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Regulatory T Cell Depletion Using a CRISPR Fc-Optimized CD25 Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158707. [PMID: 35955841 PMCID: PMC9369266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are major drivers behind immunosuppressive mechanisms and present a major hurdle for cancer therapy. Tregs are characterized by a high expression of CD25, which is a potentially valuable target for Treg depletion to alleviate immune suppression. The preclinical anti-CD25 (αCD25) antibody, clone PC-61, has met with modest anti-tumor activity due to its capacity to clear Tregs from the circulation and lymph nodes, but not those that reside in the tumor. The optimization of the Fc domain of this antibody clone has been shown to enhance the intratumoral Treg depletion capacity. Here, we generated a stable cell line that produced optimized recombinant Treg-depleting antibodies. A genome engineering strategy in which CRISPR-Cas9 was combined with homology-directed repair (CRISPR-HDR) was utilized to optimize the Fc domain of the hybridoma PC-61 for effector functions by switching it from its original rat IgG1 to a mouse IgG2a isotype. In a syngeneic tumor mouse model, the resulting αCD25-m2a (mouse IgG2a isotype) antibody mediated the effective depletion of tumor-resident Tregs, leading to a high effector T cell (Teff) to Treg ratio. Moreover, a combination of αCD25-m2a and an αPD-L1 treatment augmented tumor eradication in mice, demonstrating the potential for αCD25 as a cancer immunotherapy.
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Lipof JJ, Barr PM. Early Progression of Follicular Lymphoma: Biology and Treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2020; 34:757-769. [PMID: 32586579 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma is the most common subtype of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although a majority of patients have a favorable prognosis, a subset of patients experiences early treatment failure. Progression of disease within 24 months of initial chemoimmunotherapy is associated with inferior survival. The biology of early progression is the subject of ongoing study and depends on the unique genetic composition of neoplastic cells and their interaction with a complex tumor microenvironment. Clinicogenetic prognostic indices have been developed to identify high-risk patients. Several have been validated but are limited in identifying those at risk for early treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J Lipof
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Paul M Barr
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha deficiency impairs regulatory T cell functions: Possible application in the inhibition of melanoma tumor growth in mice. Biochimie 2016; 131:1-10. [PMID: 27613402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important to induce and maintain immunological self-tolerance. Although the progress accomplished in understanding the functional mechanism of Treg cells, intracellular molecules that control the mechanisms of their suppressive capacity are still on investigation. The present study showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha deficiency impaired the suppressive activity of Treg cells on CD4+CD25- and CD8+ T cell proliferation. In Treg cells, PPARα gene deletion also induced a decrease of migratory abilities, and downregulated the expression of chemokine receptors (CCR-4, CCR-8 and CXCR-4) and p27KIP1 mRNA. Treg cells from PPARα-/- mice also lost their anergic property. Since low Treg activity, as observed in PPARα-/- mice, is known to be associated with the inhibition of tumor growth, we inoculated these mice with B16 melanoma cells and assessed tumor proliferation. In PPARα-/- mice, cancer growth was significantly curtailed, and it was correlated with high expression of granzyme B and perforin mRNA in tumor bed. Degranulation of cytolytic molecules by CD8+ T cells, assessed by a perforin-release marker CD107a expression, was higher in PPARα-/- mice than that in wild-type mice. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in melanoma tumors in PPARα-/- mice exhibited high pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Consistently, adoptive transfer into lymphopenic RAG2-/- mice of total PPARα-/-splenic T cells inhibited more the growth rate of B16 tumor than the wild type splenic T cells. Our findings suggest that PPARα deficiency, by diminishing Treg cell functions and upregulating pro-inflammatory T cell phenotype, exerts an in vivo anti-cancer properties.
