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Puckrin R, Shafey M, Storek J. The role of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A review. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1105779. [PMID: 36741737 PMCID: PMC9889653 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has declined with the development of novel targeted agents, it continues to play an important role for eligible patients with high-risk or heavily pretreated CLL who lack other treatment options. CLL is susceptible to a potent graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect which produces long-lasting remissions in 30-50% of transplanted patients. While allogeneic HCT is associated with significant risks of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), infection, and non-relapse mortality (NRM), improvements in patient and donor selection, reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), GVHD prophylaxis, and supportive care have rendered this an increasingly safe and effective procedure in the current era. In this review, we discuss recent advances in allogeneic HCT for CLL, with a focus on the optimal evidence-based strategies to maximize benefit and minimize toxicity of this potentially curative cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Storek
- Department of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Thompson PA, Stingo F, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, O'Brien SM, Estrov Z, Ledesma C, Rezvani K, Qazilbash M, Shah N, Parmar S, Popat U, Anderlini P, Yago N, Ciurea SO, Kebriaei P, Champlin R, Shpall EJ, Hosing CM. Long-term follow-up of patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplant for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: mixed T-cell chimerism is associated with high relapse risk and inferior survival. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:567-577. [PMID: 28295181 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information regarding the immunological predictors of post-allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT) outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), such as mixed T-cell chimerism. We analysed 143 consecutive patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, transplanted between 2000 and 2012, to determine the prognostic relevance of mixed chimerism post-alloSCT and the ability of post-transplant immunomodulation to treat relapse. Mixed T-cell chimerism occurred in 50% of patients at 3 months and 43% at 6 months post-alloSCT; upon 3- and 6-month landmark analysis, this was associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) [Hazard ratio (HR) 1·93, P = 0·003 and HR 2·58, P < 0·001] and survival (HR 1·66, P = 0·05 and HR 2·17, P < 0·001), independent of baseline patient characteristics, and a lower rate of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GHVD) (16% vs. 52%, P < 0·001). Thirty-three patients were treated with immunomodulation for relapse post-alloSCT (immunosuppression withdrawal, n = 6, donor lymphocyte infusion, n = 27); 17 achieved complete response (CR), which predicted superior PFS (53 months vs. 10 months, P < 0·001) and survival (117 months vs. 30 months, P = 0·006). Relapsed patients with mixed chimerism had inferior response to immunomodulation; conversion to full donor chimerism was highly correlated both with CR and with the development of severe acute GVHD, which was fatal in 3/8 patients. Novel therapeutic strategies are required for patients with mixed T-cell chimerism post-alloSCT for CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aftercare/methods
- Aged
- Chimerism
- Epidemiologic Methods
- Female
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Transfusion/adverse effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Recurrence
- Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Stem Cell Transplantation/mortality
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thompson
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Stingo
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan M O'Brien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Celina Ledesma
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Muzaffar Qazilbash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nina Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Uday Popat
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paolo Anderlini
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nieto Yago
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan O Ciurea
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chitra M Hosing
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Ibrutinib efficacy and tolerability in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia following allogeneic HCT. Blood 2016; 128:2899-2908. [PMID: 27802969 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-715284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib, a potent and irreversible small-molecule inhibitor of both Bruton's tyrosine kinase and interleukin-2 inducible kinase (ITK), has been used to treat relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with prolongation of progression-free and overall survival. Here, we present 27 patients with relapsed CLL following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) who subsequently received ibrutinib salvage therapy. Sixteen of these patients were part of multi-institutional clinical trials and achieved an overall response rate of 87.5%. An additional 11 patients were treated at Stanford University following US Food and Drug Administration approval of ibrutinib; 7 (64%) achieved a complete response, and 3 (27%) achieved a partial response. Of the 9 patients treated at Stanford who had mixed chimerism-associated CLL relapse, 4 (44%) converted to full donor chimerism following ibrutinib initiation, in association with disease response. Four of 11 (36%) patients evaluated by ClonoSeq achieved minimal residual disease negativity with CLL <1/10 000 white blood cells, which persisted even after ibrutinib was discontinued, in 1 case even after 26 months. None of the 27 patients developed graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) following ibrutinib initiation. We postulate that ibrutinib augments the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) benefit through a T-cell-mediated effect, most likely due to ITK inhibition. To investigate the immune modulatory effects of ibrutinib, we completed comprehensive immune phenotype characterization of peripheral B and T cells from treated patients. Our results show that ibrutinib selectively targets pre-germinal B cells and depletes Th2 helper cells. Furthermore, these effects persisted after drug discontinuation. In total, our results provide evidence that ibrutinib effectively augments GVL without causing GVHD.
