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Ahmed A, Almohanna H, Griggs J, Tosti A. Genetic Hair Disorders: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2019; 9:421-448. [PMID: 31332722 PMCID: PMC6704196 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss in early childhood represents a broad differential diagnosis which can be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for a physician. It is important to consider the diagnosis of a genetic hair disorder. Genetic hair disorders are a large group of inherited disorders, many of which are rare. Genetic hair abnormalities in children can be an isolated phenomenon or part of genetic syndromes. Hair changes may be a significant finding or even the initial presentation of a syndrome giving a clue to the diagnosis, such as Netherton syndrome and trichothiodystrophy. Detailed history including family history and physical examination of hair and other ectodermal structures such as nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands with the use of dermoscopic devices and biopsy all provide important clues to establish the correct diagnosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of genetic hair defects will allow for better comprehension of their treatment and prognosis. For example, in patients with an isolated hair defect, the main problem is aesthetic. In contrast, when the hair defect is associated with a syndrome, the prognosis will depend mainly on the associated condition. Treatment of many genetic hair disorders is focused on treating the primary cause and minimizing trauma to the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahad General Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Hind Almohanna
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob Griggs
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
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Basit S, Khan S, Ahmad W. Genetics of human isolated hereditary hair loss disorders. Clin Genet 2014; 88:203-12. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases; Taibah University; Almadinah Almunawwarah Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - W. Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
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Abstract
Marie-Unna type of hereditary hypotrichosis is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that has a distinctive type of hair loss pattern that varies with child's age. It is characterized by sparse or absent hair at birth with regrowth of coarse, wiry twisted hair from childhood, followed by progressive loss on approaching puberty. We report a 12-year-old male child with characteristic clinical features suggestive of hereditary hypotrichosis of Marie-Unna type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana M Srinivas
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Hiremagalore
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Zhang X, Guo BR, Cai LQ, Jiang T, Sun LD, Cui Y, Hu JC, Zhu J, Chen G, Tang XF, Sun GQ, Tang HY, Liu Y, Li M, Li QB, Cheng H, Gao M, Li P, Yang X, Zuo XB, Zheng XD, Wang PG, Wang J, Wang J, Liu JJ, Yang S, Li YR, Zhang XJ. Exome sequencing identified a missense mutation of EPS8L3 in Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. J Med Genet 2012; 49:727-30. [PMID: 23099647 PMCID: PMC3512347 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by coarse, wiry, twisted hair developed in early childhood and subsequent progressive hair loss. MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. No gene in 1p21.1-1q21.3 region responsible for MUHH has been identified. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on two affected subjects, who had normal vertex hair and modest alopecia, and one unaffected individual from a four-generation MUHH family of which our previous linkage study mapped the MUHH locus on chromosome 1p21.1-1q21.3. RESULTS We identified a missense mutation in EPS8L3 (NM_024526.3: exon2: c.22G->A:p.Ala8Thr) within 1p21.1-1q21.3. Sanger sequencing confirmed the cosegregation of this mutation with the disease phenotype in the family by demonstrating the presence of the heterozygous mutation in all the eight affected and absence in all the seven unaffected individuals. This mutation was found to be absent in 676 unrelated healthy controls and 781 patients of other disease from another unpublished project of our group. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that EPS8L3 is a causative gene for MUHH, which was helpful for advancing us on understanding of the pathogenesis of MUHH. Our study also has further demonstrated the effectiveness of combining exome sequencing with linkage information for identifying Mendelian disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
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Kim JK, Kim BK, Park JK, Choi JH, KimYoon SJ. The Hairless Gene: A Putative Navigator of Hair Follicle Development. Genomics Inform 2011. [DOI: 10.5808/gi.2011.9.3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Redler S, Kruse R, Eigelshoven S, Hanneken S, Refke M, Wen Y, Zhang X, Cichon S, Betz RC, Nöthen MM. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: Identification of a U2HR mutation in the family from the original 1925 report. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:e45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ramot Y, Horev L, Smolovich I, Molho-Pessach V, Zlotogorski A. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis caused by a novel mutation in the human hairless transcript. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e320-2. [PMID: 20163456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently the causes for various forms of hypotrichosis and atrichia have been identified, increasing our understanding of the pathways involved in hair cycling and morphogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations of an inhibitory upstream ORF in the human hairless transcript were found as the cause for autosomal dominant Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. At present, only two studies identified several pathogenic mutations. We ascertained a Jewish Ashkenazi family with hypotrichosis simplex of the Marie Unna type in a mother and her two children. Sequencing of the upstream ORF U2HR in the 5' UTR of the hairless gene resulted in the identification of a novel heterozygous missense mutation c.74C > T resulting in the amino acid change p.P25L. Functional assays confirmed that this mutation led to increased translation of the main HR ORF. This finding extends the mutations' spectrum of U2HR, and emphasizes its major role in hair growth.
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Mansur AT, Elcioglu NH, Redler S, Serdar ZA, Cetinel S, Betz RC, Akarsu NA. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: A Turkish family with loss of eyebrows and a U2HR mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2628-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kim JK, Kim E, Baek IC, Kim BK, Cho AR, Kim TY, Song CW, Seong JK, Yoon JB, Stenn KS, Parimoo S, Yoon SK. Overexpression of Hr links excessive induction of Wnt signaling to Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:445-53. [PMID: 19897589 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal dominant hair disorder. Through the study of a mouse model, we identified a mutation in the 5'-untranslated region of the hairless (HR) gene in patients with MUHH in a Caucasian family. The corresponding mutation, named 'hairpoor', was found in mutant mice that were generated through N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. Hairpoor mouse mutants display partial hair loss at an early age and progress to near alopecia, which resembles the MUHH phenotype. This mutation conferred overexpression of HR through translational derepression and, in turn, decreased the expression of Sfrp2, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. This study indicates that the gain in function of HR also results in alopecia, as seen with the loss of function of HR, via abnormal upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul, Korea
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The genetics of hair shaft disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:1-22; quiz 23-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang S, Gao M, Cui Y, Yan KL, Ren YQ, Zhang GL, Wang PG, Xiao FL, Du WH, Liang YH, Sun LD, Xu SJ, Huang W, Zhang XJ. Identification of a novel locus for Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis to a 17.5 cM interval at 1p21.1-1q21.3. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:711-4. [PMID: 16185270 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by coarse, wiry, twisted hair developed in early childhood and followed by the development of alopecia. A locus for this disorder was localized to chromosome 8p, but no gene responsible for it has been identified. To map and determine whether MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder and identify the disease gene locus in a four-generation Chinese family with MUHH. We performed a genome-wide scan in this family. Two-point linkage analysis was performed using Linkage programs version 5.10 software and haplotype was constructed with Cyrillic Version 2.02 software. We failed to confirm the previous locus for MUHH at chromosome 8p and obtained the conformed evidence for linkage at chromosome 1. Two-point logarithm of odds ratio scores > or =3 were observed at markers D1S2746 and D1S2881. Haplotype analysis localized this locus to a 42 Mb region. The previous results and this study have shown that MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Our family was mapped to a 17.5 cM region between markers D1S248 and D1S2345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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