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Poppova L, Pavlova S, Gonzalez B, Kotaskova J, Plevova K, Dumbovic G, Janovska P, Bystry V, Panovska A, Bezdekova L, Maslejova S, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Krzyzankova M, Borsky M, Mayer J, Bryja V, Alonso S, Pospisilova S. Memory B-cell like chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is associated with specific methylation profile of WNT5A promoter and undetectable expression of WNT5A gene. Epigenetics 2022; 17:1628-1635. [PMID: 35333703 PMCID: PMC9621079 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome methylation profiles define naïve-like (n-CLL), memory-like (m-CLL), and intermediate (i-CLL) subsets of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The profiles can be easily determined by the analysis of the five-CpG signature. m-CLL, i-CLL, and n-CLL with the good, intermediate, and poor prognoses, respectively, differ by the somatic hypermutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene (IGHV), a widely used prognostic predictor in CLL. We have previously shown that the expression of WNT5A, encoding a ROR1 ligand, distinguishes patients with the worse outcome within the prognostically favourable IGHV-mutated subgroup. To analyse the mechanisms controlling WNT5A expression, we investigated the methylation status of 54 CpG sites within the WNT5A promoter and its relation to the WNT5A gene expression. In a cohort of 59 CLL patients balanced for combinations of IGHV and WNT5A statuses, we identified three promoter CpG sites whose methylation level correlated with the WNT5A expression within the IGHV-mutated subgroup. Further, we complemented our data with the methylation status of the five-CpG signature. IGHV-mutated/WNT5A-negative and IGHV-mutated/WNT5A-positive cases overlapped with m‑CLL and i‑CLL methylation subgroups, respectively, while most IGHV‑unmutated samples were assigned to n-CLL. Median methylation levels of all the three CpG sites in the WNT5A promoter were lowest in i-CLL. Finally, a detailed analysis of m-CLL and i-CLL showed that undetectable WNT5A expression predicts longer treatment-free survival with higher statistical significance than the classification according to the five-CpG signature. To conclude, a favourable m-CLL subgroup is associated with mutated IGHV and undetectable WNT5A expression due to its promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Poppova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Beatriz Gonzalez
- IGTP-PMPPC: Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jana Kotaskova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabrijela Dumbovic
- IGTP-PMPPC: Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pavlina Janovska
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Bystry
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Panovska
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bezdekova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Maslejova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krzyzankova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Alonso
- IGTP-PMPPC: Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Zhang YR, Yu Z, Xiong WJ, Liu XX, Liu HM, Cui R, Wang Q, Chen WM, Qiu LG, Yi SH. TOSO interacts with SYK and enhances BCR pathway activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2090-2097. [PMID: 32784334 PMCID: PMC7478576 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TOSO, also named Fas inhibitory molecule 3 (FAIM3), has recently been identified as an immunoglobulin M (IgM) Fc receptor (FcμR). Previous studies have shown that TOSO is specifically over-expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the functions of TOSO in CLL remain unknown. The B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway has been reported to be constitutively activated in CLL. Here, we aimed to investigate the functions of TOSO in the BCR signaling pathway and the pathogenesis of CLL. Methods We over-expressed TOSO in B-cell lymphoma cell lines (Granta-519 and Z138) by lentiviral transduction and knocked down TOSO by siRNA in primary CLL cells. The over-expression and knockdown of TOSO were confirmed at the RNA level by polymerase chain reaction and protein level by Western blotting. Co-immunoprecipitation with TOSO antibody followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (IP/LCMS) was used to identify TOSO interacting proteins. Western blotting was performed to detect the activation status of BCR signaling pathways as well as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). Flow cytometry was used to examine the apoptosis of TOSO-over-expressing B lymphoma cell lines and TOSO-down-regulated CLL cells via the staining of Annexin V and 7-AAD. One-way analyses of variance were used for intergroup comparisons, while independent samples t tests were used for two-sample comparisons. Results From IP/LCMS, we identified spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) as a crucial candidate of TOSO-interacting protein and confirmed it by co-immunoprecipitation. After stimulation with anti-IgM, TOSO over-expression increased the phosphorylation of SYK, and subsequently activated the BCR signaling pathway, which could be reversed by a SYK inhibitor. TOSO knockdown in primary CLL cells resulted in reduced SYK phosphorylation as well as attenuated BCR signaling pathway. The apoptosis rates of the Granta-519 and Z138 cells expressing TOSO were (8.46 ± 2.90)% and (4.20 ± 1.21)%, respectively, significantly lower than the rates of the control groups, which were (25.20 ± 4.60)% and (19.72 ± 1.10)%, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). The apoptosis rate was reduced after knocking down TOSO in the primary CLL cells. In addition, we also found that TOSO down-regulation in primary cells from CLL patients led to decreased expression of BCL-2 as well as lower apoptosis, and vice versa in the cell line. Conclusions TOSO might be involved in the pathogenesis of CLL by interacting with SYK, enhancing the BCR signaling pathway, and inducing apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Rui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Lu-Gui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu-Hua Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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3