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Strobel J, Moellmer I, Zingsem J, Hauck-Dlimi B, Eckstein R, Strasser E. T-cell subsets in autologous and allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell concentrates. Vox Sang 2015; 109:375-86. [PMID: 26040970 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other T-cell subsets are of importance in the setting of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantations. We conducted a study to assess the content of peripheral blood stem cell concentrates and related apheresis parameters in the autologous and allogeneic setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS We characterized 53 donors, patients and peripheral blood stem cell concentrates (PBSC) regarding the content of CD45(+) cells, lymphocytes, CD3(+) cells, CD3(+) CD4(+) T cells, CD3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells, CD3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(low/negative) Tregs and CD34(+) cells and calculated cell yields, recruitment factors and collection efficiency for all cell types. We compared allogeneic data with autologous data. RESULTS Autologous PBSC show significantly lower concentrations of T-cell subsets compared to allogeneic PBSC (17,112/μl CD4(+), 14,858/μl CD4(+) CD25(+) and 1579/μl CD3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(low/negative) Tregs in autologous compared to 65,539/μl CD4(+), 44,208(+) /μl CD4(+) CD25(+) and 5040/μl CD3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(low/negative) Tregs in allogeneic PBSC, respectively), in contrast to CD34(+) concentrations (5342/μl CD34(+) in autologous compared to 2367/μl CD34(+) in allogeneic PBSC, respectively). Accordantly, all T-cell yields are lower in the autologous setting compared to allogeneic PBSC. However, recruitment factor and collection efficiency of all cell types are higher in autologous compared to allogeneic PBSC, but not all parameters differ significantly when groups are compared. CONCLUSION T-cell subsets and especially Tregs are a substantial part of PBSC transplantation, as considerable recruitment during apheresis occurs. In large volume apheresis, the collection efficiency of Treg is comparable to that of CD34(+) cells, while recruitment factors are even higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Strobel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Moellmer
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Zingsem
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Hauck-Dlimi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Eckstein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Strasser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
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Guichelaar T, Mutis T. Bone marrow provides an environment that prevents suppression of therapeutic graft-vs.-tumor immunity by regulatory T cells. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24659. [PMID: 24073360 PMCID: PMC3782161 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can prevent graft-vs.-host disease as induced by the infusion of donor lymphocytes to cancer patients, but often they also suppress therapeutic antitumor immunity. We discuss an exception to this phenomenon, exemplifying how the milieu provided by the bone marrow may neutralize Tregs to allow local immune responses against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Guichelaar
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines; Netherlands Institute for Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Radiofrequency Ablation Does Not Induce the Significant Increase of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Compared with Surgical Resection in Hepal-6 Tumor Model. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Guichelaar T, Emmelot ME, Rozemuller H, Martini B, Groen RWJ, Storm G, Lokhorst HM, Martens AC, Mutis T. Human regulatory T cells do not suppress the antitumor immunity in the bone marrow: a role for bone marrow stromal cells in neutralizing regulatory T cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1467-75. [PMID: 23382115 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent tools to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) induced after allogeneic stem cell transplantation or donor lymphocyte infusions. Toward clinical application of Tregs for GVHD treatment, we investigated the impact of Tregs on the therapeutic graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect against human multiple myeloma tumors with various immunogenicities, progression rates, and localizations in a humanized murine model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunodeficient Rag2(-/-)γc(-/-) mice, bearing various human multiple myeloma tumors, were treated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) alone or together with autologous ex vivo cultured Tregs. Mice were analyzed for the in vivo engraftment, homing of T-cell subsets, development of GVHD and GVT. In additional in vitro assays, Tregs that were cultured together with bone marrow stromal cells were analyzed for phenotype and functions. RESULTS Treatment with PBMC alone induced variable degrees of antitumor response, depending on the immunogenicity and the growth rate of the tumor. Coinfusion of Tregs did not impair the antitumor response against tumors residing within the bone marrow, irrespective of their immunogenicity or growth rates. In contrast, Tregs readily inhibited the antitumor effect against tumors growing outside the bone marrow. Exploring this remarkable phenomenon, we discovered that bone marrow stroma neutralizes the suppressive activity of Tregs in part via production of interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-6. We furthermore found in vitro and in vivo evidence of conversion of Tregs into IL-17-producing T cells in the bone marrow environment. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights into the Treg immunobiology and indicate the conditional benefits of future Treg-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Guichelaar
