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Moine L, Canali MM, Salinas SR, Bianco ID, Porporatto C, Correa SG. Role of chitosan in intestinal integrity: TLR4 and IFNAR signaling in the induction of E-cadherin and CD103 in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131334. [PMID: 38582475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitin and its derivative chitosan (Q) are abundant structural elements in nature. Q has modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and also regulates the expression of adhesion molecules. The interaction between cells expressing the αEβ7 integrin and E-cadherin facilitates tolerogenic signal transmission and localization of lymphocytes at the frontline for interaction with luminal antigens. In this study we evaluated the ability of orally administered Q to stimulate E-cadherin and CD103 expression in vitro and in vivo. Our findings show that Q promoted epithelial cell migration, accelerated wound healing and increased E-cadherin expression in IEC-18 cells and isolated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after Q feeding. The upregulation of E-cadherin was dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR signaling, triggering CD103 expression in lymphocytes. Q reinforced the E-cadherin-αEβ7 axis, crucial for intestinal barrier integrity and contributed to the localization of lymphocytes on the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Moine
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | - Silvina R Salinas
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos Y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ismael D Bianco
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos Y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Silvia G Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Moine L, Canali MM, Porporatto C, Correa SG. Reviewing the biological activity of chitosan in the mucosa: Focus on intestinal immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:324-334. [PMID: 34419549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a polymer derived from the partial deacetylation of chitin with particular characteristics, such as mucoadhesiveness, tolerability, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biomedical uses of chitosan cover a wide spectrum of applications as dietary fiber, immunoadjuvant and regulator of the intestinal microbiota or delivery agent. Chemical modification of chitosan is feasible because its reactive amino and hydroxyl groups can be modified by a diverse array of ligands, functional groups and molecules. This gives rise to numerous derivatives that allow different formulation types influencing their activity. Considering the multiple events resulting from the interaction with mucosal tissues, chitosan is a singular candidate for strategies targeting immune stimulation (i.e., tolerance induction, vaccination). Its role as a prebiotic and probiotic carrier represents an effective option to manage intestinal dysbiosis. In the intestinal scenario where the exposure of the immune system to a wide variety of antigens is permanent, chitosan increases IgA levels and favors a tolerogenic environment, thus becoming a key ally for host homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moine
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CP: 5016 Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M M Canali
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | - C Porporatto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Arturo Jauretche 1555, CP: 5900 Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S G Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CP: 5016 Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Yadav P, Yadav H, Shah VG, Shah G, Dhaka G. Biomedical Biopolymers, their Origin and Evolution in Biomedical Sciences: A Systematic Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZE21-5. [PMID: 26501034 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13907.6565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers provide a plethora of applications in the pharmaceutical and medical applications. A material that can be used for biomedical applications like wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering should possess certain properties like biocompatibility, biodegradation to non-toxic products, low antigenicity, high bio-activity, processability to complicated shapes with appropriate porosity, ability to support cell growth and proliferation and appropriate mechanical properties, as well as maintaining mechanical strength. This paper reviews biodegradable biopolymers focusing on their potential in biomedical applications. Biopolymers most commonly used and most abundantly available have been described with focus on the properties relevant to biomedical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Yadav
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge and Implantology, NIMS Dental College , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harsh Yadav
- Private Practioner, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Veena Gowri Shah
- Reader, Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge and Implantology, NIMS Dental College , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gaurav Shah
- Reader, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, NIMS Dental College , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gaurav Dhaka
- Private Practitioner, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Brodaczewska K, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Doligalska M. Chitin, a key factor in immune regulation: lesson from infection with fungi and chitin bearing parasites. Acta Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26204004 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The probability of infection with fungi, as well as parasitic nematodes or arthropods may increase in overcrowded population of animals and human. The widespread overuse of drugs and immunosuppressants for veterinary or medical treatment create an opportunity for many pathogenic species. The aim of the review is to present the common molecular characteristics of such pathogens as fungi and nematodes and other chitin bearing animals, which may both activate and downregulate the immune response of the host. Although these pathogens are evolutionary distinct and distant, they may provoke similar immune mechanisms. The role of chitin in these phenomena will be reviewed, highlighting the immune reactions that may be induced in mammals by this natural polymer.
