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Bavinck AP, Heerde WV, Schols SEM. Point-of-Care Testing in Patients with Hereditary Disorders of Primary Hemostasis: A Narrative Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024. [PMID: 38950596 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of primary hemostasis, such as von Willebrand disease and congenital platelet disorders, can cause extensive, typically mucocutaneous bleeding. Assays to diagnose and monitor these disorders, such as von Willebrand factor activity assays and light transmission aggregometry, are performed in specialized hemostasis laboratories but are commonly not available in local hospitals. Due to the complexity and relative scarcity of these conventional assays, point-of-care tests (POCT) might be an attractive alternative in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders. POCTs, such as thromboelastography, are increasingly used to assess hemostasis in patients with acquired hemostatic defects, aiding clinical decision-making in critical situations, such as during surgery or childbirth. In comparison, the use of these assays in patients with hereditary hemostasis defects remains relatively unexplored. This review aims to give an overview of point-of-care hemostasis tests in patients with hereditary disorders of primary hemostasis. A summary of the literature reporting on the performance of currently available and experimental POCTs in these disorders is given, and the potential utility of the assays in various use scenarios is discussed. Altogether, the studies included in this review reveal that several POCTs are capable of identifying and monitoring severe defects in the primary hemostasis, while a POCT that can reliably detect milder defects of primary hemostasis is currently lacking. A better understanding of the strengths and limitations of POCTs in assessing hereditary defects of primary hemostasis is needed, after which these tests may become available for clinical practice, potentially targeting a large group of patients with milder defects of primary hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aernoud P Bavinck
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Waander van Heerde
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Hemophilia Treatment Centre Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E M Schols
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Hemophilia Treatment Centre Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Crescence L, Kramberg M, Baumann M, Rey M, Roux S, Panicot-Dubois L, Dubois C, Riederer MA. The P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist Selatogrel Dissolves Preformed Platelet Thrombi In Vivo. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225349. [PMID: 34830631 PMCID: PMC8619398 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selatogrel, a potent and reversible antagonist of the P2Y12 receptor, inhibited FeCl3-induced thrombosis in rats. Here, we report the anti-thrombotic effect of selatogrel after subcutaneous applications in guinea pigs and mice. Selatogrel inhibited platelet function only 10 min after subcutaneous application in mice. In addition, in a modified Folts thrombosis model in guinea pigs, selatogrel prevented a decrease in blood-flow, indicative of the inhibition of ongoing thrombosis, approximately 10 min after subcutaneous injection. Selatogrel fully normalised blood flow; therefore, we speculate that it may not only prevent, but also dissolve, platelet thrombi. Thrombus dissolution was investigated using real-time intravital microscopy in mice. The infusion of selatogrel during ongoing platelet thrombus formation stopped growth and induced the dissolution of the preformed platelet thrombus. In addition, platelet-rich thrombi were given 30 min to consolidate in vivo. The infusion of selatogrel dissolved the preformed and consolidated platelet thrombi. Dissolution was limited to the disintegration of the occluding part of the platelet thrombi, leaving small mural platelet aggregates to seal the blood vessel. Therefore, our experiments uncovered a novel advantage of selatogrel: the dissolution of pre-formed thrombi without the disintegration of haemostatic seals, suggesting a bipartite benefit of the early application of selatogrel in patients with acute thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Crescence
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, C2VN, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.C.); (L.P.-D.); (C.D.)
| | - Markus Kramberg
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Martine Baumann
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Sebastien Roux
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, C2VN, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.C.); (L.P.-D.); (C.D.)
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, C2VN, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.C.); (L.P.-D.); (C.D.)
