematol 2006; 83:351-5. [PMID: 16757438 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.05173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The prognosis of ATL, especially the acute and lymphoma subtypes, is poor with conventional and high-dose chemotherapy. The effectiveness of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for ATL has been reported, suggesting the presence of a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect against this malignancy. To identify the target antigens associated with tumor rejection, we used SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning) to screen ATL complementary DNA expression libraries with sera from an ATL patient who had a GVL response after allo-HSCT. Among the isolated clones, autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR), which encodes a glycosylated transmembrane protein, was found to have selective reactivity with the sera obtained during tumor regression. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis for AMFR showed highest expression in the testis among normal tissues. Furthermore, aberrant AMFR expression was found in at least some ATL patients. Taken together, these findings suggest that AMFR may be one of the GVL antigens that provoke effective antitumor immunity against ATL in allogeneic settings.
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MESH Headings
- Antibody Formation/genetics
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Library
- Graft vs Leukemia Effect/genetics
- Graft vs Leukemia Effect/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Hishizawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Hayes GM, Carrigan PE, Beck AM, Miller LJ. Targeting the RNA Splicing Machinery as a Novel Treatment Strategy for Pancreatic Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3819-27. [PMID: 16585209 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant patterns of pre-mRNA splicing have been established for many human malignancies, yet the mechanisms responsible for these tumor-specific changes remain undefined and represent a promising area for therapeutic intervention. Using immunohistochemistry, we have localized the expression of a central splicing regulator, serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), to the ductular epithelial cells within human pancreas and have further shown its increased expression in tumors of the pancreas, breast, and colon. Small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of SRPK1 in pancreatic tumor cell lines resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in proliferative capacity and increase in apoptotic potential. Coordinately, the disruption of SRPK1 expression resulted in enhanced sensitivity of tumor cells to killing by gemcitabine and/or cisplatin. A dose-dependent reduction in the phosphorylation status of specific SR proteins was detected following the down-regulation of SRPK1 and is likely responsible for the observed alterations in expression of proteins associated with apoptosis and multidrug resistance. These data support SRPK1 as a new, potential target for the treatment of pancreatic ductular cancer that at present remains largely unresponsive to conventional therapies. Furthermore, these results support the development of innovative therapies that target not only specific splice variants arising during tumorigenesis but also the splice regulatory machinery that itself may be abnormal in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Hayes
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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