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Campo E, Cymbalista F, Ghia P, Jäger U, Pospisilova S, Rosenquist R, Schuh A, Stilgenbauer S. TP53 aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an overview of the clinical implications of improved diagnostics. Haematologica 2018; 103:1956-1968. [PMID: 30442727 PMCID: PMC6269313 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.187583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with a highly heterogeneous disease course in terms of clinical outcomes and responses to chemoimmunotherapy. This heterogeneity is partly due to genetic aberrations identified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells such as mutations of TP53 and/or deletions in chromosome 17p [del(17p)], resulting in loss of one TP53 allele. These aberrations are associated with markedly decreased survival and predict impaired response to chemoimmunotherapy thus being among the strongest predictive markers guiding treatment decisions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical trials demonstrate the importance of accurately testing for TP53 aberrations [both del(17p) and TP53 mutations] before each line of treatment to allow for appropriate treatment decisions that can optimize patients' outcomes. The current report reviews the diagnostic methods to detect TP53 disruption better, the role of TP53 aberrations in treatment decisions and current therapies available for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carrying these abnormalities. The standardization in sequencing technologies for accurate identification of TP53 mutations and the importance of continued evaluation of TP53 aberrations throughout initial and subsequent lines of therapy remain unmet clinical needs as new therapeutic alternatives become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Campo
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Florence Cymbalista
- Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, UMR INSERMU978/Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Germany and Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
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4
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Morabito F, Shanafelt TD, Gentile M, Reda G, Mauro FR, Rossi D, Di Renzo N, Molica S, Angrilli F, Chiarenza A, Cutrona G, Chaffee KG, Parikh SA, Tripepi G, D'Arrigo G, Vigna E, Recchia AG, Cortelezzi A, Gaidano G, Di Raimondo F, Fais F, Foà R, Neri A, Ferrarini M. Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene and prediction of time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Mutational load or mutational status? Analysis of 1003 cases. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:E216-E219. [PMID: 29984867 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Morabito
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Cosenza Aprigliano (CS) Italy
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Stanford University California
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Hematology Unit, Department of Onco‐hematology A.O. of Cosenza Cosenza Italy
| | - Gianluigi Reda
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Mauro
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology ‘Sapienza’ University Rome Italy
| | - Davide Rossi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research Bellinzona Switzerland
| | | | - Stefano Molica
- Department of Oncology and Haematology Pugliese‐Ciaccio Hospital Catanzaro Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Chiarenza
- Division of Hematology AOU Policlinico‐OVE, University of Catania Catania Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- UO Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa Italy
| | - Kari G. Chaffee
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
| | - Sameer A. Parikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare Reggio Calabria Italy
| | - Graziella D'Arrigo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare Reggio Calabria Italy
| | - Ernesto Vigna
- Hematology Unit, Department of Onco‐hematology A.O. of Cosenza Cosenza Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Recchia
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Cosenza Aprigliano (CS) Italy
| | - Agostino Cortelezzi
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine Università del Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy
| | | | - Franco Fais
- UO Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Genova Genoa Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology ‘Sapienza’ University Rome Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Genova Genoa Italy
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5