| | - Markus A. Riederer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.R.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-588-440-885
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3
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Baumann M, Lack B, Guillaumat I, Murphy MJ, Riederer MA. The potency of selatogrel, a reversible antagonist of the P2Y12 receptor, is affected by calcium concentration. Platelets 2021; 33:147-156. [PMID: 33427002 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1869711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the in vitro characterization of the P2Y12 receptor antagonist selatogrel (ACT-246475). Binding studies with radiolabeled selatogrel demonstrated that selatogrel is a competitive antagonist of ADP binding to the P2Y12 receptor with a fast onset of action. Consequently, selatogrel was confirmed to be a potent inhibitor of P2Y12-mediated intra-platelet signaling and ADP-induced platelet activation. Characterization of selatogrel in platelet-rich plasma in vitro demonstrated that the mode of anti-coagulation affected the anti-platelet potency. Specifically, in platelet-rich plasma containing physiological calcium concentration (anticoagulated with a direct thrombin inhibitor), selatogrel achieved half-maximal inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at a 3-fold lower concentration than in conditions with low calcium concentration (anticoagulated with citrate). Furthermore, calcium-dependent reduction in selatogrel potency was observed in whole blood platelet aggregation using the VerifyNow™ system with a 3.7-fold potency loss in low calcium conditions. A comparable potency loss was also observed with the reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonists ticagrelor, cangrelor and elinogrel. Furthermore, receptor-binding experiments using radiolabeled selatogrel confirmed a 3-fold lowering of selatogrel binding affinity to the P2Y12 receptor in low calcium conditions. In conclusion, our data suggest that in low calcium conditions (i.e., citrate-anticoagulated blood), there is a risk of underestimating the potency of reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonists. To avoid overdosing, and a potential increase in bleeding risk, we propose that the ex vivo evaluation of reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonists should be performed with platelet assay systems containing physiological calcium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Baumann
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Lack
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Guillaumat
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Murphy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Riederer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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4
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Bye AP, Gibbins JM, Mahaut-Smith MP. Ca 2+ waves coordinate purinergic receptor-evoked integrin activation and polarization. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/615/eaav7354. [PMID: 31964805 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells sense extracellular nucleotides through the P2Y class of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which stimulate integrin activation through signaling events, including intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. We investigated the relationship between P2Y-stimulated repetitive Ca2+ waves and fibrinogen binding to the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa) through confocal fluorescence imaging of primary rat megakaryocytes. Costimulation of the receptors P2Y1 and P2Y12 generated a series of Ca2+ transients that each induced a rapid, discrete increase in fibrinogen binding. The peak and net increase of individual fibrinogen binding events correlated with the Ca2+ transient amplitude and frequency, respectively. Using BAPTA loading and selective receptor antagonists, we found that Ca2+ mobilization downstream of P2Y1 was essential for ADP-evoked fibrinogen binding, whereas P2Y12 and the kinase PI3K were also required for αIIbβ3 activation and enhanced the number of Ca2+ transients. ADP-evoked fibrinogen binding was initially uniform over the cell periphery but subsequently redistributed with a polarity that correlated with the direction of the Ca2+ waves. Polarization of αIIbβ3 may be mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, because surface-bound fibrinogen is highly immobile, and its motility was enhanced by cytoskeletal disruption. In conclusion, spatial and temporal patterns of Ca2+ increase enable fine control of αIIbβ3 activation after cellular stimulation. P2Y1-stimulated Ca2+ transients coupled to αIIbβ3 activation only in the context of P2Y12 coactivation, thereby providing an additional temporal mechanism of synergy between these Gq- and Gi-coupled GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK.
