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Chu AWL, Wong MM, Rayner DG, Guyatt GH, Díaz Martinez JP, Ceccacci R, Zhao IX, McMullen E, Srivastava A, Wang J, Wen A, Wang FC, Brignardello-Petersen R, Izcovich A, Oykhman P, Wheeler KE, Wang J, Spergel JM, Singh JA, Silverberg JI, Ong PY, O'Brien M, Martin SA, Lio PA, Lind ML, LeBovidge J, Kim E, Huynh J, Greenhawt M, Gardner DD, Frazier WT, Ellison K, Chen L, Capozza K, De Benedetto A, Boguniewicz M, Smith Begolka W, Asiniwasis RN, Schneider LC, Chu DK. Systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema): Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1470-1492. [PMID: 37678577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition with multiple systemic treatments and uncertainty regarding their comparative impact on AD outcomes. OBJECTIVE We sought to systematically synthesize the benefits and harms of AD systemic treatments. METHODS For the 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters AD guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and GREAT databases from inception to November 29, 2022, for randomized trials addressing systemic treatments and phototherapy for AD. Paired reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Random-effects network meta-analyses addressed AD severity, itch, sleep, AD-related quality of life, flares, and harms. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach informed certainty of evidence ratings. This review is registered in the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/e5sna). RESULTS The 149 included trials (28,686 patients with moderate-to-severe AD) evaluated 75 interventions. With high-certainty evidence, high-dose upadacitinib was among the most effective for 5 of 6 patient-important outcomes; high-dose abrocitinib and low-dose upadacitinib were among the most effective for 2 outcomes. These Janus kinase inhibitors were among the most harmful in increasing adverse events. With high-certainty evidence, dupilumab, lebrikizumab, and tralokinumab were of intermediate effectiveness and among the safest, modestly increasing conjunctivitis. Low-dose baricitinib was among the least effective. Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, oral corticosteroids, cyclosporine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, phototherapy, and many novel agents are less certain. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals with moderate-to-severe AD, high-certainty evidence demonstrates that high-dose upadacitinib is among the most effective in addressing multiple patient-important outcomes, but also is among the most harmful. High-dose abrocitinib and low-dose upadacitinib are effective, but also among the most harmful. Dupilumab, lebrikizumab, and tralokinumab are of intermediate effectiveness and have favorable safety.
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Key Words
- Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
- Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (upadacitinib, abrocitinib, baricitinib), patient-important outcomes and adverse events or adverse reactions, disease severity, itch, sleep, itch and sleep disturbance quality of life
- network meta-analysis (comparative effectiveness, multiple treatment comparison)
- systemic treatments and phototherapy (light therapy, immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, DMARDs, cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate, cortiosteroids, narrow-band UVB), biologics (dupilumab, lebrikizumab, tralokinumab, nemolizumab)
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro W L Chu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Melanie M Wong
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Daniel G Rayner
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Díaz Martinez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Renata Ceccacci
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Irene X Zhao
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Eric McMullen
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Archita Srivastava
- Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Aaron Wen
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Fang Chi Wang
- Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Ariel Izcovich
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Aleman, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paul Oykhman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Julie Wang
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | | | - Peter A Lio
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Mary Laura Lind
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz
| | - Jennifer LeBovidge
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Joey Huynh
- Sepulveda VA Medical Center, North Hills, Calif
| | - Matthew Greenhawt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo; Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | | | | | | | - Lina Chen
- Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Korey Capozza
- Global Parents for Eczema Research, Santa Barbara, Calif
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Mark Boguniewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo; Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | | | - Rachel N Asiniwasis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Derek K Chu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.
