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Gutiérrez-González E, García-Solano M, Pastor-Barriuso R, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, Rollán-Gordo A, Peñalver-Argüeso B, Peña-Rey I, Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B. A nation-wide analysis of socioeconomic and geographical disparities in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in children and adolescents in Spain: Results from the ENE-COVID study. Pediatr Obes 2024; 19:e13085. [PMID: 37963589 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate national and provincial prevalence of obesity and excess weight in the child and adolescent population in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore sources of inequalities in their distribution, and their geographical patterns. METHODS ENE-COVID is a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey (68 287 participants) stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, that allowed estimating crude and model-based standardized prevalences of obesity and excess weight in the 10 543 child and adolescent participants aged 2-17 years. RESULTS Crude prevalences (WHO growth reference) were higher in boys than in girls (obesity: 13.4% vs. 7.9%; excess weight: 33.7% vs. 26.0%; severe obesity: 2.9% vs. 1.2%). These prevalences varied with age, increased with the presence of any adult with excess weight in the household, while they decreased with higher adult educational and census tract average income levels. Obesity by province ranged 1.8%-30.5% in boys and 0%-17.6% in girls; excess weight ranged 15.2%-49.9% in boys and 10.8%-40.8% in girls. The lowest prevalences of obesity and excess weight were found in provinces in the northern half of Spain. Sociodemographic characteristics only partially explained the observed geographical variability (33.6% obesity; 44.2% excess weight). CONCLUSIONS Childhood and adolescent obesity and excess weight are highly prevalent in Spain, with relevant sex, sociodemographic and geographical differences. The geographic variability explained by sociodemographic variables indicates that there are other potentially modifiable factors on which to focus interventions at different geographic levels to fight this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Pastor-Barriuso
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Belén Peñalver-Argüeso
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marina Pollán
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Palmeiro ES, Valeiro MAG, Villarino MF. OVERWEIGHT IN SCHOOLCHILDREN AND ASSOCIATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PARENTAL HABITS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192504181165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Excess weight in childhood and adolescence is an important health problem that tends to persist in adulthood. Among the causes of this increase there appears to be a consensus on emphasizing physical activity as an excellent strategy to achieve better weight control, and on considering some models of parental practices essential for the acquisition of healthy habits in young people. Objective: To study the role of physical activity (undertaken by children and their parents) in the prevalence of overweight in Spanish schoolchildren. Methods: We studied 1687 schoolchildren aged between 13 and 17 years and 2335 mothers and fathers. The body mass index (BMI) of each child was calculated and information was collected on the physical activity level of the children and the parental physical activity level and BMI. Results: The schoolchildren analyzed have a higher prevalence of excess weight than the national average, significantly associated with age, sex, and excess weight of the mother, showing no significant association with the level of physical activity, but instead with the parental level of physical activity. Discussion: As predictive variables for excess weight in schoolchildren we found sex, age and excess weight of the mother. Conclusion: There is a prevalence of obesity and overweight in the sample of schoolchildren studied, and this is significantly associated with age rather than with physical activity. This prevalence is also significantly associated with the excess weight of the parents and with the level of physical activity of the father, which appears to confirm the influence of family characteristics and household physical activity in excess weight among schoolchildren. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in child population. A study of a cohort in Castile and Leon, Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 66:173-180. [PMID: 30772371 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies warn that overweight and obesity have become an epidemic with severe consequences in the population's health. The objetive of the present study is to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Castile and Leon in a sample of children at 6, 11 and 14 years of age, to describe its evolution and its association with life habits and antecedents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Observational study, retrospective cohort, performed by the pediatricians of the Health Sentinel Network. The study is part of a joint Project with the National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH) in Burgos to know the pattern of growth and development of the child population of Castile and Leon. In 2012, a health examination and a retrospective collection were carried out based on the clinical history of a simple of 326 children, from the cohort was born in 1998. RESULTS Following the WHO references, at age 14 there was 25.3% of boys and 18.5% of girls with overweight. Obesity was estimated to affect the 8.2% and 4.8% of them respectively. At 11 years of age there was the maximum of overweight in girls and of obesity in boys. At the urban-non urban environment, quantity and quality of sleep and the parents' BMI have been some of the associated factors to weight level of the children. DISCUSSION In Castile and Leon, as in other populations of our environment, there is a severe problema of overweight and obesity. For their control it is necesary to deepen understanding of lifestyles and antecedents related to the birth as well as to calculate the growth rate in the pediatric age.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Yáñez-Ortega
- Sección de Epidemiología, Servicio Territorial de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Burgos, España.