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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5
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Soares MSP, da Silveira de Mattos B, Ávila AA, Spohr L, Pedra NS, Teixeira FC, Bona NP, Oliveira PS, Stefanello FM, Spanevello RM. High levels of methionine and methionine sulfoxide: Impact on adenine nucleotide hydrolysis and redox status in platelets and serum of young rats. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2289-2303. [PMID: 30216509 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated acute and chronic effects administration of methionine (Met) and/or methionine sulfoxide (MetO) on ectonucleotidases and oxidative stress in platelets and serum of young rats. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, Met, MetO, and Met + MetO. In acute treatment, the animals received a single subcutaneous injection of amino acid(s) and were euthanized after 1 and 3 hours. In chronic protocol, Met and/or MetO were administered twice a day with an 8-hour interval from the 6th to the 28th day of life. Nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were reduced in platelets and serum by Met, MetO, and Met + MetO after 3 hours and 21 days. Adenosine deaminase activity reduced in platelets at 3 hours after MetO and Met + MetO administration and increased after 21 days in animals treated with Met + MetO. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased in platelets in MetO and Met + MetO groups after 3 hours, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased in same groups. Catalase activity in platelets decreased in all experimental groups after chronic treatment. Met, MetO, and Met + MetO administration increased plasmatic ROS levels in acute and chronic protocols; glutathione S-transferase activity increased by MetO and Met + MetO administration at 3 hours, and ascorbic acid decreased in all experimental groups in acute and chronic protocols. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities reduced in the Met and/or MetO groups at 3 hours and in chronic treatment. Our data demonstrated that Met and/or MetO induced changes in adenine nucleotide hydrolysis and redox status of platelets and serum, which can be associated with platelet dysfunction in hypermethioninemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Silveira de Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Anita Almeida Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luiza Spohr
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cardoso Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pathise Souto Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Francieli Moro Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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6
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Ilkan Z, Watson S, Watson SP, Mahaut-Smith MP. P2X1 Receptors Amplify FcγRIIa-Induced Ca2+ Increases and Functional Responses in Human Platelets. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:369-380. [PMID: 29443373 PMCID: PMC6260114 DOI: 10.1160/th17-07-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelets express key receptors of the innate immune system such as FcγRIIa and Toll-like receptors (TLR). P2X1 cation channels amplify the platelet responses to several major platelet stimuli, particularly glycoprotein (GP)VI and TLR2/1, whereas their contribution to Src tyrosine kinase-dependent FcγRIIa receptors remains unknown. We investigated the role of P2X1 receptors during activation of FcγRIIa in human platelets, following stimulation by cross-linking of an anti-FcγRIIa monoclonal antibody (mAb) IV.3, or bacterial stimulation with
Streptococcus sanguinis
. Activation was assessed in washed platelet suspensions via measurement of intracellular Ca
2+
([Ca
2+
]
i
) increases, ATP release and aggregation. P2X1 activity was abolished by pre-addition of α,β-meATP, exclusion of apyrase or the antagonist NF449. FcγRIIa activation evoked a robust increase in [Ca
2+
]
i
(441 ± 33 nM at 30 μg/mL mAb), which was reduced to a similar extent (to 66–70% of control) by NF449, pre-exposure to α,β-meATP or apyrase omission, demonstrating a significant P2X1 receptor contribution. FcγRIIa activation-dependent P2X1 responses were partially resistant to nitric oxide (NO), but abrogated by 500 nM prostacyclin (PGI
2
). Aggregation responses to bacteria and FcγRIIa activation were also inhibited by P2X1 receptor desensitization (to 66 and 42% of control, respectively). However, FcγRIIa-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and ATP release were not significantly altered by the loss of P2X1 activity. In conclusion, we show that P2X1 receptors enhance platelet FcγRIIa receptor-evoked aggregation through an increase in [Ca
2+
]
i
downstream of the initial tyrosine phosphorylation events and early dense granule release. This represents a further route whereby ATP-gated cation channels can contribute to platelet-dependent immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Ilkan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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7
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Castilhos LG, Doleski PH, Adefegha SA, Becker LV, Ruchel JB, Leal DBR. Altered E-NTPDase/E-ADA activities and CD39 expression in platelets of sickle cell anemia patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:241-6. [PMID: 27044834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by hemolysis and vaso-occlusions caused by rigidly distorted red blood cells. Sickle cell crisis is associated with extracellular release of nucleotides and platelets, which are critical mediators of hemostasis participating actively in purinergic thromboregulatory enzymes system.This study aimed to investigate the activities of purinergic system ecto-enzymes present on the platelet surface as well as CD39 and CD73 expressions on platelets of SCA treated patients. Fifteen SCA treated patients and 30 health subjects (control group) were selected. Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (E-5'-NT) and ecto-adenosine deaminase (E-ADA) activities were measured in platelets isolated from these individuals. Results demonstrated an increase of 41 % in the E-NTPDase for ATP hydrolysis, 52% for ADP hydrolysis and 60 % in the E-ADA activity in SCA patients (P<0.05); however, a two folds decrease in the CD39 expression in platelets was observed in the same group (P<0.01). The increased E-NTPDase activity could be a compensatory mechanism associated with the low expression of CD39 in platelets. Besides, alteration of these enzymes activities suggests that the purinergic system could be involved in the thromboregulatory process in SCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia G Castilhos
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil.
| | - Pedro H Doleski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Stephen A Adefegha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Lara V Becker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Jader B Ruchel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil.
