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A T-Cell Epitope-Based Multi-Epitope Vaccine Designed Using Human HLA Specific T Cell Epitopes Induces a Near-Sterile Immunity against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hamsters. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101058. [PMID: 34696166 PMCID: PMC8537199 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting 12 million people annually. Even in the second decade of the 21st century, it has remained without an effective vaccine for human use. In the current study, we designed three multiepitope vaccine candidates by the selection of multiple IFN-γ inducing MHC-I and MHC-II binder T-cell specific epitopes from three previously identified antigen genes of Leishmania donovani from our lab by an immuno-informatic approach using IFNepitope, the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) T cell epitope identification tools, NET-MHC-1, and NET MHC-2 webservers. We tested the protective potential of these three multiepitope proteins as a vaccine in a hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. The immunization data revealed that the vaccine candidates induced a very high level of Th1 biased protective immune response in-vivo in a hamster model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis, with one of the candidates inducing a near-sterile immunity. The vaccinated animals displayed highly activated monocyte macrophages with the capability of clearing intracellular parasites due to increased respiratory burst. Additionally, these proteins induced activation of polyfunctional T cells secreting INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in an ex-vivo stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, further supporting the protective nature of the designed candidates.
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2
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Meehan GR, Thomas R, Al Khabouri S, Wehr P, Hilkens CM, Wraith DC, Sieghart D, Bonelli M, Nagy G, Garside P, Tough DF, Lewis HD, Brewer JM. Preclinical models of arthritis for studying immunotherapy and immune tolerance. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1268-1277. [PMID: 34380700 PMCID: PMC8458054 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly earlier identification of individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (eg, with autoantibodies and mild symptoms) improves the feasibility of preventing or curing disease. The use of antigen-specific immunotherapies to reinstate immunological self-tolerance represent a highly attractive strategy due to their potential to induce disease resolution, in contrast to existing approaches that require long-term treatment of underlying symptoms. Preclinical animal models have been used to understand disease mechanisms and to evaluate novel immunotherapeutic approaches. However, models are required to understand critical processes supporting disease development such as the breach of self-tolerance that triggers autoimmunity and the progression from asymptomatic autoimmunity to joint pain and bone loss. These models would also be useful in evaluating the response to treatment in the pre-RA period. This review proposes that focusing on immune processes contributing to initial disease induction rather than end-stage pathological consequences is essential to allow development and evaluation of novel immunotherapies for early intervention. We will describe and critique existing models in arthritis and the broader field of autoimmunity that may fulfil these criteria. We will also identify key gaps in our ability to study these processes in animal models, to highlight where further research should be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Meehan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shaima Al Khabouri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascale Wehr
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catharien Mu Hilkens
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Sieghart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - György Nagy
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David F Tough
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Huw D Lewis
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ameliorated Autoimmune Arthritis and Impaired B Cell Receptor-Mediated Ca 2+ Influx in Nkx2-3 Knock-out Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176162. [PMID: 32859051 PMCID: PMC7503974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In Nkx2-3-deficient mice (Nkx2-3−/−) the spleen’s histological structure is fundamentally changed; therefore, B cell homeostasis is seriously disturbed. Based on this, we were curious, whether autoimmune arthritis could be induced in Nkx2-3−/− mice and how B cell activation and function were affected. We induced arthritis with immunization of recombinant human proteoglycan aggrecan G1 domain in Nkx2-3−/− and control BALB/c mice. We followed the clinical picture, characterized the radiological changes, the immune response, and intracellular Ca2+ signaling of B cells. Incidence of the autoimmune arthritis was lower, and the disease severity was milder in Nkx2-3−/− mice than in control BALB/c mice. The radiological changes were in line with the clinical picture. In Nkx2-3−/− mice, we measured decreased antigen-induced proliferation and cytokine production in spleen cell cultures; in the sera, we found less anti-CCP-IgG2a, IL-17 and IFNγ, but more IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-6. B cells isolated from the lymph nodes of Nkx2-3−/− mice showed decreased intracellular Ca2+ signaling compared to those isolated from BALB/c mice. Our findings show that the transcription factor Nkx2-3 might regulate the development of autoimmune arthritis most likely through modifying B cell activation.