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2
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Tan XL, Thomas BR, Tan YJ, O'Toole EA. Effects of systemic therapies on pruritus in adults with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:658-666. [PMID: 34643956 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pruritus is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD), affecting disease severity and patients' quality of life. In AD uncontrolled with first-line topical therapies or in moderate-to-severe AD, systemic therapies are used, however, there are paucity of head-to-head trials comparing their effectiveness. The aim was to compare the effectiveness between the systemic therapies on relieving pruritus in moderate-to-severe AD in adults through meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, Medline and CINAHL databases were searched from inception up to 31 May 2020 for placebo-controlled randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of systemic therapies on pruritus with moderate-to-severe AD in adults aged ≥ 16. 26 studies were identified (n = 5,190 participants). There was a large reduction in pruritus compared to placebo (standard mean difference [95% confidence interval]) with dupilumab every 2 weeks (q2w) (-0.88 [-1.13, -0.63]), q2w + topical corticosteroids (-0.77 [-0.91, -0.62]); dupilumab once weekly (qw) (-0.99 [-1.29, -0.68]), qw + topical corticosteroids (-0.70 [-0.81, -0.59]); a large reduction with ciclosporin (-1.30 [-2.34, -0.26]); a small reduction with mepolizumab (-0.27 [-0.89, 0.35]), interferon gamma (-0.31 [-0.75, 0.12]); a large reduction with azathioprine (-0.85 [-2.07, 0.35]). Amongst investigational drugs, nemolizumab 2.0mg/kg was the most effective (-8.13 [-9.31, -6.94]). The majority of systemic therapies were superior to placebo in reducing pruritus. In particular, dupilumab studies consistently showed large improvements in pruritus and nemolizumab showed the strongest anti-pruritic effects, however future head-to-head trials are required for conclusive evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Tan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - B R Thomas
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital and ERN Skin, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Y J Tan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - E A O'Toole
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital and ERN Skin, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1BB, UK
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3
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Voisin T, Perner C, Messou MA, Shiers S, Ualiyeva S, Kanaoka Y, Price TJ, Sokol CL, Bankova LG, Austen KF, Chiu IM. The CysLT 2R receptor mediates leukotriene C 4-driven acute and chronic itch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022087118. [PMID: 33753496 PMCID: PMC8020753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022087118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic itch are burdensome manifestations of skin pathologies including allergic skin diseases and atopic dermatitis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), comprising LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are produced by immune cells during type 2 inflammation. Here, we uncover a role for LTC4 and its signaling through the CysLT receptor 2 (CysLT2R) in itch. Cysltr2 transcript is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons linked to itch in mice. We also detected CYSLTR2 in a broad population of human DRG neurons. Injection of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) or its nonhydrolyzable form NMLTC4, but neither LTD4 nor LTE4, induced dose-dependent itch but not pain behaviors in mice. LTC4-mediated itch differed in bout duration and kinetics from pruritogens histamine, compound 48/80, and chloroquine. NMLTC4-induced itch was abrogated in mice deficient for Cysltr2 or when deficiency was restricted to radioresistant cells. Itch was unaffected in mice deficient for Cysltr1, Trpv1, or mast cells (WSh mice). CysLT2R played a role in itch in the MC903 mouse model of chronic itch and dermatitis, but not in models of dry skin or compound 48/80- or Alternaria-induced itch. In MC903-treated mice, CysLT levels increased in skin over time, and Cysltr2-/- mice showed decreased itch in the chronic phase of inflammation. Collectively, our study reveals that LTC4 acts through CysLT2R as its physiological receptor to induce itch, and CysLT2R contributes to itch in a model of dermatitis. Therefore, targeting CysLT signaling may be a promising approach to treat inflammatory itch.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukotriene C4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pruritus/immunology
- Pruritus/pathology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin/innervation
- Skin/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Marie-Angele Messou
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Saltanat Ualiyeva
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - K Frank Austen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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4
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Lee HH, Patel KR, Rastogi S, Singam V, Vakharia PP, Chopra R, Silverberg JI. Placebo responses in randomized controlled trials for systemic therapy in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Ferguson L, Futamura M, Vakirlis E, Kojima R, Sasaki H, Roberts A, Mori R. Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD011224. [PMID: 30343498 PMCID: PMC6517006 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011224.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is frequently associated with atopic conditions, including asthma. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) have a corticosteroid-sparing role in asthma, but their role in eczema remains controversial. Currently available topical therapies for eczema are often poorly tolerated, and use of systemic agents is restricted by their adverse effect profile. A review of alternative treatments was therefore warranted. OBJECTIVES To assess the possible benefits and harms of leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases to September 2017: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and the GREAT database. We also searched five trial registries, and handsearched the bibliographies of all extracted studies for further relevant trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of LTRAs alone or in combination with other (topical or systemic) treatments compared with other treatments alone such as topical corticosteroids or placebo for eczema in the acute or chronic (maintenance) phase of eczema in adults and children. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. The primary outcome measures were change in disease severity, long-term symptom control, and adverse effects of treatment. Secondary outcomes were change in corticosteroid requirement, reduction of pruritis, quality of life, and emollient requirement. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS Only five studies (including a total of 202 participants) met the inclusion criteria, all of which assessed oral montelukast; hence, we found no studies assessing other LTRAs. Treatment ranged from four to eight weeks, and outcomes were assessed at the end of treatment; therefore, we could only report short-term measurements (defined as less than three months follow-up from baseline). Montelukast dosing was 10 mg for adults (age 14 years and above) and 5 mg for children (age 6 years to 14 years). One study included children (aged 6 years and above) among their participants, while the remaining studies only included adults (participant age ranged from 16 to 70 years). The participants were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe eczema in four studies and moderate eczema in one study. The study setting was unclear in two studies, multicentre in two studies, and single centre in one study; the studies were conducted in Europe and Bangladesh. Two studies were industry funded. The comparator was placebo in three studies and conventional treatment in two studies. The conventional treatment comparator was a combination of antihistamines and topical corticosteroids (plus oral antibiotics in one study).Four of the studies did not adequately describe their randomisation or allocation concealment method and were considered as at unclear risk of selection bias. Only one study was at low risk of performance and detection bias. However, we judged all studies to be at low risk of attrition and reporting bias.We found no evidence of a difference in disease severity of moderate-to-severe eczema after short-term use of montelukast (10 mg) when compared with placebo. The outcome was assessed using the modified EASI (Eczema Area and Severity Index) score and SASSAD (Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis) severity score (standardised mean difference 0.29, with a positive score showing montelukast is favoured, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.23 to 0.81; 3 studies; n = 131; low-quality evidence).When short-term montelukast (10 mg) treatment was compared with conventional treatment in one study, the mean improvement in severity of moderate-to-severe eczema was greater in the intervention group (measured using SCORAD (SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis) severity index) (mean difference 10.57, 95% CI 4.58 to 16.56; n = 31); however, another study of 32 participants found no significant difference between groups using the same measure (mean improvement was 25.2 points with montelukast versus 23.9 points with conventional treatment; no further numerical data provided). We judged the quality of the evidence as very low for this outcome, meaning the results are uncertain.All studies reported their adverse event rate during treatment. Four studies (136 participants) reported no adverse events. In one study of 58 participants with moderate eczema who received montelukast 10 mg (compared with placebo), there was one case of septicaemia and one case of dizziness reported in the intervention group, both resulting in study withdrawal, although whether these effects were related to the medication is unclear. Mild side effects (e.g. headache and mild gastrointestinal disturbances) were also noted, but these were fairly evenly distributed between the montelukast and placebo groups. The quality of evidence for this outcome was low.No studies specifically evaluated emollient requirement or quality of life. One study that administered treatment for eight weeks specifically evaluated pruritus improvement at the end treatment and topical corticosteroid use during treatment. We found no evidence of a difference between montelukast (10 mg) and placebo for both outcomes (low-quality evidence, n = 58). No other study assessed these outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings of this review are limited to montelukast. There was a lack of evidence addressing the review question, and the quality of the available evidence for most of the measured outcomes was low. Some primary and secondary outcomes were not addressed at all, including long-term control.We found no evidence of a difference between montelukast (10 mg) and placebo on disease severity, pruritus improvement, and topical corticosteroid use. Very low-quality evidence means we are uncertain of the effect of montelukast (10 mg) compared with conventional treatment on disease severity. Participants in only one study reported adverse events, which were mainly mild (low-quality evidence).There is no evidence that LTRA is an effective treatment for eczema. Serious limitations were that all studies focused on montelukast and only included people with moderate-to-severe eczema, who were mainly adults; and that each outcome was evaluated with a small sample size, if at all.Further large randomised controlled trials, with a longer treatment duration, of adults and children who have eczema of all severities may help to evaluate the effect of all types of LTRA, especially on eczema maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ferguson
- St Helier HospitalDepartment of DermatologyWrythe LaneCarshaltonSurreyUKSM5 1AA
| | - Masaki Futamura
- Nagoya Medical CenterDepartment of Pediatrics4‐1‐1 SannomaruNaka‐kuNagoyaJapan460‐0001
| | - Efstratios Vakirlis
- Aristotle University Medical SchoolA' Department of DermatologyKanari 13ThessalonikiGreece54644
| | - Reiji Kojima
- School of Medicine, University of YamanashiDepartment of Health SciencesYamanashiJapan
| | - Hatoko Sasaki
- National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentDepartment of Health Policy2‐10‐1 Okura, SetagayaTokyoTokyoJapan157‐8535
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Nottingham Support Group for Carers of Children with EczemaNottinghamUKNG5 4FG
| | - Rintaro Mori
- National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentDepartment of Health Policy2‐10‐1 Okura, SetagayaTokyoTokyoJapan157‐8535