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Mahaut-Smith MP, Taylor KA, Evans RJ. Calcium Signalling through Ligand-Gated Ion Channels such as P2X1 Receptors in the Platelet and other Non-Excitable Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:305-29. [PMID: 27161234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels on the cell surface are directly activated by the binding of an agonist to their extracellular domain and often referred to as ionotropic receptors. P2X receptors are ligand-gated non-selective cation channels with significant permeability to Ca(2+) whose principal physiological agonist is ATP. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which P2X1 receptors, a ubiquitously expressed member of the family of ATP-gated channels, can contribute to cellular responses in non-excitable cells. Much of the detailed information on the contribution of P2X1 to Ca(2+) signalling and downstream functional events has been derived from the platelet. The underlying primary P2X1-generated signalling event in non-excitable cells is principally due to Ca(2+) influx, although Na(+) entry will also occur along with membrane depolarization. P2X1 receptor stimulation can lead to additional Ca(2+) mobilization via a range of routes such as amplification of G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent Ca(2+) responses. This chapter also considers the mechanism by which cells generate extracellular ATP for autocrine or paracrine activation of P2X1 receptors. For example cytosolic ATP efflux can result from opening of pannexin anion-permeable channels or following damage to the cell membrane. Alternatively, ATP stored in specialised secretory vesicles can undergo quantal release via the process of exocytosis. Examples of physiological or pathophysiological roles of P2X1-dependent signalling in non-excitable cells are also discussed, such as thrombosis and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Kirk A Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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9
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Burnstock G. Blood cells: an historical account of the roles of purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:411-34. [PMID: 26260710 PMCID: PMC4648797 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of purinergic signalling in the physiology of erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes was recognised early. The release of ATP and the expression of purinoceptors and ectonucleotidases on erythrocytes in health and disease are reviewed. The release of ATP and ADP from platelets and the expression and roles of P1, P2Y(1), P2Y(12) and P2X1 receptors on platelets are described. P2Y(1) and P2X(1) receptors mediate changes in platelet shape, while P2Y(12) receptors mediate platelet aggregation. The changes in the role of purinergic signalling in a variety of disease conditions are considered. The successful use of P2Y(12) receptor antagonists, such as clopidogrel and ticagrelor, for the treatment of thrombosis, myocardial infarction and stroke is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Yang H, Xu S, Li J, Wang L, Wang X. Potassium 2-(1-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate inhibits ADP-induced rat platelet aggregation through P2Y1-PLC signaling pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:983-90. [PMID: 25787305 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Potassium 2-(1-hydroxypenty1)-benzoate (dl-PHPB) is a new drug candidate for treatment of ischemic stroke with antiplatelet effect. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of dl-PHPB in inhibiting platelet aggregation. The ADP-activated P2Y1-Gq-PLC and P2Y12-Gi-AC pathways were observed, respectively. Intravenous injection of dl-PHPB (1.3, 3.9, 12.9 mg/kg) significantly inhibited ADP-, collagen-, and arachidonic acid-induced rat platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, and dl-PHPB had a relatively more potent inhibitory effect on ADP-induced rat platelet aggregation than other agonists. Dl-PHPB also showed a decreased expression of CD62P (a marker for platelet activation) mediated by ADP. Both dl-PHPB and ticlopidine (P2Y12 receptor antagonist) decreased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration. But, dl-PHPB did not reverse the inhibition of PGE1-induced platelet cAMP formation by ADP, which was different from ticlopidine. Further, dl-PHPB instead of ticlopidine showed increasing phospholipase C-β phosphorylation (ser(1105)). The m-3M3FBS, a phospholipase C activator, attenuated the inhibitory effect of dl-PHPB on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and enhanced IP1 accumulation in rat platelets. Dl-PHPB decreased IP1 accumulation induced by ADP but had no effect on IP1 level enhanced by m-3M3FBS. Our results suggest that dl-PHPB has a potent antiplatelet effect, which is mainly through blockade of P2Y1 receptor-PLC-IP3 pathway and decreasing cytoplasmic calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- State Key laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