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Kharfan-Dabaja MA. Predictors of outcome in reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: summarizing the evidence and highlighting the limitations. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:47-56. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the prognostic significance of various clinical, genetic, biologic and molecular markers on postallogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes such as nonrelapse mortality, relapse and survival. Notwithstanding limitations, existence of refractory/progressive disease at allografting yields worse nonrelapse mortality, more relapse and inferior overall survival. Advanced age results in higher nonrelapse mortality and increased relapse risk. Presence of poor-risk cytogenetics increases post-transplant relapse risk, but its impact on overall survival appears controversial. Developing prognostic models using large multicenter data could help better understand the effect of these and other variables on post-transplant outcomes. Newly discovered mutations as well as response (or not) to new potent therapies, such as ibrutinib or others, would likely be incorporated in such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB-3, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Shaffer BC, Modric M, Stetler-Stevenson M, Arthur DC, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, Fowler DH, Gale RP, Bishop MR, Pavletic SZ. Rapid complete donor lymphoid chimerism and graft-versus-leukemia effect are important in early control of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:772-8. [PMID: 23689118 PMCID: PMC3769491 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) after allotransplantation in persons with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with lower rates of relapse. Rapid engraftment of donor lymphocyte elements can contribute to MRD control, but it remains unclear whether this strategy will benefit patients. In this study, we report the incidence of MRD eradication and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in persons with rapid versus later donor T lymphocyte engraftment after lymphodepleting chemotherapy and reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) allotransplantation. Twenty-seven subjects received lymphodepleting chemotherapy to facilitate donor engraftment followed by fludarabine and cyclophosphamide RIC and a blood cell allograft. MRD was monitored by multicolor flow cytometry after transplantation. Complete donor T lymphoid chimerism (TLC) and myeloid chimerism (MC) were achieved in 25 subjects at a median of 28 days (range, 14-60 days) and 21 days (range, 14-180 days), respectively. Achieving complete donor TLC by day 14 versus day 28 or later correlated with occurrence of grade 2 or higher acute GvHD (90% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 78-100%] versus 35% [95% CI, 16-54%]; p = 0.014) and better control of MRD in the bone marrow at day 100, median 0% (range, 0-0.1%) versus 8.5% (range, 0-92%; p = 0.016). Among 11 persons with early donor TLC, none had progressive disease, and seven died of treatment -related mortality (TRM). In persons with later development of TLC, 8 of 16 had progressive disease and 2 died of TRM. Time to donor myeloid chimerism had no effect on outcomes. Rapid establishment of donor TLC resulted in more complete eradication of early MRD, but greater incidence of acute GvHD and TRM in persons with CLL undergoing RIC allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Shaffer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Toze CL, Dalal CB, Nevill TJ, Gillan TL, Abou Mourad YR, Barnett MJ, Broady RC, Forrest DL, Hogge DE, Nantel SH, Power MM, Song KW, Sutherland HJ, Smith CA, Narayanan S, Young SS, Connors JM, Shepherd JD. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: outcome in a 20-year cohort. Br J Haematol 2012; 158:174-185. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Toze
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Chinmay B. Dalal
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Thomas J. Nevill
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Tanya L. Gillan
- Cytogenetics Laboratory; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Yasser R. Abou Mourad
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Michael J. Barnett
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Raewyn C. Broady
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Donna L. Forrest
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Donna E. Hogge
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Stephen H. Nantel
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Maryse M. Power
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Kevin W. Song
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Heather J. Sutherland
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Clayton A. Smith
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Sujaatha Narayanan
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Sean S. Young
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; BC Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
| | - Joseph M. Connors
- Division of Medical Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Centre for Lymphoid Cancer and University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - John D. Shepherd
- Division of Hematology; Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia; Vancouver General Hospital; BC Cancer Agency; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC
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Prophylactic rituximab after allogeneic transplantation decreases B-cell alloimmunity with low chronic GVHD incidence. Blood 2012; 119:6145-54. [PMID: 22563089 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic GVHD (cGVHD). We hypothesized that prophylactic anti-B-cell therapy delivered 2 months after transplantation would decrease allogeneic donor B-cell immunity and possibly the incidence of cGVHD. Therefore, in the present study, patients with high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 22) and mantle-cell lymphoma (n = 13) received a total lymphoid irradiation of 80 cGy for 10 days and antithymocyte globulin 1.5 mg/kg/d for 5 days. Rituximab (375 mg/m(2)) was infused weekly on days 56, 63, 70, and 77 after transplantation. The incidence of acute GVHD was 6%. The cumulative incidence of cGVHD was 20%. Nonrelapse mortality was 3%. Rituximab treatment after allogeneic transplantation significantly reduced B-cell allogeneic immunity, with complete prevention of alloreactive H-Y Ab development in male patients with female donors (P = .01). Overall survival and freedom from progression at 4 years for chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients were 73% and 47%, respectively; for mantle-cell lymphoma patients, they were 69% and 53%, respectively.
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Machaczka M, Johansson JE, Remberger M, Hallböök H, Malm C, Lazarevic VL, Wahlin A, Omar H, Juliusson G, Kimby E, Hägglund H. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant with reduced-intensity conditioning for chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Sweden: does donor T-cell engraftment 3 months after transplant predict survival? Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1699-705. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.666661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Translational studies in hematopoietic cell transplantation: treatment of hematologic malignancies as a stepping stone to tolerance induction. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:273-81. [PMID: 21705229 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has most commonly been used to treat hematologic malignancies, where it is often the only potentially curative option available. The success of HCT has been limited by transplant-associated toxicities related to the conditioning regimens used and to the common immunologic consequence of donor T cell recognition of recipient alloantigens, graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). The frequency and severity of GVHD observed when extensive HLA barriers are transgressed has essentially precluded the routine use of extensively HLA-mismatched HCT. Allogeneic HCT also has potential as an approach to organ allograft tolerance induction, but this potential has not been previously realized because of the toxicity associated with traditional conditioning. In this paper we review two approaches to HCT involving reduced intensity conditioning regimens that have been associated with improvements in safety in patients with hematologic malignancies, even in the HLA-mismatched transplant setting. These strategies have been applied in the first successful pilot studies for the induction of organ allograft tolerance in humans. Thus, we summarize an example of vertical translational research between animal models and humans and horizontal translation between two separate goals that culminated in the use of HCT to achieve allograft tolerance in humans.
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