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Emerging trends in the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:35-46. [PMID: 29242097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S., claiming approximately 43,000 lives every year. Much like other solid tumors, PC evades the host immune surveillance by manipulating immune cells to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, targeting and reinstating the patient's immune system could serve as a powerful therapeutic tool. Indeed, immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as a potential adjunct treatment for solid tumors including PC. Immunotherapy modulates the host's immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), eradicates cancer cells by reducing host tolerance to TAAs and provides both short- and long-term protection against the disease. Passive immunotherapies like monoclonal antibodies or engineered T-cell based therapies directly target tumor cells by recognizing TAAs. Active immunotherapies, like cancer vaccines, on the other hand elicit a long-lasting immune response via activation of the patient's immune cells against cancer cells. Several immunotherapy strategies have been tested for anti-tumor responses alone and in combination with standard care in multiple preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss various immunotherapy strategies used currently and their efficacy in abrogating self-antigen tolerance and immunosuppression, as well as their ability to eradicate PC.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer remains a deadly disease despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Treatment failure is likely due to intense chemoresistance and immunosuppression. Therefore, new treatment paradigms are urgently needed. Immunotherapy, particularly adoptive T cell transfer, is a highly-personalized therapy that involves the isolation and ex vivo expansion of tumor-specific T cells before administration to cancer-bearing hosts. Areas covered: This review summarizes different strategies of adoptive T cell therapy and their application in pancreatic cancer treatment. It also highlights recent advances and gives discussion on the future directions in T cell-based immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Expert opinion: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is extremely challenging to treat, in part, due to intense desmoplastic reaction and immunosuppression. The recent progress in cancer immunotherapy triggers a hope to use immunotherapeutic modality to treat pancreatic cancer. Immunotherapy is generally well tolerated, and has the potential to function as a monotherapy or in synergistic combination with conventional chemotherapy. We must make efforts to optimize the immunotherapeutic regimen and to select patients to treat based on their biological profile. To accomplish this goal, an intense collaboration is needed to bridge between bench and bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- a GI Oncology Program and Experimental Therapeutics , Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,b PGY-2, Internal Medicine Residency Program at Metrowest Medical Center , Framingham , MA , USA
| | - Muhammad Wasif Saif
- a GI Oncology Program and Experimental Therapeutics , Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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Andrikou K, Peterle C, Pipitone S, Salati M, Cascinu S. Emerging antibodies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2017; 22:39-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1293649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Andrikou
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Peterle
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Pipitone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Salati
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Mayes K, Alkhatib SG, Peterson K, Alhazmi A, Song C, Chan V, Blevins T, Roberts M, Dumur CI, Wang XY, Landry JW. BPTF Depletion Enhances T-cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6183-6192. [PMID: 27651309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies in fruit flies have implicated the chromatin remodeling complex nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) in immunity, but it has yet to be studied in mammals. Here we show that its targeting in mice enhances antitumor immunity in two syngeneic models of cancer. NURF was disabled by silencing of bromodomain PHD-finger containing transcription factor (BPTF), the largest and essential subunit of NURF. We found that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were necessary for enhanced antitumor activity, with elevated numbers of activated CD8+ T cells observed in BPTF-deficient tumors. Enhanced cytolytic activity was observed for CD8+ T cells cocultured with BPTF-silenced cells. Similar effects were not produced with T-cell receptor transgenic CD8+ T cells, implicating the involvement of novel antigens. Accordingly, enhanced activity was observed for individual CD8+ T-cell clones from mice bearing BPTF-silenced tumors. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NURF directly regulated the expression of genes encoding immunoproteasome subunits Psmb8 and Psmb9 and the antigen transporter genes Tap1 and Tap2 The PSMB8 inhibitor ONX-0914 reversed the effects of BPTF ablation, consistent with a critical role for the immunoproteasome in improving tumor immunogenicity. Thus, NURF normally suppresses tumor antigenicity and its depletion improves antigen processing, CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity, and antitumor immunity, identifying NURF as a candidate therapeutic target to enhance antitumor immunity. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6183-92. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Mayes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Suehyb G Alkhatib
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kristen Peterson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aiman Alhazmi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Carolyn Song
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Vivian Chan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Tana Blevins
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark Roberts
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Catherine I Dumur
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joseph W Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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Alrifai D, Sarker D, Maher J. Prospects for adoptive immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer using chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 38:50-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Nikfarjam M, Yeo D, He H, Baldwin G, Fifis T, Costa P, Tan B, Yang E, Wen SW, Christophi C. Comparison of two syngeneic orthotopic murine models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J INVEST SURG 2013; 26:352-9. [PMID: 23957638 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.797057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis. The use of appropriate in vivo models is essential in devising methods to improve treatment outcomes. METHODS A pancreatic adenocarcinoma model based on tumor injection into the pancreatic head was compared with a pancreatic tail injection model in C57/BL6 mice. The murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line PAN02, dispersed in Matrigel™, was used for tumor induction. RESULTS Tumors developed in all animals in both models. Tumor size was more consistent within the pancreatic tail group at 20 days following induction, with no evidence of metastatic disease. Animals in the pancreatic head injection group showed signs of reduced health by 20 days following injection and developed jaundice. Microscopic liver metastases were noted in some of these animals at this time point. The overall survival of animals at 40 days following tumor induction was significantly lower in the pancreatic head injection group (0% vs. 35%; p < .001). Multiple liver metastases were noted in five of 10 (50%) animals in the head injection group, without evidence of peritoneal metastases. In the pancreatic tail injection group, 18 of 20 (90%) animals had multiple peritoneal metastases, and nine of 20 (45%) animals had evidence of isolated liver deposits. Tumors in both regions of the pancreas had similar histologic characteristics, with a dense fibrotic stroma at the interface between the tumor and the normal pancreas. CONCLUSION Pancreatic head and tail orthotopic cancer models produce consistent tumors, but the patterns of tumor spread and survival differ according to the site of injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- 1 Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, LTB8, Heidleberg, Victoria, Australia
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Wu YD, Zhou GX. Recent advances in immunotherapy for human pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2091-2096. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i20.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the common highly malignant digestive system tumors. It is associated with a high mortality rate because of early metastasis, low resection rate and poor chemoradiotherapy response. Advances in immunology, such as tumor antigen, immunological surveillance, immunological evasion, immunological tolerance, T cell signal transduction, regulation of cytokines and regulatory DCs, down-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and tumor microenvironment, have enriched our knowledge and promoted the development of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. In this paper, we will review the recent advances in immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Liu YY, Sun LC, Wei JJ, Li D, Yuan Y, Yan B, Liang ZH, Zhu HF, Xu Y, Li B, Song CW, Liao SJ, Lei Z, Zhang GM, Feng ZH. Tumor Cell-Released TLR4 Ligands Stimulate Gr-1+CD11b+F4/80+ Cells to Induce Apoptosis of Activated T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2773-82. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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