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Jones S, Evans RJ, Mahaut-Smith MP. Ca2+ influx through P2X1 receptors amplifies P2Y1 receptor-evoked Ca2+ signaling and ADP-evoked platelet aggregation. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:243-51. [PMID: 24923466 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cells express both P2X cation channels and P2Y G-protein-coupled receptors that are costimulated by nucleotides released during physiologic or pathophysiologic responses. For example, during hemostasis and thrombosis, ATP-gated P2X1 channels and ADP-stimulated P2Y1 and P2Y12 G-protein coupled receptors play important roles in platelet activation. It has previously been reported that P2X1 receptors amplify P2Y1-evoked Ca(2+) responses in platelets, but the underlying mechanism and influence on function is unknown. In human platelets, we show that maximally activated P2X1 receptors failed to stimulate significant aggregation but could amplify the aggregation response to a submaximal concentration of ADP. Costimulation of P2X1 and P2Y1 receptors generated a superadditive Ca(2+) increase in both human platelets and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells via a mechanism dependent on Ca(2+) influx rather than Na(+) influx or membrane depolarization. The potentiation, due to an enhanced P2Y1 response, was observed if ADP was added up to 60 seconds after P2X1 activation. P2X1 receptors also enhanced Ca(2+) responses when costimulated with type 1 protease activated and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The P2X1-dependent amplification of Gq-coupled [Ca(2+)]i increase was mimicked by ionomycin and was not affected by inhibition of protein kinase C, Rho-kinase, or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, which suggests that it results from potentiation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and/or phospholipase C. We conclude that Ca(2+) influx through P2X1 receptors amplifies Ca(2+) signaling through P2Y1 and other Gq-coupled receptors. This represents a general form of co-incidence detection of ATP and coreleased agonists, such as ADP at sites of vascular injury or synaptic transmitters acting at metabotropic Gq-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- University of Leicester, Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Evans
- University of Leicester, Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
- University of Leicester, Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Jiang L, Xu C, Yu S, Liu P, Luo D, Zhou Q, Gao C, Hu H. A critical role of thrombin/PAR-1 in ADP-induced platelet secretion and the second wave of aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:930-40. [PMID: 23406164 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stable or second wave of platelet aggregation often observed in ADP-stimulated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with an artificially lowered extracellular calcium level has been attributed to enhanced thromboxane A2 (TXA2 ) generation and inhibition of ectonucleotidase activity. However, the role of thrombin in ADP-induced platelet secretion and the second wave of aggregation is unknown. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We employed aggregometry, flow cytometry, immunoblotting and ELISA to determine whether and how thrombin participates in ADP-induced platelet secretion and the second wave of aggregation. RESULTS ADP induces a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway-dependent thrombin generation, presumably resulting from the cleavage of αII b β3 -associated prothrombin. Generated thrombin subsequently activates protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and mediates dense granule secretion and the second wave of platelet aggregation in ADP-stimulated citrated PRP. Thus, ADP-induced dense granule secretion and the second wave of platelet aggregation in PRP were similarly and non-additively blocked by thrombin inhibitor hirudin, PAR-1 antagonist SCH-79797 or PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. Moreover, ADP stimulation caused the dissociation of prothrombin from αII b β3 and an increased plasma thrombin level; both were prevented by wortmannin. Furthermore, the wortmannin-inhibited second wave of platelet aggregation by ADP was restored by a subaggregation concentration of PAR-1 activating peptide SFLLRN. Blocking TXA2 production with indomethacin or restoring extracellular calcium to physiological concentration did not influence this thrombin/PAR-1 dependence. CONCLUSIONS A PI3K-dependent thrombin generation and the resultant PAR-1 activation serve as an indispensable mechanism to relay the platelet activation process induced by ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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14
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Gachet C. P2Y(12) receptors in platelets and other hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:609-19. [PMID: 22528678 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y(12) receptor is a Gi-coupled ADP receptor first described in blood platelets where it plays a central role in the complex processes of activation and aggregation. Platelet granules store important amounts of ADP which are released upon stimulation by interaction of platelets with the damaged vessel wall. Therefore, the P2Y(12) receptor is a key player in primary hemostasis and in arterial thrombosis and is an established target of antithrombotic drugs like the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel or the direct, reversible antagonists ticagrelor and cangrelor. Beyond the platelet physiology and pharmacology, recent studies have revealed the expression of the P2Y(12) receptor in other hematopoietic cells including leukocyte subtypes and microglia in the central nervous system as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells. These studies indicate putative roles of the P2Y(12) receptor in inflammatory states and diseases of the brain, lung, and blood vessels. The selective role of P2Y(12) among other P2 receptors as well as the possible impact of P2Y(12) targeting drugs in these processes remain to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gachet
- UMR_S949 Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, EFS-Alsace 10, rue Spielmann, BP N°36, 67065, Strasbourg, France.