| | - Esther Arrieta-Cerdán
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, España
| | - José E Lozano-Alonso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, España
| | - Milagros Gil Costa
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, España
| | | | - José A Cordero-Guevara
- Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Burgos, SACYL, Junta de Castilla y León, Burgos, España
| | - Tomás Vega Alonso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, España
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Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez MI, Leis R, Martínez A, Malvar A, Hervada X, Suanzes J. Excess weight and abdominal obesity in Galician children and adolescents. An Pediatr (Barc) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Exceso ponderal y obesidad abdominal en niños y adolescentes gallegos. An Pediatr (Barc) 2018; 89:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Prevalence of malnutrition in Spanish schoolchildren. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez MI, Leis R, Malvar A, Suanzes J, Hervada X. [Prevalence of malnutrition in Spanish schoolchildren]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2017; 89:44-49. [PMID: 29102499 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS The term malnutrition includes malnutrition due to excess or obesity, underweight as well as stunted growth. Its prevalence in a population can be estimated using anthropometric variables. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition in Galician schoolchildren aged 6 to 15years in the school year 2013-2014. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample by gender and age of the Galician population of 6 to 15years old. The prevalence of obesity, underweight, and short stature was estimated by age and gender using the reference standards proposed by the World Health Organisation. RESULTS Of the total of 7,438 schoolchildren weighed and measured, 16.4% had malnutrition. The prevalence of obesity was 14.8%, underweight was 0.7%, and short stature for age was estimated at 1%. Obesity was more prevalent among boys. As regards underweight and short stature, when there were differences, prevalence was higher among girls. CONCLUSIONS In Galicia, 16 out of every 100 schoolchildren aged 6 to 15years had malnutrition, with that due to excess or obesity being the most frequent. Prevalence of underweight and short stature did not exceed 1%. This data shows that primary prevention measures should be promoted at an early age to reduce malnutrition due to excess or adiposity, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pérez-Ríos
- Subdirección de Información sobre Saúde e Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España; Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España.
| | - María I Santiago-Pérez
- Subdirección de Información sobre Saúde e Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
| | - Rosaura Leis
- Servicio de Pediatría, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
| | - Alberto Malvar
- Subdirección de Información sobre Saúde e Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
| | - Jorge Suanzes
- Subdirección de Programas de Fomento de Estilos de Vida Saudables, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
| | - Xurxo Hervada
- Subdirección de Información sobre Saúde e Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
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[Evaluation, correction and impact of non-response in studies of childhood obesity]. GACETA SANITARIA 2017; 32:327-332. [PMID: 28958571 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and correct the impact of non-response in the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in children aged 6 to 15 years old using silhouette scales. METHOD Cross-sectional study carried out in 2013 among 8,145 Galician schoolchildren aged 6-15 years old. The students who agreed to participate were weighed and measured and, based on body mass index, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was estimated. Teachers rated all students using silhouette scales. The valuations were used to estimate the prevalence corrected by non-response. Using the Bayes theorem, participation rates were estimated according to weight status. RESULTS The participation rate was 92.3% in the 6 -to 11-year-old group, and 90% in the 12- to 15-year old age group. In both groups, the prevalence of underweight and overweight were similar between participants and non-participants. However, obesity was higher among non-participants, especially at 12 to 15 years of age (6.3% vs. 12.2% ; p < 0.05). The prevalence did not change when corrected by the teacher's valuation. The participation rate of obese students was lower than the overall rate (82% vs. 90% at 12 to 15 years old; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The presence of participation bias, which was greater at 12-15 years old, was confirmed. However, the impact of the bias on prevalence was negligible due to the high participation rate. In obesity studies with objective measures, it is essential to quantify non-participation, as well as to assess its impact and correct it.
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Pérez-Farinós N, López-Sobaler AM, Dal Re MÁ, Villar C, Labrado E, Robledo T, Ortega RM. The ALADINO study: a national study of prevalence of overweight and obesity in Spanish children in 2011. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:163687. [PMID: 24089663 PMCID: PMC3780583 DOI: 10.1155/2013/163687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in Spain using different sets of cut-off criteria, through a community-based cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in a representative sample of Spanish children between 6 and 9 years, recruited in Spanish schools, between October 2010 and May 2011. 7,569 boys and girls were selected. All were weighed and measured, and their parents were asked about their socioeconomic background, food habits and physical activity. The BMI of each was calculated, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined by age and sex using Spanish reference tables (SPART), IOTF reference values, and WHO growth standards. The prevalence of overweight in boys ranged from 14.1% to 26.7%, and in girls from 13.8% to 25.7%, depending on the cut-off criteria. The prevalence of obesity in boys ranged from 11.0% to 20.9%, and in girls from 11.2% to 15.5%. The prevalence of obesity was the highest among those same children when using the SPART or WHO criteria. Overweight and obesity remain widespreading among Spanish children; a consensus on the definition of overweight and obesity cut-off criteria is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napoleón Pérez-Farinós
- Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/ Alcalá 56, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Dal Re
- Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/ Alcalá 56, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Villar
- Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/ Alcalá 56, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Labrado
- Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/ Alcalá 56, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Robledo
- Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/ Alcalá 56, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Santiago S, Zazpe I, Martí A, Cuervo M, Martínez JA. Gender differences in lifestyle determinants of overweight prevalence in a sample of Southern European children. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7:e391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yuan JCC, Lee DJ, Afshari FS, Galang MTS, Sukotjo C. Dentistry and Obesity: A Review and Current Status in U.S. Predoctoral Dental Education. J Dent Educ 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2012.76.9.tb05367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Chia-Chun Yuan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; College of DentistryUniversity of Illinois; Chicago
| | - Damian J. Lee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; College of DentistryUniversity of Illinois; Chicago
| | - Fatemeh S. Afshari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; College of DentistryUniversity of Illinois; Chicago
| | | | - Cortino Sukotjo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; College of DentistryUniversity of Illinois; Chicago
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