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Khan N, Bharali DJ, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Cui H, Shabana SM, Mousa SA, Mukhtar H. Oral administration of naturally occurring chitosan-based nanoformulated green tea polyphenol EGCG effectively inhibits prostate cancer cell growth in a xenograft model. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:415-23. [PMID: 24072771 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical animal models, several phytochemicals have shown excellent potential to be used as effective agents in preventing and treating many cancers. However, the limited bioavailability of active agents could be one reason for their restricted usefulness for human consumption. To overcome this limitation, we recently introduced the concept of nanochemoprevention by encapsulating useful bioactive food components for their slow and sustained release. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization and efficacy assessment of a nanotechnology-based oral formulation of chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Chit-nanoEGCG) for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) in a preclinical setting. Chit-nanoEGCG with a size of <200nm diameter and encapsulating EGCG as determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope showed slow release of EGCG in simulated gastric juice acidic pH and faster release in simulated intestinal fluid. The antitumor efficacy of Chit-nanoEGCG was assessed in subcutaneously implanted 22Rν1 tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. Treatment with Chit-nanoEGCG resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth and secreted prostate-specific antigen levels compared with EGCG and control groups. In tumor tissues of mice treated with Chit-nanoEGCG, compared with groups treated with EGCG and controls, there was significant (i) induction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases cleavage, (ii) increase in the protein expression of Bax with concomitant decrease in Bcl-2, (iii) activation of caspases and (iv) reduction in Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Through this study, we propose a novel preventive and therapeutic modality for PCa using EGCG that addresses issues related to bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghma Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Lee SY, Cho ML, Oh HJ, Ryu JG, Park MJ, Jhun JY, Park MK, Stone JC, Ju JH, Hwang SY, Park SH, Surh CD, Kim HY. Interleukin-2/anti-interleukin-2 monoclonal antibody immune complex suppresses collagen-induced arthritis in mice by fortifying interleukin-2/STAT5 signalling pathways. Immunology 2013; 137:305-16. [PMID: 23167249 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2)/JES6-1 (anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody) immune complexes on the expansion and activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, the down-regulation of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, and the control of the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Wild-type and CIA-induced wild-type mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with IL-2 or IL-2/JES6-1 complex three times at 2-day intervals. Treg cell surface markers were analysed by flow cytometry. After injecting IL-2 or IL-2/JES6-1, the time kinetics of IL-2 signalling molecules was examined by FACS and Western blotting. Concentrations of IL-17 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Injection of IL-2/JES6-1 increased the proportion of Foxp3+ Treg cells among splenic CD4+ T cells, which reached the highest level on day 4 after injection. Up-regulation of CTLA4, GITR and glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant (GARP) was observed. Activation of p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) was apparent within 3 hr after injection of IL-2/JES6-1 complexes. Expression of IL-2 signalling molecules, including p-AKT and p-p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase, was also higher in splenocytes treated with IL-2/JES6-1 complexes. Injection of IL-2/JES6-1 complexes suppressed the induction of CIA and the production of IL-17 and inflammatory responses while increasing the level of IL-10 in the spleen. The expansion of Treg cells (via STAT5) and the concomitant increase in IL-2 signalling pathways by IL-2/JES6-1 complexes suggests their potential use as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yeong Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Centre, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Canali MM, Pedrotti LP, Balsinde J, Ibarra C, Correa SG. Chitosan enhances transcellular permeability in human and rat intestine epithelium. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:418-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Venkatesan J, Kim SK. Chitosan composites for bone tissue engineering--an overview. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2252-66. [PMID: 20948907 PMCID: PMC2953403 DOI: 10.3390/md8082252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone contains considerable amounts of minerals and proteins. Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most stable forms of calcium phosphate and it occurs in bones as major component (60 to 65%), along with other materials including collagen, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and lipids. In recent years, significant progress has been made in organ transplantation, surgical reconstruction and the use of artificial protheses to treat the loss or failure of an organ or bone tissue. Chitosan has played a major role in bone tissue engineering over the last two decades, being a natural polymer obtained from chitin, which forms a major component of crustacean exoskeleton. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to chitosan composite materials and their applications in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its minimal foreign body reactions, an intrinsic antibacterial nature, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to be molded into various geometries and forms such as porous structures, suitable for cell ingrowth and osteoconduction. The composite of chitosan including hydroxyapatite is very popular because of the biodegradability and biocompatibility in nature. Recently, grafted chitosan natural polymer with carbon nanotubes has been incorporated to increase the mechanical strength of these composites. Chitosan composites are thus emerging as potential materials for artificial bone and bone regeneration in tissue engineering. Herein, the preparation, mechanical properties, chemical interactions and in vitro activity of chitosan composites for bone tissue engineering will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82 51 629 7097; Fax: +82 51 628 8147
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Canali MM, Porporatto C, Aoki MP, Bianco ID, Correa SG. Signals elicited at the intestinal epithelium upon chitosan feeding contribute to immunomodulatory activity and biocompatibility of the polysaccharide. Vaccine 2010; 28:5718-24. [PMID: 20598784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a copolymer of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine derived from chitin with several applications in pharmaceutical and medical fields. This polysaccharide exhibits adjuvant properties in mucosal immune responses of humans, rats and mice. Characterization of signals elicited by chitosan at the intestinal epithelium could explain its immunomodulatory activity and biocompatibility. We fed normal rats with single doses of chitosan and 16h later, we purified intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to assess immune and biochemical parameters. Following chitosan administration, mRNA expression and release of several cytokines and chemokines increased, injury markers maintained constitutive levels and MHC type II molecule expression was augmented. IEC supernatants showed higher levels of IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-beta. Arginase activity of IECs increased upon chitosan interaction in vivo and in vitro. Together, after chitosan feeding, mild activation of IECs occurs in vivo, with production of regulatory factors that could be relevant for its biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magdalena Canali
- Immunology, Center of Research in Biochemistry and Immunology (CIBICI) (National Council of Research in Science and Technology (CONICET), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Application of biomimetic mineralization: A prophylactic therapy for cracked teeth? Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:493-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Porporatto C, Canali MM, Bianco ID, Correa SG. Ability of the polysaccharide chitosan to inhibit proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes from mucosal inductive sites, in vitro and in vivo. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:780-7. [PMID: 19689471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After oral administration of chitosan (a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine), mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes exhibited traits of anergy, a process coupled with inability of mature T cells to proliferate. We wondered whether biological activity of chitosan could be affecting division of lymphocytes at the mucosal inductive sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effect of chitosan on proliferation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate-labelled MLN lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A in vitro. We assessed expression of CD25 and CD71 activation markers and pro-apoptotic molecule CD95L. Moreover, we studied the effect of chitosan ex vivo, in carboxyfluorescein diacetate-labelled MLN cells isolated after feeding single or repetitive doses of the polysaccharide, and we evaluated cell cycle parameters. RESULTS Chitosan suppressed cell proliferation and down-modulated expression of CD25 in these MLN CD4+ cells isolated from normal rats. After in vivo contact, chitosan inhibited proliferation of MLN cells and reduced secretion of interferon-gamma. Furthermore, sustained feeding produced reduction in percentage of CD4+ cells in S phase of the cell cycle. CONCLUSION Here we demonstrate the ability of chitosan to suppress proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes from mucosal inductive sites in vivo and in vitro This effect could be relevant in modulatory activity of chitosan in the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Porporatto
- Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry Research Center of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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