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Seger EW, Wechter T, Strowd L, Feldman SR. Relative efficacy of systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 80:411-416.e4. [PMID: 30296535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic medications are often required for severe atopic dermatitis (AD) refractory to topical therapies. Biologic medications are a recent advancement in the field and a comparison with standard systemic approaches would be beneficial. OBJECTIVE To compare efficacies of systemic therapies for the treatment of AD. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using Medline, Ovid, and Embase. Randomized controlled trials looking at the efficacy of systemic treatments for AD in adults and children were included. RESULTS A total of 41 studies met criteria and were included in our final analysis. Consistent improvements in Eczema Area and Severity Index and Scoring Atopic Dermatitis were reported with dupilumab and cyclosporine. Phase 2 clinical trials for lebrikizumab and tralokinumab were effective and would benefit from phase 3 trials. No study reported efficacy of biologic medications in pediatric patients; however, cyclosporine improved clinical severity by the greatest amount in this group. LIMITATIONS A lack of well controlled comparison studies make direct comparisons between the treatments difficult. CONCLUSION For treatment of severe AD, the strongest evidence currently exists for dupilumab and cyclosporine at improving clinical disease severity. Further research is required to determine long-term safety and efficacy of biologic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Seger
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Todd Wechter
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lindsay Strowd
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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7
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Ständer S, Zeidler C, Augustin M, Bayer G, Kremer AE, Legat FJ, Maisel P, Mettang T, Metz M, Nast A, Niemeier V, Raap U, Schneider G, Ständer HF, Staubach P, Streit M, Weisshaar E. S2k Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pruritus - update - short version. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 15:860-872. [PMID: 28763584 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Associated with a host of different diseases, pruritus is a cardinal symptom that poses an interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Over time, that symptom may progress independently of the initial cause, thus losing its function as a warning sign and turning into a clinically relevant disease of its own. In Germany, approximately 13.5 % of the general population are affected by chronic pruritus, with an incidence of 7 %. All forms of chronic pruritus require targeted treatment consisting of (a) diagnosis and management of the underlying disease, (b) dermatological treatment of primary or secondary (for example, dry skin, scratch lesions) symptoms, (c) symptomatic antipruritic treatment, and (d) psychological/psychotherapeutic treatment in case of an underlying or associated psychological or psychosomatic condition. Medical care of patients with chronic pruritus should therefore include an interdisciplinary approach, in particular with respect to diagnosis and therapy of the underlying disease as well as in terms of the management of treatment and adverse events. The objective of the present interdisciplinary guidelines is to define and standardize diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in patients with chronic pruritus. This is a short version of the current S2 guidelines on chronic pruritus. The long version may be found at www.awmf.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ständer
- Center for Chronic Pruritus (KCP) and Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Zeidler
- Center for Chronic Pruritus (KCP) and Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institute for Health Care Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), Competence Center for Nursing Research in Dermatology (CVderm), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Bayer
- Institute of General Medicine, Charité - University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Pulmonology, and Endocrinology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Franz J Legat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Graz Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Maisel
- Center for General Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Mettang
- Department of Nephrology, DKD Helios Klinik, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Martin Metz
- Allergy Center Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité - University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité - University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Niemeier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg (Giessen site) and Practice for Dermatology, Psychotherapy, and Psychoanalysis, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Oldenburg, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Schneider
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Cener, Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut F Ständer
- Dermatology Bad Bentheim, Dermatology Practice at Paulinenkrankenhaus Bad Bentheim and Department of Dermatology Medical Center Dortmund gGmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Staubach
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Streit
- Department of Dermatology, Aarau Canton Hospital, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Chin WK, Lee SWH. A systematic review on the off-label use of montelukast in atopic dermatitis treatment. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:963-976. [DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Chronic pruritus is a common condition that has a detrimental impact on quality of life. As the molecular pathogenesis of itch is elucidated, novel therapies that disrupt itch pathways are being investigated. Emerging treatments include drugs targeting the neural system, drugs targeting the immune system, antihistamines, bile acid transport inhibitors, and topical drugs that work through a variety of mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition or targeting of nerve ion channels. Many of these therapies show promising results in the treatment of chronic itch of various etiologies, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, uremic pruritus, and cholestatic pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McEwen
- Kaplan-Amonette Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 840, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Fite
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 840, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building - Room 2023, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Tejesh Patel
- Kaplan-Amonette Department of Dermatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 840, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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10
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Chin WK. Leukotriene receptor antagonism may not be effective in atopic dermatitis treatment after all. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 43:159-162. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. K. Chin