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Jain P, Nogueras González GM, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Rozovski U, Sarwari N, Tam C, Wierda WG, A. Thompson P, Jain N, Luthra R, Quesada A, Sanchez-Petitto G, Ferrajoli A, Burger J, Kantarjian H, Cortes J, O’Brien S, Keating MJ, Estrov Z. The absolute percent deviation of IGHV mutation rather than a 98% cut-off predicts survival of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients treated with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:33-40. [PMID: 29164608 PMCID: PMC5745295 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The degree of somatic hypermutation, determined as percent deviation of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region sequence from the germline (IGHV%), is an important prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Currently, a cut-off of 2% deviation or 98% sequence identity to germline in IGHV sequence is routinely used to dichotomize CLL patients into mutated and unmutated groups. Because dissimilar IGHV% cut-offs of 1-5% were identified in different studies, we wondered whether no cut-off should be applied and IGHV% treated as a continuous variable. We analysed the significance of IGHV% in 203 CLL patients enrolled on the original frontline fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) trial with a median of 10 years follow-up. Using the Cox Proportional Hazard model, IGHV% was identified as a continuous variable that is significantly associated with progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (P < 0·001). Furthermore, we validated this finding in 323 patients treated with FCR off-protocol and in the total cohort (n = 535). Multivariate analysis revealed a continuous trend. Higher IGHV% levels were incrementally associated with favorable PFS and OS in both FCR-treated cohorts (P < 0·001, both cohorts). Taken together, our data suggest that IGHV% is a continuous variable in CLL patients treated with FCR.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Rituximab/administration & dosage
- Treatment Outcome
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetesh Jain
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna
- Department of Hematopathology, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Uri Rozovski
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Beilinson Campus, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nawid Sarwari
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - William G. Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip A. Thompson
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andres Quesada
- Department of Hematopathology, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriela Sanchez-Petitto
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan O’Brien
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael J. Keating
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, and, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Plešingerová H, Janovská P, Mishra A, Smyčková L, Poppová L, Libra A, Plevová K, Ovesná P, Radová L, Doubek M, Pavlová Š, Pospíšilová Š, Bryja V. Expression of COBLL1 encoding novel ROR1 binding partner is robust predictor of survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2017; 103:313-324. [PMID: 29122990 PMCID: PMC5792276 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.178699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a disease with up-regulated expression of the transmembrane tyrosine-protein kinase ROR1, a member of the Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway. In this study, we identified COBLL1 as a novel interaction partner of ROR1. COBLL1 shows clear bimodal expression with high levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with mutated IGHV and approximately 30% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with unmutated IGHV. In the remaining 70% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with unmutated IGHV, COBLL1 expression is low. Importantly, chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with unmutated IGHV and high COBLL1 have an unfavorable disease course with short overall survival and time to second treatment. COBLL1 serves as an independent molecular marker for overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with unmutated IGHV. In addition, chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with unmutated IGHV and high COBLL1 show impaired motility and chemotaxis towards CCL19 and CXCL12 as well as enhanced B-cell receptor signaling pathway activation demonstrated by increased PLCγ2 and SYK phosphorylation after IgM stimulation. COBLL1 expression also changes during B-cell maturation in non-malignant secondary lymphoid tissue with a higher expression in germinal center B cells than naïve and memory B cells. Our data thus suggest COBLL1 involvement not only in chronic lymphocytic leukemia but also in B-cell development. In summary, we show that expression of COBLL1, encoding novel ROR1-binding partner, defines chronic lymphocytic leukemia subgroups with a distinct response to microenvironmental stimuli, and independently predicts survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with unmutated IGHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Plešingerová
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine- Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Janovská
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Archana Mishra
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smyčková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Poppová