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Borro M, Gentile G, De Luca O, Torre MS, Aimati L, Tatarelli C, Antonietta Aloe Spiriti M, Christina Cox M, Simmaco M. Specific effects exerted by B-lymphoproliferative diseases on peripheral T-lymphocyte protein expression. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:463-72. [PMID: 20618332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A proteomic approach was applied to study the protein expression profile of peripheral T-cells derived from patients at the onset of different B-lymphoproliferative diseases, because a rising interest in specific actions played by T-cells in such pathologies has emerged. Decreased levels of profilin-1 and cofilin-1 and increased levels of coronin1A and prohibitin were found in patients, compared with healthy controls. The protein-protein interaction network of these proteins was studied using a web-based bioinformatics tool, highlighting the actin cytoskeleton regulation as the main biological process involved in peripheral T-cells of such patients. Unsupervised cluster analysis of protein expression data shows that the recorded alteration of T-cell proteome was specifically induced by B-cell pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Borro
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Grille S, Brugnini A, Nese M, Corley E, Falkenberg FW, Lens D, Chabalgoity JA. A B-cell lymphoma vaccine using a depot formulation of interleukin-2 induces potent antitumor immunity despite increased numbers of intratumoral regulatory T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:519-27. [PMID: 19768458 PMCID: PMC11029911 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination holds great potential as complementary treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Here, we report that a therapeutic whole cell vaccine formulated with IL-2 adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide as cytokine-depot formulation elicits potent antitumor immunity and induces delayed tumor growth, control of tumor dissemination and longer survival in mice challenged with A20-lymphoma. Therapeutic vaccination induced higher numbers of tumor's infiltrating lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and NK cells), and the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 by intratumoral CD4(+) T cells. Further, strong tumor antigen-specific cellular responses were detected at systemic level. Both the A20-derived antigenic material and the IL-2 depot formulation were required for induction of an effective immune response that impacted on cancer progression. All mice receiving any form of IL-2, either as part of the vaccine or alone as control, showed higher numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+/high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) in the tumor, which might have a role in tumor progression in these animals. Nevertheless, for those animals that received the cytokine as part of the vaccine formulation, the overall effect was improved immune response and less disseminated disease, suggesting that therapeutic vaccination overcomes the potential detrimental effect of intratumoral Treg cells. Overall, the results presented here show that a simple vaccine formulation, that can be easily prepared under GMP conditions, is a promising strategy to be used in B-cell lymphoma and may have enough merit to be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Grille
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andreína Brugnini
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martha Nese
- Cátedra de Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Daniela Lens
- Departamento Básico de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José A. Chabalgoity
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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The architectural pattern of FOXP3-positive T cells in follicular lymphoma is an independent predictor of survival and histologic transformation. Blood 2010; 115:289-95. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-235598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients treated heterogeneously have suggested that decreased numbers of regulatory T cells correlates with improved survival. We studied advanced-stage FL patients from a single institution phase 2 trial. All patients were treated uniformly with multiagent chemotherapy and radiation. Tissue microarrays were constructed using diagnostic biopsies available in 105 patients and stained with CD4, CD8, CD25, and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor 3 (FOXP3) antibodies. Both cell content and cell distribution were evaluated. For all antibodies, there were cases with a predominant intrafollicular or perifollicular localization of cells (follicular pattern) while others displayed a diffuse pattern. The median follow-up of living patients was 17.1 years. The International Prognostic Index score predicted overall survival (OS; P = .004) but not risk of transformation (RT). Cell content did not impact survival, while immunoarchitectural patterns of CD4/CD8 were significant for progression-free survival (PFS; P = .056), CD25 for both PFS and OS (P = .002 and P = .024, respectively), and FOXP3+ predicted PFS, OS, and RT (P = .001, P < .001 and p = .002, respectively). A Cox multivariate model showed both International Prognostic Index score and FOXP3+ pattern were independent predictors of OS (P = .008 and P < .001, respectively), while only FOXP3+ pattern predicted RT (P = .004). We conclude that FOXP3+ cell distribution significantly predicts survival and RT in FL.