- School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Subang Jaya Malaysia
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11
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Ständer S, Zeidler C, Augustin M, Bayer G, Kremer AE, Legat FJ, Maisel P, Mettang T, Metz M, Nast A, Niemeier V, Raap U, Schneider G, Ständer HF, Staubach P, Streit M, Weisshaar E. S2k-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie des chronischen Pruritus - Update - Kurzversion. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2017; 15:860-873. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13304_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ständer
- Kompetenzzentrum Chronischer Pruritus (KCP) und Klinik für Hautkrankheiten; Universitätsklinikum Münster; Münster Deutschland
| | - Claudia Zeidler
- Kompetenzzentrum Chronischer Pruritus (KCP) und Klinik für Hautkrankheiten; Universitätsklinikum Münster; Münster Deutschland
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institut für Versorgungsforschung in der Dermatologie und bei Pflegeberufen (IVPD), Competenzzentrum Versorgungsforschung in der Dermatologie (CVderm); Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Gudrun Bayer
- Institut für Allgemeinmedizin der Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Deutschland
| | - Andreas E. Kremer
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen; Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Franz J. Legat
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Medizinische Universität Graz; Graz Österreich
| | - Peter Maisel
- Centrum für Allgemeinmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster Deutschland
| | - Thomas Mettang
- Fachbereich Nephrologie; DKD Helios Klinik; Wiesbaden Deutschland
| | - Martin Metz
- Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Deutschland
| | - Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence based Medicine (dEBM), Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Deutschland
| | - Volker Niemeier
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie UKGM; Standort Gießen und Praxis für Dermatologie, Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse; Gießen Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg; Deutschland
| | - Gudrun Schneider
- Klinik für Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie; Universitätsklinikum Münster; Deutschland
| | - Hartmut F. Ständer
- Dermatologie Bad Bentheim; Praxis für Dermatologie im Paulinenkrankenhaus Bad Bentheim und Hautklinik Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Petra Staubach
- Clinical Research Center; Hautklinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsmedizin, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität KöR; Mainz Deutschland
| | - Markus Streit
- Klinik für Dermatologie, KSA am Bahnhof, Kantonsspital Aarau; Aarau Schweiz
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Klinische Sozialmedizin; Berufs und Umweltdermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg; Heidelberg Deutschland
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12
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Nankervis H, Thomas K, Delamere F, Barbarot S, Smith S, Rogers N, Williams H. What is the evidence base for atopic eczema treatments? A summary of published randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:910-927. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Nankervis
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
| | - K.S. Thomas
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
| | - F.M. Delamere
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
| | - S. Barbarot
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
| | - S. Smith
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
| | - N.K. Rogers
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
| | - H.C. Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane Nottingham NG7 2NR U.K
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13
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Lee AY. Is Montelukast Benefical in Children With Atopic Dermatitis? ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:279-81. [PMID: 27126720 PMCID: PMC4853504 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.4.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
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14
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Nankervis H, Thomas KS, Delamere FM, Barbarot S, Rogers NK, Williams HC. Scoping systematic review of treatments for eczema. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundEczema is a very common chronic inflammatory skin condition.ObjectivesTo update the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema, published in 2000, and to inform health-care professionals, commissioners and patients about key treatment developments and research gaps.Data sourcesElectronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched from the end of 2000 to 31 August 2013. Retrieved articles were used to identify further randomised controlled trials (RCTs).Review methodsStudies were filtered according to inclusion criteria and agreed by consensus in cases of uncertainty. Abstracts were excluded and non-English-language papers were screened by international colleagues and data were extracted. Only RCTs of treatments for eczema were included, as other forms of evidence are associated with higher risks of bias. Inclusion criteria for studies included availability of data relevant to the therapeutic management of eczema; mention of randomisation; comparison of two or more treatments; and prospective data collection. Participants of all ages were included. Eczema diagnosis was determined by a clinician or according to published diagnostic criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias tool. We used a standardised approach to summarising the data and the assessment of risk of bias and we made a clear distinction between what the studies found and our own interpretation of study findings.ResultsOf 7198 references screened, 287 new trials were identified spanning 92 treatments. Trial reporting was generally poor (randomisation method: 2% high, 36% low, 62% unclear risk of bias; allocation concealment: 3% high, 15% low, 82% unclear risk of bias; blinding of the intervention: 15% high, 28% low, 57% unclear risk of bias). Only 22 (8%) trials were considered to be at low risk of bias for all three criteria. There was reasonable evidence of benefit for the topical medications tacrolimus, pimecrolimus and various corticosteroids (with tacrolimus superior to pimecrolimus and corticosteroids) for both treatment and flare prevention; oral ciclosporin; oral azathioprine; narrow band ultraviolet