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine- Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Libra
- Generi Biotech, s.r.o., Hradec Králové, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevová
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine- Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ovesná
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine- Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pavlová
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine- Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pospíšilová
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine- Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic .,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Poppova L, Janovska P, Plevova K, Radova L, Plesingerova H, Borsky M, Kotaskova J, Kantorova B, Hlozkova M, Figulova J, Brychtova Y, Machalova M, Urik M, Doubek M, Kozubik A, Pospisilova S, Pavlova S, Bryja V. DecreasedWNT3expression in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a hallmark of disease progression and identifies patients with worse prognosis in the subgroup with mutatedIGHV. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:851-859. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Poppova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Janovska
- Institute of Experimental Biology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Hana Plesingerova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marek Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kotaskova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Kantorova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hlozkova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jana Figulova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Machalova
- Department of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, MU; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urik
- Department of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, MU; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubik
- Institute of Experimental Biology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Cytokinetics; Institute of Biophysics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology; Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Cytokinetics; Institute of Biophysics; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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8
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Davis Z, Forconi F, Parker A, Gardiner A, Thomas P, Catovsky D, Rose-Zerilli M, Strefford JC, Oscier D. The outcome of Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with 97% IGHV gene identity to germline is distinct from cases with <97% identity and similar to those with 98% identity. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:127-36. [PMID: 26846718 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IGHV gene mutational status has prognostic significance in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) but the percentage of mutations that correlates best with clinical outcome remains controversial. We initially studied 558 patients from diagnosis and found significant differences in median time to first treatment (TTFT) among Stage A patients and in overall survival (OS) for the whole cohort, between cases with <97% and 97-98·99% identity and between cases with 97-98·99% and ≥99% identity, when cases from the IGHV3-21 Stereotype Subset #2 were excluded. A significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) and OS between those with <97% and 97-98·99% identity, but not between those with 97-98·99% and ≥99% identity was also observed in a validation cohort comprising 460 patients in the UK CLL4 trial. Cox Regression analyses in the Stage A cohort revealed that a model which incorporated <97%, 97-98·99% and ≥99% identity as subgroups, was a better predictor of TTFT in CLL than using the 98% cut-off. Multivariate analysis selected the three mutational subgroups as independent predictors of TTFT in Stage A patients, and of OS in the diagnostic cohort. This study highlights that cases with 97% identity should not be considered to have the same prognosis as other cases with mutated IGHV genes defined as <98% identity to germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zadie Davis
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Anton Parker
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Anne Gardiner
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Peter Thomas
- Clinical Research Unit, Bournemouth University, Sutton, UK
| | - Daniel Catovsky
- Department of Haemato-oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | - David Oscier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Sutton, UK
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9