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Ha TY. The role of regulatory T cells in cancer. Immune Netw 2009; 9:209-35. [PMID: 20157609 PMCID: PMC2816955 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.6.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an explosion of literature focusing on the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer immunity. It is becoming increasingly clear that Treg cells play an active and significant role in the progression of cancer, and have an important role in suppressing tumor-specific immunity. Thus, there is a clear rationale for developing clinical strategies to diminish their regulatory influences, with the ultimate goal of augmenting antitimor immunity. Therefore, manipulation of Treg cells represent new strategies for cancer treatment. In this Review, I will summarize and review the explosive recent studies demonstrating that Treg cells are increased in patients with malignancies and restoration of antitumor immunity in mice and humans by depletion or reduction of Treg cells. In addition, I will discuss both the prognostic value of Treg cells in tumor progression in tumor-bearing hosts and the rationale for strategies for therapeutic vaccination and immunotherapeutic targeting of Treg cells with drugs and microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
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Pidala J, Anasetti C. Can antigen-specific regulatory T cells protect against graft versus host disease and spare anti-malignancy alloresponse? Haematologica 2009; 95:660-5. [PMID: 20015881 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.015818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation provides effective control of hematopoietic malignancies, but with an associated risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) related morbidity and mortality. Several advances in hematopoietic cell transplantation including high resolution HLA typing, development of reduced intensity conditioning regimens, infectious prophylaxis and treatment, and novel immunosuppressive agents have resulted in improved outcomes and improved access to transplantation, but GVHD remains a major obstacle. This clinico-pathological syndrome, mediated by donor alloreactive T cells, occurs often despite prophylactic immunosuppressive therapy. Regulatory T cells, a suppressive subset of the T-cell repertoire, may offer promise as a novel cellular therapy for more effective prevention of GVHD. While advances have been made in pre-clinical experimental animals, several challenges remain in the translation of this work to human trials. Strategies to effectively produce ex vivo expanded alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells specific for ubiquitous alloantigens but sparing hematopoietic- or tumor-associated antigens hold promise to prevent GVHD while allowing a preserved graft versus malignancy effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pidala
- Departmentsof Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA.
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Stroopinsky D, Avivi I, Rowe JM, Avigan D, Katz T. Allogeneic induced human FOXP3(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells exhibit selective suppressive capacity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2703-15. [PMID: 19634189 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human induced CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells have been shown to express FOXP3, similar to naturally occurring Treg cells (nTreg). However, the suppressive capacity of these cells is still under debate. The current study was designed to investigate functional characteristics of CD25(+)FOXP3(+) derived from CD25(-) T cells. Stimulation of CD25(-) PBMC with allogeneic PBMC resulted in production of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells. This process was more rapid and prominent when highly mature DC were used for stimulation. The resultant CD4(+)CD25(high) population concurrently exhibited regulatory markers FOXP3, CTLA-4, GITR, and inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma. These human-induced FOXP3(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells were shown, for the first time, to markedly inhibit alloreactive T-cell expansion, similar to nTreg. However, in contrast to nTreg, the induced CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) cells did not suppress proliferation against a third party donor stimulus or CMV. This suggested that the cell population possessed a more selective suppressive capacity targeted against the original stimulus only. The induced human CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) subset derived from CD25(-) T cells, while expressing inflammatory cytokines, exhibits a suppressive cell contact-dependent effect, restricted against T cells responding to the original stimulus. Such unique properties suggest that these cells are potentially ideal for the use as post-transplant GVH disease prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Stroopinsky