B (UVB) light; Atopiclair™ and education. There was reasonable evidence to suggest no clinically useful benefit for twice-daily compared with once-daily topical corticosteroids; corticosteroids containing antibiotics for non-infected eczema; probiotics; evening primrose and borage oil; ion-exchange water softeners; protease inhibitor SRD441 (Serentis Ltd); furfuryl palmitate in emollient; cipamfylline cream; andMycobacterium vaccaevaccine. Additional research evidence is needed for emollients, bath additives, antibacterials, specialist clothing and complementary and alternative therapies. There was no RCT evidence for topical corticosteroid dilution, impregnated bandages, soap avoidance, bathing frequency or allergy testing.LimitationsThe large scope of the review coupled with the heterogeneity of outcomes precluded formal meta-analyses. Our conclusions are still limited by a profusion of small, poorly reported studies.ConclusionsAlthough the evidence base of RCTs has increased considerably since the last NIHR HTA systematic review, the field is still severely hampered by poor design and reporting problems including failure to register trials and declare primary outcomes, small sample size, short follow-up duration and poor reporting of risk of bias. Key areas for further research identified by the review include the optimum use of emollients, bathing frequency, wash products, allergy testing and antiseptic treatments. Perhaps the greatest benefit identified is the use of twice weekly anti-inflammatory treatment to maintain disease remission. More studies need to be conducted in a primary care setting where most people with eczema are seen in the UK. Future studies need to use the same core set of outcomes that capture patient symptoms, clinical signs, quality of life and the chronic nature of the disease.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nankervis
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kim S Thomas
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Finola M Delamere
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sébastien Barbarot
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Natasha K Rogers
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hywel C Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Jeon YH, Min TK, Yang HJ, Pyun BY. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Montelukast on Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Children. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:305-11. [PMID: 27126723 PMCID: PMC4853507 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some studies report a role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and suggest a rationale for the use of leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment effectiveness of montelukast in children with atopic dermatitis. METHODS Fifty-four children between the ages of 2 and 6 years with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis were enrolled. Group A received montelukast for 8 weeks, followed by a crossover to 8 weeks of placebo after a 2-week washout period. Group B reversed the administration according to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. The SCORing atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) index, urinary leukotriene E₄ (LTE₄), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were assessed at every visit. RESULTS Forty-three patients (21 males) completed the study. Although the SCORAD index was decreased in both groups, there was no statistically significant difference between montelukast and placebo (-3.0±11.2 vs -5.7±11.3, P=0.43). The level of urinary LTE₄ was decreased after taking montelukast when compared to placebo, but there was no statistically significant difference (-65.9±556.2 vs 87.7±618.3, P=0.26). The changes in urinary EDN after taking montelukast and placebo had no significant difference (37.0±1,008.6 vs -195.8±916.7, P=0.10). When analyzing SCORAD indices, urinary LTE₄, and EDN, we could not prove the effectiveness of montelukast in the atopic, non-atopic or high ECP (ECP ≥15 μg/L) subgroups. CONCLUSIONS There was no statistically significant difference in clinical improvement or biomarkers between montelukast and placebo treatment. Therefore, conventional treatments with skin care and infection control might be more important strategies in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hoon Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Taek Ki Min
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bok Yang Pyun
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Placebo Effects on Itch: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials of Patients with Dermatological Conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1234-1243. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Choi BS, Sohn MH, Kim KE. The role of leukotriene modifier in pediatric allergic disease. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2015.3.4.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Seok Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Earn Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common childhood inflammatory disease that, in a small percentage of cases, can become severe enough to require potent systemic treatment. Many trials have been conducted with systemic agents for the treatment of severe pediatric AD; we review the evidence here. Although corticosteroids are widely used in practice, they are not generally recommended as a systemic treatment option for AD in children. Most patients experience a relatively rapid and robust response to cyclosporine. Treating children with cyclosporine long term is troubling; however, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate are all reasonable alternatives for maintenance therapy in recalcitrant cases. Several additional options are available for the most refractory cases, including interferon-γ, intravenous immunoglobulin, and various biologics. Phototherapy is another modality that can be effective in treating severe AD. Ultimately the choice of agent is individualized. Systemic therapy options are associated with potentially severe adverse effects and require careful monitoring. Nonsystemic approaches toward prevention of flares and long-term control of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients should be continued in conjunction with systemic therapy. In the future, more targeted systemic treatments hold the potential for effective control of disease with fewer side effects than broadly immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Slater
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 410 Market Street, Suite 400 Chapel Hill, NC, 27516
| | - Dean S Morrell
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 410 Market Street, Suite 400 Chapel Hill, NC, 27516.