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Janovska P, Poppova L, Plevova K, Plesingerova H, Behal M, Kaucka M, Ovesna P, Hlozkova M, Borsky M, Stehlikova O, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Machalova M, Baskar S, Kozubik A, Pospisilova S, Pavlova S, Bryja V. Autocrine Signaling by Wnt-5a Deregulates Chemotaxis of Leukemic Cells and Predicts Clinical Outcome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:459-69. [PMID: 26240275 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ROR1, a receptor in the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is upregulated in malignant B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. It has been shown that the Wnt/PCP pathway drives pathogenesis of CLL, but which factors activate the ROR1 and PCP pathway in CLL cells remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN B lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of CLL patients were negatively separated using RosetteSep (StemCell) and gradient density centrifugation. Relative expression of WNT5A, WNT5B, and ROR1 was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein levels, protein interaction, and downstream signaling were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Migration capacity of primary CLL cells was analyzed by the Transwell migration assay. RESULTS By analyzing the expression in 137 previously untreated CLL patients, we demonstrate that WNT5A and WNT5B genes show dramatically (five orders of magnitude) varying expression in CLL cells. High WNT5A and WNT5B expression strongly associates with unmutated IGHV and shortened time to first treatment. In addition, WNT5A levels associate, independent of IGHV status, with the clinically worst CLL subgroups characterized by dysfunctional p53 and mutated SF3B1. We provide functional evidence that WNT5A-positive primary CLL cells have increased motility and attenuated chemotaxis toward CXCL12 and CCL19 that can be overcome by inhibitors of Wnt/PCP signaling. CONCLUSIONS These observations identify Wnt-5a as the crucial regulator of ROR1 activity in CLL and suggest that the autocrine Wnt-5a signaling pathway allows CLL cells to overcome natural microenvironmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Janovska
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Poppova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Plesingerova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Behal
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ovesna
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hlozkova
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Borsky
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Stehlikova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Machalova
- Department of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sivasubramanian Baskar
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alois Kozubik
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Abstract
An unresolved issue in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is whether IGHV3-21 gene usage, in general, or the expression of stereotyped B-cell receptor immunoglobulin defining subset #2 (IGHV3-21/IGLV3-21), in particular, determines outcome for IGHV3-21-utilizing cases. We reappraised this issue in 8593 CLL patients of whom 437 (5%) used the IGHV3-21 gene with 254/437 (58%) classified as subset #2. Within subset #2, immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV)-mutated cases predominated, whereas non-subset #2/IGHV3-21 was enriched for IGHV-unmutated cases (P = .002). Subset #2 exhibited significantly shorter time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) compared with non-subset #2/IGHV3-21 (22 vs 60 months, P = .001). No such difference was observed between non-subset #2/IGHV3-21 vs the remaining CLL with similar IGHV mutational status. In conclusion, IGHV3-21 CLL should not be axiomatically considered a homogeneous entity with adverse prognosis, given that only subset #2 emerges as uniformly aggressive, contrasting non-subset #2/IGVH3-21 patients whose prognosis depends on IGHV mutational status as the remaining CLL.
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11
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Kutsch N, Hallek M, Eichhorst B. Emerging therapies for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:285-92. [PMID: 24766469 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.917641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that becomes refractory to chemotherapy is associated with a poor outcome. For these patients, some of the novel substances that are currently in clinical development for CLL seem to offer new hope. These agents include small molecules, new antibodies, immunomodulators, kinase inhibitors, BCL-2 antagonists and chimeric antigen receptor transduced T-cells (CARTs) and combine high efficacy with a good safety profile. To date, allogeneic stem cell transplant remains the only curative treatment option for patients with relapsed, refractory CLL. However, it is possible that new substances will replace allogeneic stem cell transplant in the near future. This review provides an overview of the currently available data and an outlook on future therapies for chemotherapy refractory CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kutsch
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO), CECAD (Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases) and German CLL Study Group (DCLLSG), University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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12