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Platelet Ca(2+) responses coupled to glycoprotein VI and Toll-like receptors persist in the presence of endothelial-derived inhibitors: roles for secondary activation of P2X1 receptors and release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Blood 2012; 119:3613-21. [PMID: 22228626 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-386052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Ca(2+) mobilization by cyclic nucleotides is central to the mechanism whereby endothelial-derived prostacyclin and nitric oxide limit platelet activation in the intact circulation. However, we show that ∼ 50% of the Ca(2+) response after stimulation of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) by collagen, or of Toll-like 2/1 receptors by Pam(3)Cys-Ser-(Lys)(4) (Pam(3)CSK(4)), is resistant to prostacyclin. At low agonist concentrations, the prostacyclin-resistant Ca(2+) response was predominantly because of P2X1 receptors activated by ATP release via a phospholipase-C-coupled secretory pathway requiring both protein kinase C and cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation. At higher agonist concentrations, an additional pathway was observed because of intracellular Ca(2+) release that also depended on activation of phospholipase C and, for TLR 2/1, PI3-kinase. Secondary activation of P2X1-dependent Ca(2+) influx also persisted in the presence of nitric oxide, delivered from spermine NONOate, or increased ectonucleotidase levels (apyrase). Surprisingly, apyrase was more effective than prostacyclin and NO at limiting secondary P2X1 activation. Dilution of platelets reduced the average extracellular ATP level without affecting the percentage contribution of P2X1 receptors to collagen-evoked Ca(2+) responses, indicating a highly efficient activation mechanism by local ATP. In conclusion, platelets possess inhibitor-resistant Ca(2+) mobilization pathways, including P2X1 receptors, that may be particularly important during early thrombotic or immune-dependent platelet activation.
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Wijeyeratne YD, Heptinstall S. Anti-platelet therapy: ADP receptor antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 72:647-57. [PMID: 21518389 PMCID: PMC3187865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y(12) receptor on platelets with which ADP interacts has an important role in promoting platelet function and thereby platelet involvement in both haemostasis and thrombosis. Agents that act as antagonists at this receptor are thus likely to provide effective antithrombotic therapy, provided that there are no adverse effects on haemostasis. Here we describe the ADP receptor antagonists that are available and in development. We also consider their mode of action and ask whether there are additional mechanisms through which they exert their inhibitory effects on platelet function.
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P2 receptors and platelet function. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:293-303. [PMID: 21792575 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following vessel wall injury, platelets adhere to the exposed subendothelium, become activated and release mediators such as TXA(2) and nucleotides stored at very high concentration in the so-called dense granules. Released nucleotides and other soluble agents act in a positive feedback mechanism to cause further platelet activation and amplify platelet responses induced by agents such as thrombin or collagen. Adenine nucleotides act on platelets through three distinct P2 receptors: two are G protein-coupled ADP receptors, namely the P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptor subtypes, while the P2X(1) receptor ligand-gated cation channel is activated by ATP. The P2Y(1) receptor initiates platelet aggregation but is not sufficient for a full platelet aggregation in response to ADP, while the P2Y(12) receptor is responsible for completion of the aggregation to ADP. The latter receptor, the molecular target of the antithrombotic drugs clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor, is responsible for most of the potentiating effects of ADP when platelets are stimulated by agents such as thrombin, collagen or immune complexes. The P2X(1) receptor is involved in platelet shape change and in activation by collagen under shear conditions. Each of these receptors is coupled to specific signal transduction pathways in response to ADP or ATP and is differentially involved in all the sequential events involved in platelet function and haemostasis. As such, they represent potential targets for antithrombotic drugs.
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