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19
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Klimek L, Sperl A. [Evidence-based treatment options for allergic diseases in otolaryngology: an update]. HNO 2014; 61:525-38. [PMID: 23712364 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-013-2709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases in the area of otolaryngology (ENT) are common, increasing and associated with a number of comorbid disorders, such as bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. If allergen avoidance is not possible, allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only causative treatment option. Options for pharmacotherapy are mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, leukotriene receptor antagonists and nasal decongestants. In type 1 allergic reactions, topical glucocorticoids are currently the most effective treatment and are considered to be the first-line therapy together with nonsedating antihistamines. A novel formulation (MP29-02) combining a nasal glucocorticoid and antihistamine in one single preparation has demonstrated an improvement of the effective total nasal symptom score by 39 % in comparison to monotherapy with fluticasone propionate. In type IV allergies, such as eczema treatment with topical glucocorticoids or calcineurin inhibitors is standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland.
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20
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Holme H, Winckworth LC. Montelukast can reduce the severity and extent of atopic dermatitis. J Paediatr Child Health 2013; 49:412-5. [PMID: 23647765 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Ellis CN, Mancini AJ, Paller AS, Simpson EL, Eichenfield LF. Understanding and managing atopic dermatitis in adult patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:S18-22. [PMID: 23021781 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) in adults is an important dermatologic disease. Even in patients in whom the clinical presentation is mild, the burden of disease can be considerable. Relatively little has been published on adult AD compared to the body of literature devoted to AD in children, although adults with severe AD are greatly affected by the disease. Even when AD is a mild clinical disease in adults, the psychosocial and economic burden of the disease can be profound. Patients are likely to find it useful if these nondermatologic comorbidities of AD are addressed by health care providers in clinical encounters. The treatment options for AD in adults are the same as those for children with AD, with some modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Ellis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5314, USA.
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22
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Garnacho-Saucedo G, Salido-Vallejo R, Moreno-Giménez J. Atopic Dermatitis: Update and Proposed Management Algorithm. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Garnacho-Saucedo G, Salido-Vallejo R, Moreno-Giménez J. Actualización en dermatitis atópica. Propuesta de algoritmo de actuación. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 104:4-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Steinhoff M, Cevikbas F, Ikoma A, Berger TG. Pruritus: management algorithms and experimental therapies. SEMINARS IN CUTANEOUS MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2011; 30:127-37. [PMID: 21767775 PMCID: PMC3707488 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pruritus (itch) is a major symptom in many dermatologic as well as systemic diseases and has a dramatic impact on the quality of life in these patients. The symptom of itch has to be treated on the basis of its pathophysiology and its underlying disease. In daily practice, a "quick" diagnosis of the underlying disease is often difficult, although a rapid relief of the itch is desired. We often treat patients on the basis of the symptomatology. A rational therapeutic ladder for a symptomatic therapy is useful until the final diagnosis has been confirmed. There are probably many subtypes of pruritus, just as there are many diseases that cause itch. The pathophysiology in many subtypes of pruritus is still poorly understood, hindering a rapid and targeted treatment strategy. An extensive diagnostic workup is often required to determine the final cause(s) of the itch. Thus, in daily life, physicians often start with a more or less rational therapeutic strategy to combat the debilitating itch. We present possible therapeutic ladders that form the basis for effective therapeutic itch strategies in various diseases. On the basis of our current knowledge about the different pathophysiologies of itch, on clinical trials or case reports, and our own clinical experience, we aim to present therapeutic ladders for the rapid as well as long-term management of itch. Finally, we summarize current exciting developments of experimental strategies in itch research and in clinical development for itch therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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The employment of leukotriene antagonists in cutaneous diseases belonging to allergological field. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20886028 PMCID: PMC2945673 DOI: 10.1155/2010/628171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are potent biological proinflammatory mediators. LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 are more frequently involved in chronic inflammatory responses and exert their actions binding to a cysteinyl-LT 1 (CysLT1) receptor and a cysteinyl-LT 2 (CysLT2) receptor. LTs receptor antagonists available for clinical use demonstrate high-affinity binding to the CysLT1 receptor. In this paper the employment of anti-LTs in allergic cutaneous diseases is analyzed showing that several studies have recently reported a beneficial effects of these agents (montelukast and zafirlukast as well as zileuton) for the treatment of some allergic cutaneous related diseases-like chronic urticaria and atopic eczema although their proper application remains to be established.