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Sevov M, Rosenquist R, Mansouri L. RNA-based markers as prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 5:69-79. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Rosenquist R, Cortese D, Bhoi S, Mansouri L, Gunnarsson R. Prognostic markers and their clinical applicability in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: where do we stand? Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2351-64. [PMID: 23480493 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.783913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease where the majority of patients have an indolent disease course, while others may experience a far more aggressive disease, treatment failure and poor overall survival. During the last two decades, there has been an intense search to find novel biomarkers that can predict prognosis as well as guide treatment decisions. Two of the most reliable molecular prognostic markers, both of which are offered in routine diagnostics, are the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene mutational status and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection of prognostically relevant genomic aberrations (e.g. 11q-, 13q-, +12 and 17p-). In addition to these markers, a myriad of additional biomarkers have been postulated as potential prognosticators in CLL, on the protein (e.g. CD38, ZAP70, TCL1), the RNA (e.g. LPL, CLLU1, micro-RNAs) and the genomic (e.g. TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1 and BIRC3 mutations) level. Efforts are now being made to test these novel markers in larger patient cohorts as well as in prospective trials, with the ultimate goal to combine the "best" markers in a "CLL prognostic index" applicable for the individual patient. Although it is clear that these studies have significantly improved our knowledge regarding both prognostication and the biology of the disease, there is still an immediate need for recognizing biomarkers that can predict therapy response, and efforts should now focus on addressing this pertinent issue. In the present article, we review the extensive literature in the field of prognostic markers in CLL, focus on the most clinically relevant markers and discuss future directions regarding biomarkers in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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14
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Agathangelidis A, Ntoufa S, Stamatopoulos K. B cell receptor and antigens in CLL. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 792:1-24. [PMID: 24014290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is considered as a prototypic antigen-driven lymphoma, with antigenic stimuli from the microenvironment promoting tumor outgrowth. Antigen recognition is a function of both the clonotypic B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) and various other immune sensors, e.g., the Toll-like receptors. The critical role of BcR IG-mediated signaling in CLL development and evolution is underscored by the following: the disease-biased IG gene repertoire; the subdivision of CLL based on the somatic hypermutation load of the BcR IG into two broad categories with vastly different prognosis and eventual outcome; the existence of subsets of cases with distinct, quasi-identical (stereotyped) BcR IGs; and the clinical efficacy of novel therapeutics inhibiting BcR signaling. Here, we trace the immunogenetic evidence for antigen selection in CLL and also consider the types of implicated antigens as well as the immune signaling pathways relevant for CLL ontogeny and clonal progression.
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15
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Immunoglobulin gene repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: insight into antigen selection and microenvironmental interactions. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012052. [PMID: 22973496 PMCID: PMC3435129 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenetic analysis of the B cell receptors (BCRs) has been a richly rewarding field for unraveling the pathogenesis of human lymphomas, including CLL. A biased immunoglobulin gene repertoire is seen as evidence for selection of CLL progenitor cells by antigen. Additional corroborative evidence is provided by the differential prognosis of cases with distinct mutational status of the clonotypic BCRs. However, perhaps the strongest immunogenetic evidence for the importance of interactions with microenvironment in driving CLL development and evolution is the existence of subsets of patients with quasi-identical, stereotyped BCRs, collectively accounting for a remarkable one-third of the entire cohort. These observations have been instrumental in shaping the notion that CLL ontogeny is functionally driven and dynamic, rather than a simple stochastic process. From a clinical perspective, ample evidence indicates that immunogenetic information can be used for the biologically and clinically rational categorization of CLL, with important potential implications for basic, translational and clinical research.
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16
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Preobrazhensky SN, Szankasi P, Bahler DW. Improved flow cytometric detection of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using experimentally optimized isotypic control antibodies. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:78-84. [PMID: 22031469 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of ZAP-70 by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with more aggressive disease and can help differentiate CLL using mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes (VH) from cases expressing unmutated VH genes. However, flow cytometric detection of ZAP-70 in CLL shows considerable variability and may be of questionable significance because most laboratories cannot correlate their results to clinical outcome or VH mutational data. METHODS Seventy cases of CLL were evaluated for ZAP-70 using a previously optimized staining procedure and two different methods to eliminate nonspecific background staining. One method, not previously reported, used isotypic control antibodies, where the concentrations were adjusted/optimized so that normal B-cells stained negatively for ZAP-70. The other used ZAP-70 stained peripheral blood B-cells from normal donors. The percentages of ZAP-70 stained CLL cells above the two thresholds were compared. RESULTS Concentrations of isotypic control antibodies had to be increased from manufacture's recommendations to insure normal B-cells were ZAP-70 negative. ZAP-70 levels among the CLL cases formed a bimodal distribution using the optimized isotypic control threshold, with 30 having low values (0-32% positive) and 40 high values (60-99% positive). In contrast, a continuous distribution was obtained with the ZAP-70 stained B-cell threshold. VH mutational status strongly correlated with the optimized control values as 29/30 low ZAP-70 cases had mutated VH genes and 37/40 high ZAP-70 cases used unmutated VH genes. CONCLUSIONS Use of an optimized isotypic control threshold could increase the reliability of flow based ZAP-70 detection and correlates well with VH mutational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Preobrazhensky
- ARUP (Associated Regional and University Pathologists) Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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17
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Gladstone DE, Swinnen L, Kasamon Y, Blackford A, Gocke CD, Griffin CA, Meade JB, Jones RJ. Importance of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutational status in del(13q) chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1873-81. [PMID: 21851216 PMCID: PMC3790144 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.585529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among prognostic factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutation status and DNA analysis appear to be the most important. However, there is limited clinical outcome information for patients with the favorable-risk del(13q) and poor-risk unmutated IGHV. We retrospectively screened all patients with CLL at our institution between 2004 and June 2010 for del(13q) who also had an IGHV analysis. Unmutated IGHV was found in 38/79 patients; age, Rai stage, prior therapy, and time to evaluation were similar to those for patients with mutated IGHV. Unmutated patients were nearly four times more likely to harbor additional chromosomal aberrations compared to mutated patients (p < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 4.5 years, unmutated patients were more likely to demonstrate Rai stage progression (69% vs. 31%, log-rank p < 0.001) and to receive treatment (5-year cumulative probability of treatment: 65% vs. 32%, p < 0.001). Patients with unmutated CLL also had a shorter overall survival (5-year survival probability: 72% vs. 100%, p < 0.001). When limiting analysis to the 47 patients with del(13q) as a sole chromosomal abnormality, the 13 (28%) unmutated patients were more likely to demonstrate Rai progression (p < 0.001), to receive treatment (p = 0.02), and to have a shorter overall survival (p = 0.13) than the 34 mutated patients. These data suggest that del(13q) conveys an indolent course only in patients with IGHV-mutated CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Gladstone
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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18
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Most morphologic features in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) do not reliably predict underlying FISH genetics or immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region somatic mutational status. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010; 18:119-27. [PMID: 19826250 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181bbd5d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is common in the Western world. Genetic abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene region (IGHV) mutational status are well-known independent prognostic indicators in CLL/SLL. Given the requirement for specialized testing to detect such aberrations, we investigated whether morphologic features may predict the presence of a more or less favorable genetic profile. Forty-one SLL cases were morphologically evaluated for expanded proliferation centers, increased large cells outside of proliferation centers, and nuclear contour irregularities (NCI) in small and large tumor cells. ZAP-70 immunohistochemistry and FISH (deletions of 13q14, p53 and ATM and trisomy 12) were successful in all cases. IGHV mutational status was determined in 26/41 cases. Significant NCI in both small and large cells correlated with the presence of an unfavorable FISH abnormality (ie, ATM or p53 deletions). However, despite good specificity (94%), the sensitivity (57%) of this finding is inadequate for routine use. No other significant associations with morphologic features were identified. Strong ZAP-70 positivity correlated with unmutated IGHV (P=0.001), rendering ZAP-70 IHC a useful surrogate for IGHV mutational status. ZAP-70 positivity predicted against finding a favorable FISH deletion 13q14 (P=0.023). Although we only studied 41 cases, we corroborated their validity using Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis. In conclusion, morphologic features in SLL are not a reliable predictor of underlying genetic status. Thus, we propose a practical, cost-effective approach to the work-up of these cases, which should be driven by clinical necessity.
