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Ferri C, Arcangeletti MC, Caselli E, Zakrzewska K, Maccari C, Calderaro A, D'Accolti M, Soffritti I, Arvia R, Sighinolfi G, Artoni E, Giuggioli D. Insights into the knowledge of complex diseases: Environmental infectious/toxic agents as potential etiopathogenetic factors of systemic sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102727. [PMID: 34601207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease secondary to three cardinal pathological features: immune-system alterations, diffuse microangiopathy, and fibrosis involving the skin and internal organs. The etiology of SSc remains quite obscure; it may encompass multiple host genetic and environmental -infectious/chemical-factors. The present review focused on the potential role of environmental agents in the etiopathogenesis of SSc based on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory investigations previously published in the world literature. Among infectious agents, some viruses that may persist and reactivate in infected individuals, namely human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and parvovirus B19 (B19V), and retroviruses have been proposed as potential causative agents of SSc. These viruses share a number of biological activities and consequent pathological alterations, such as endothelial dysfunction and/or fibroblast activation. Moreover, the acute worsening of pre-existing interstitial lung involvement observed in SSc patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection might suggest a potential role of this virus in the overall disease outcome. A variety of chemical/occupational agents might be regarded as putative etiological factors of SSc. In this setting, the SSc complicating silica dust exposure represents one of the most promising models of study. Considering the complexity of SSc pathogenesis, none of suggested causative factors may explain the appearance of the whole SSc; it is likely that the disease is the result of a multifactorial and multistep pathogenetic process. A variable combination of potential etiological factors may modulate the appearance of different clinical phenotypes detectable in individual scleroderma patients. The in-deep investigations on the SSc etiopathogenesis may provide useful insights in the broad field of human diseases characterized by diffuse microangiopathy or altered fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodoveo Ferri
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Casa di Cura Madonna dello Scoglio, Cotronei (KR), Italy.
| | | | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Krystyna Zakrzewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria D'Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosaria Arvia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sighinolfi
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Erica Artoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Keijmel SP, Kuipers S, van der Jagt MFP, Melchers WJG, Kouijzer IJE, Oever JT. Mycotic aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta infected by Mycoplasma hyorhinis diagnosed with direct 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1356-1357. [PMID: 33901664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Keijmel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Saskia Kuipers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel F P van der Jagt
- Department of Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse J E Kouijzer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Ten Oever
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Liu Y, Jiang W, Yang S, Hu J, Lu H, Han W, Wen J, Zeng Z, Qi J, Xu L, Zhou H, Sun H, Zu Y. Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma-Infected Cells by an ssDNA Aptamer Probe. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2028-2038. [PMID: 31403764 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are unique cell wall-free bacteria. Because they lack a cell wall and have resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, mycoplasma is the major pathogen that infects cultured cells in research laboratories. For rapid detection of mycoplasma-infected cells, we developed an ssDNA aptamer sequence composed of 40 nucleotides. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the synthetic aptamer probe selectively targeted mycoplasma-infected culture cells with high specificity identical to commercially available PCR-based assays. Additionally, fluorescent microscopy studies revealed that the aptamer probe rapidly stained mycoplasma-infected cells with higher sensitivity compared to Hoechst dye-mediated cellular DNA content stains. Moreover, confocal microscopy studies of trypsin-treated cells validated that the aptamer probes selectively targeted mycoplasma components on the surface of infected cells. Finally, preclinical studies of peripheral blood cells demonstrated that the aptamer probe was able to detect in vitro mycoplasma infection of primary lymphocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that the aptamer probe will not only allow rapid detection of mycoplasma-infected culture cells for research purposes but also provide a simple method to monitor mycoplasma infection in primary cell products for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shuanghui Yang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Haijun Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Hongguang Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Fritzler MJ, Chan EKL. The Discovery of GW Bodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 768:5-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5107-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Immune thrombocytopenia associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: a case report and review of literature. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:595-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32832d6ccb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pordeus V, Szyper-Kravitz M, Levy RA, Vaz NM, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and autoimmunity: a panorama. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34:283-99. [PMID: 18231878 PMCID: PMC7090595 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For more than 2,000 years, it was thought that malignant spirits caused diseases. By the end of nineteenth century, these beliefs were displaced by more modern concepts of disease, namely, the formulation of the “germ theory,” which asserted that bacteria or other microorganisms caused disease. With the emergence of chronic degenerative and of autoimmune diseases in the last century, the causative role of microorganisms has been intensely debated; however, no clear explanatory models have been achieved. In this review, we examine the current available literature regarding the relationships between infections and 16 autoimmune diseases. We critically analyzed clinical, serological, and molecular associations, and reviewed experimental models of induction of and, alternatively, protection from autoimmune diseases by infection. After reviewing several studies and reports, a clinical and experimental pattern emerges: Chronic and multiple infections with viruses, such as Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, and bacteria, such as H. pylori, may, in susceptible individuals, play a role in the evolvement of autoimmune diseases. As the vast majority of infections pertain to our resident microbiota and endogenous retroviruses and healthy carriage of infections is the rule, we propose to focus on understanding the mechanisms of this healthy carrier state and what changes its configurations to infectious syndromes, to the restoration of health, or to the sustaining of illness into a chronic state and/or autoimmune disease. It seems that in the development of this healthy carriage state, the infection or colonization in early stages of ontogenesis with key microorganisms, also called ‘old friends’ (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria among others), are important for the healthy living and for the protection from infectious and autoimmune syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pordeus
- Clinical Research, Pro Cardiaco Hospital Research Center-PROCEP, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fukui M, Ueno K, Suehiro Y, Hamanaka Y, Imai K, Hinoda Y. Anti-tumor activity of dendritic cells transfected with mRNA for receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility is mediated by CD4+ T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:538-46. [PMID: 16025267 PMCID: PMC11030997 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is overexpressed in various tumors with high frequency, and was recently identified as an immunogenic antigen by serologic screening of cDNA expression libraries. In this study, we explored whether RHAMM is a potential target for dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy. We constructed a plasmid for transduction of in vitro-transcribed mRNAs into DCs to efficiently transport the intracellular protein RHAMM into MHC class II compartments by adding a late endosomal/lysosomal sorting signal to the RHAMM gene. Immunization of mice with modified RHAMM mRNA-transfected DCs (DC/RHAMM) induced killing activity against RHAMM-positive tumor cells in splenocytes. To examine whether CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells were required for this antitumor immunity, an anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibody was administered to mice after immunization with DC/RHAMM. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells significantly diminished the induction of tumor cell-killing activity in splenocytes, whereas CD8(+) T cell depletion had no effect. We then investigated the therapeutic effect of DC/RHAMM in a 3-day tumor model of EL4. DC/RHAMM was administered to mice on days 3, 7 and 10 after EL4 tumor inoculation. The treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth compared to control DCs. Moreover, antibody-mediated depletion of CD4(+) T cells completely abrogated the therapeutic effect of DC/RHAMM, whereas depletion of CD8(+) T cells had no effect. The results of this preclinical study indicate that DCs transfected with a modified RHAMM mRNA targeted to MHC class II compartments can induce CD4(+) T cell-mediated antitumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Fukui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Koji Ueno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hamanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- Department of First Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Hinoda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Japan
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