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Duncan FJ, Martin JR, Wulff BC, Stoner GD, Tober KL, Oberyszyn TM, Kusewitt DF, Van Buskirk AM. Topical treatment with black raspberry extract reduces cutaneous UVB-induced carcinogenesis and inflammation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:665-72. [PMID: 19584078 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light in the UVB spectrum (280-320 nm) induces a number of changes in the epidermis and dermis of mice and humans, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. A standardized black raspberry extract (BRE) has been effective in reducing signaling pathways commonly initiated by inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we determined whether this extract could reduce cutaneous UVB-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis. In our carcinogenesis model, female SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed to one minimal erythemal dose of UVB thrice weekly on nonconsecutive days for 25 weeks. Immediately after each exposure, the mice were treated topically with either BRE dissolved in vehicle or with vehicle only. Beginning on week 19, mice treated with BRE had a significant reduction in tumor number and in average tumor size. This reduction correlated with a significant reduction in tumor-infiltrating CD3(+)foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells. In the acute model, mice were exposed to a single minimal erythemal dose of UVB and treated topically with BRE or with vehicle. At 48 hours post-UVB exposure, topical BRE treatment significantly reduced edema, p53 protein levels, oxidative DNA damage, and neutrophil activation. The ability of topical BRE to reduce acute UVB-induced inflammation and to decrease tumor development in a long-term model provides compelling evidence to explore the clinical efficacy of BRE in the prevention of human skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Duncan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, 129 Hamilton Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Aloysius MM, Mc Kechnie AJ, Robins RA, Verma C, Eremin JM, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Bhalla J, Hardwick NR, Satthaporn S, Sreenivasan T, El-Sheemy M, Eremin O. Generation in vivo of peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells and presence of regulatory T cells during vaccination with hTERT (class I and II) peptide-pulsed DCs. J Transl Med 2009; 7:18. [PMID: 19298672 PMCID: PMC2674878 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optimal techniques for DC generation for immunotherapy in cancer are yet to be established. Study aims were to evaluate: (i) DC activation/maturation milieu (TNF-α +/- IFN-α) and its effects on CD8+ hTERT-specific T cell responses to class I epitopes (p540 or p865), (ii) CD8+ hTERT-specific T cell responses elicited by vaccination with class I alone or both class I and II epitope (p766 and p672)-pulsed DCs, prepared without IFN-α, (iii) association between circulating T regulatory cells (Tregs) and clinical responses. Methods Autologous DCs were generated from 10 patients (HLA-0201) with advanced cancer by culturing CD14+ blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 supplemented with TNF-α [DCT] or TNF-α and IFN-α [DCTI]. The capacity of the DCs to induce functional CD8+ T cell responses to hTERT HLA-0201 restricted nonapeptides was assessed by MHC tetramer binding and peptide-specific cytotoxicity. Each DC preparation (DCT or DCTI) was pulsed with only one type of hTERT peptide (p540 or p865) and both preparations were injected into separate lymph node draining regions every 2–3 weeks. This vaccination design enabled comparison of efficacy between DCT and DCTI in generating hTERT peptide specific CD8+ T cells and comparison of class I hTERT peptide (p540 or p865)-loaded DCT with or without class II cognate help (p766 and p672) in 6 patients. T regulatory cells were evaluated in 8 patients. Results (i) DCTIs and DCTs, pulsed with hTERT peptides, were comparable (p = 0.45, t-test) in inducing peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (ii) Class II cognate help, significantly enhanced (p < 0.05, t-test) peptide-specific CD8+T cell responses, compared with class I pulsed DCs alone. (iii) Clinical responders had significantly lower (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test) T regs, compared with non-responders. 4/16 patients experienced partial but transient clinical responses during vaccination. Vaccination was well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Conclusion Addition of IFN-α to ex vivo monocyte-derived DCs, did not significantly enhance peptide-specific T cell responses in vivo, compared with TNF-α alone. Class II cognate help significantly augments peptide-specific T cell responses. Clinically favourable responses were seen in patients with low levels of circulating T regs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Aloysius
- Section of Surgery, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, UK.
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