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Szankasi P, Bahler DW. Clinical laboratory analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes for chronic lymphocytic leukemia prognosis. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:244-9. [PMID: 20110453 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia affecting adults in the western world. The clinical course of CLL is highly variable: cases that express mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions (IgV(H)) typically have a more indolent clinical course compared with those with unmutated IgV(H). The use of the V(H)3-21 variable region has also been found to confer a poor prognosis, independent of mutation status. Here we describe an assay for the identification of the expressed V(H) segment and its mutation status in CLL. This test uses whole blood-derived RNA and PCR primers annealing to the leader regions and the joining region segments. This approach allows more accurate determination of the IgV(H) mutation status relative to using framework region specific V(H) primers. An additional primer specific for the leader region of the V(H)3-21 segment is described and is shown to be necessary to identify this diagnostically important variable region. We successfully analyzed 99 of 103 samples, including five expressing the V(H)3-21 variable region. Approximately 5% of cases had complement determining region 3 sequences similar to previously reported cases, and overrepresentation of the V(H)1-69 segment was observed among unmutated cases. These results confirm the proper functioning and high success rate of this valuable prognostic for CLL designed for the use in a clinical laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Szankasi
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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20
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Many chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies recognize apoptotic cells with exposed nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA: implications for patient outcome and cell of origin. Blood 2010; 115:3907-15. [PMID: 20110421 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-244251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be grouped into subsets based on nearly identical stereotyped sequences. Subset 6 CLL mAbs recognize nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (MYHIIA). Herein, we report that during apoptosis, MYHIIA becomes exposed on the cell surface of a subgroup of apoptotic cells, allowing subset 6 CLL mAbs to bind with it. Because other non-subset 6 CLL mAbs interact with apoptotic cells, 26 CLL mAbs, including 24 not belonging to subset 6, were tested for reactivity with MYHIIA-exposed apoptotic cells (MEACs). More than 60% of CLL mAbs bound MEACs well; most of these mAbs expressed unmutated IGHV (15 of 16) and belonged to a stereotyped subset (14 of 16). Binding to MEACs inversely correlated with the degree of IGHV mutation. Interestingly, high binding to MEACs significantly correlated with poor patient survival, suggesting that the basis of IGHV mutation status as a CLL prognostic factor reflects antigen binding. Finally, natural antibodies from human serum also reacted with MEACs. Taken together, our data indicate that a large proportion of CLL clones emerge from natural antibody-producing cells expressing immunoglobulins that recognize MEACs, and that this reactivity is associated with poor clinical outcome.
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Zenz T, Mertens D, Küppers R, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S. From pathogenesis to treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10:37-50. [PMID: 19956173 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has several unique features that distinguish it from other cancers. Most CLL tumour cells are inert and arrested in G0/G1 of the cell cycle and there is only a small proliferative compartment; however, the progressive accumulation of malignant cells will ultimately lead to symptomatic disease. Pathogenic mechanisms have been elucidated that involve multiple external (for example, microenvironmental stimuli and antigenic drive) and internal (genetic and epigenetic) events that are crucial in the transformation, progression and evolution of CLL. Our growing understanding of CLL biology is allowing the translation of targets and biological classifiers into clinical practice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Neoplastic Processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Germany
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FCRL2 expression predicts IGHV mutation status and clinical progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2008; 112:179-87. [PMID: 18314442 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-131359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD38 and ZAP-70 are both useful prognostic markers for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but are variably discordant with IGHV mutation status. A total of 5 human Fc receptor-like molecules (FCRL1-5) have tyrosine-based immunoregulatory potential and are expressed by B-lineage subpopulations. To determine their prognostic potential in CLL, FCRL expression was compared with IGHV mutation status, CD38 and ZAP-70 expression, and clinical features from 107 patients. FCRL1, FCRL2, FCRL3, and FCRL5 were found at markedly higher levels on CLL cells bearing mutated IGHV genes than on unmutated CLL cells or CD19(+) polyclonal B lymphocytes. Univariate comparisons found that similar to CD38 and ZAP-70, FCRL expression was strongly associated with IGHV mutation status; however, only FCRL2 maintained independent predictive value by multivariate logistic analysis. Strikingly, FCRL2 demonstrated 94.4% concordance with IGHV mutation compared with 76.6% for CD38 and 80.4% for ZAP-70. Compared with other indicators, FCRL2 was also superior at predicting the time to first therapy; the median treatment-free interval was 15.5 years for patients with high FCRL2 expression compared with 3.75 years for FCRL2-low patients. Our studies indicate that FCRL2 has robust predictive value for determining IGHV gene mutation status and clinical progression and thus may further improve prognostic definition in CLL.
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