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26
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Thorburn PT, Riha RL. Skin disorders and sleep in adults: where is the evidence? Sleep Med Rev 2010; 14:351-8. [PMID: 20188609 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation has been shown to have detrimental effects on behavioural, physiological and psychological functioning. Skin disorders are variably associated with sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation, some associated with specific sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea. Paradoxically, there is very little literature focussed on the management of sleep problems in the context of skin disorders. Furthermore, randomised controlled trials of treatments for skin conditions are few and rarely measure sleep as an outcome, either subjectively or objectively. This review focuses on common skin disorders and how they affect sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Thorburn
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Little France, EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
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27
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Abstract
Chronic pruritus, one of the main symptoms in dermatologic diseases, is often intractable and has a high impact on a patient´s quality of life. In addition to dermatologic disorders, chronic pruritus is associated with systemic and neurologic, as well as psychologic, diseases. Aging skin is considered to be more susceptible to pruritic disorders. Thus, owing to demographic changes, pruritus is becoming more prevalent. The elderly are often afflicted with comorbidities and polypharmacy, which can complicate diagnosis and therapy. In this review we present a rational work-up adapted to the special premises and needs of geriatric patients. This may facilitate the choice of suitable therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Grundmann
- Neurodermatology & Competence Center Pruritus, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Ständer
- Neurodermatology & Competence Center Pruritus, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are biologically active lipid mediators known to be involved in allergic inflammation. Leukotrienes have been shown to mediate diverse features of allergic conditions including inflammatory cell chemotaxis/activation and smooth muscle contraction. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC(4), LTD(4) and, LTE(4)) and the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB(4) are generated by a series of enzymes/proteins constituting the LT synthetic pathway or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Their function is mediated by interacting with multiple receptors. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) and LT synthesis inhibitors (LTSI) have shown clinical efficacy in asthma and more recently in allergic rhinitis. Despite growing knowledge of leukotriene biology, the molecular regulation of these inflammatory mediators remains to be fully understood. Genes encoding enzymes of the 5-LO pathway (i.e. ALOX5, LTC4S and LTA4H) and encoding for LT receptors (CYSLTR1/2 and LTB4R1/2) provide excellent candidates for disease susceptibility and severity; however, their role remains unclear. Preliminary data also suggest that 5-LO pathway/receptor gene polymorphism can predict patient responses to LTSI and LTRA; however, the exact mechanisms require elucidation. The aim of this review was to summarize the recent advances in the knowledge of these important mediators, focusing on genetic and pharmacogenetic aspects in the context of allergic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Duroudier
- Division of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is increasing in prevalence and currently affects 15–30% of children in urban areas. Immune dysregulation and an impaired epidermal barrier are important factors in the pathogenesis of this disease. Pruritus and a chronic relapsing remitting course are hallmarks of the disorder, and sleep disturbance can occur in both the patient and family. Preventive interventions include exclusive breastfeeding in the first 4 months of life and withholding solid foods for 6 months. The avoidance of irritants and the use of emollients decrease flares. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy, and should be judiciously utilized. Excessive and inappropriate use must be avoided, as well as ‘steroid phobia’. The topical calcineurin inhibitors can be useful adjuncts. Systemic therapies are available for severe disease, but carry risks of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lam
- Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, School of Medicine, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sheila F Friedlander
- Clinical Professor, Departments of Pediatrics & Medicine (Dermatology), University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Jung T, Stingl G. Atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic concepts evolving from new pathophysiologic insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:1074-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic eczema is a common inflammatory skin disease showing chronically relapsing eczema and high association with elevated serum IgE levels. A subgroup of atopic eczema patients requires systemic immunomodulatory treatment for long time periods. However, beyond cyclosporine A and azathioprine, only limited consent exists on systemic treatment options. RECENT FINDINGS Timely published systemic treatment modalities include studies on efalizumab (anti-CD11a antibody), infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept (anti-TNF-alpha treatment), omalizumab (an anti-IgE antibody), rituximab (an anti-CD20 antibody), specific immunotherapy, leflunomide, and leukotriene receptor antagonists with varying clinical results and with particular safety profiles. SUMMARY Although there is not yet a treatment modality reaching clinical efficacy of cyclosporine A as gold standard of systemic therapy, limitation in its application duration as in its side effect profile as well as the search for alternatives has set a focus on the new alternatives of which especially B-cell-directed therapies might be promising candidates.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Genetics and epidemiology. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:489-93. [PMID: 18769207 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32830f1c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jaworsky C. Leukotriene receptor antagonists and Churg-Strauss Syndrome: an association with relevance to dermatopathology? J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:611-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Allergic diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. An understanding of the cellular and soluble mediators that are involved in allergic inflammatory responses not only helps in understanding the mechanisms of current treatments, but is also important for the identification of new targets that are amenable to both small-molecule and biological interventions. There is now considerable optimism with regards to tackling the allergy epidemic in light of improvements in systemic and mucosal allergen-specific immunotherapy, the identification of key cytokines and their receptors that drive T-helper-2-cell polarization, a clearer understanding of the pathways of leukocyte recruitment and the signalling pathways that are involved in cell activation and mediator secretion, and new approaches to vaccine development.
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