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Jiang H, Wu FR, Liu J, Qin XJ, Jiang NN, Li WP. Effect of astragalosides on long non-coding RNA expression profiles in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1344-1356. [PMID: 31364738 PMCID: PMC6713426 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, which occurs in ~1.0% of the general population. Increasing studies have suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may serve important roles in various biological processes and may be associated with the pathogenesis of different types of disease, including RA. Astragalosides (AST) has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of RA. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect has remained unclear to date. Thus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the possible mechanism of AST in the treatment of RA from the perspective of lncRNAs. In the present study, the lncRNAs and mRNAs of a vehicle group, animal model group and AST treatment (control) group were determined by Arraystar Rat lncRNA/mRNA microarray. The differentially expressed genes with a fold change >1.5 and P<0.05 were selected and analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery, and the coding-non-coding gene co-expression network was drawn based on the correlation analysis between the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. Based on node degree and the correlation between bioinformatics analysis and RA, the critical differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected, analyzed and verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. The results showed that, following AST treatment, up to 75 lncRNAs and 247 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed among the three groups. GO and pathway analysis manifested that 135 GO terms and 17 pathways were enriched by differentially expressed genes. Four lncRNAs (MRAK012530, MRAK132628, MRAK003448 and XR_006457) were selected as the critical lncRNAs and their trend in expression showed consistency between the RT-qPCR and microarray data. In conclusion, AST had a regulatory effect on differentially expressed lncRNAs during the development of RA, and four lncRNAs could be selected as critical therapeutic targets of AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Juan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Nan-Nan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Kugyelka R, Prenek L, Olasz K, Kohl Z, Botz B, Glant TT, Berki T, Boldizsár F. ZAP-70 Regulates Autoimmune Arthritis via Alterations in T Cell Activation and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050504. [PMID: 31137740 PMCID: PMC6562615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of both human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its murine models. A key molecule in T cell activation is ZAP-70, therefore we aimed to investigate the effects of partial ZAP-70 deficiency on the pathogenesis of recombinant human G1(rhG1)-induced arthritis (GIA), a well-established mouse model of RA. Arthritis was induced in BALB/c and ZAP-70+/- heterozygous mice. Disease progression was monitored using a scoring system and in vivo imaging, antigen-specific proliferation, cytokine and autoantibody production was measured and T cell apoptotic pathways were analyzed. ZAP-70+/- mice developed a less severe arthritis, as shown by both clinical picture and in vitro parameters (decreased T cell proliferation, cytokine and autoantibody production). The amount of cleaved Caspase-3 increased in arthritic ZAP-70+/- T cells, with no significant changes in cleaved Caspase-8 and -9 levels; although expression of Bim, Bcl-2 and Cytochrome C showed alterations. Tyrosine phosphorylation was less pronounced in arthritic ZAP-70+/- T cells and the amount of Cbl-b-a negative regulator of T cell activation-decreased as well. We hypothesize that the less severe disease seen in the partial absence of ZAP-70 might be caused by the decreased T cell activation accompanied by increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Kugyelka
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Prenek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Olasz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kohl
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Boldizsár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Iglesias M, Augustin JJ, Alvarez P, Santiuste I, Postigo J, Merino J, Merino R. Selective Impairment of TH17-Differentiation and Protection against Autoimmune Arthritis after Overexpression of BCL2A1 in T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159714. [PMID: 27433938 PMCID: PMC4951111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of apoptotic cell death in T cells through the dysregulated expression of BCL2 family members has been associated with the protection against the development of different autoimmune diseases. However, multiple mechanisms were proposed to be responsible for such protective effect. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the T-cell overexpression of BCL2A1, an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member without an effect on cell cycle progression, in the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Our results demonstrated an attenuated development of arthritis in these transgenic mice. The protective effect was unrelated to the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells but it was associated with a defective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in CD4+ cells after in vitro TCR stimulation. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo TH17 differentiation were impaired in BCL2A1 transgenic mice. Taken together, we demonstrated here a previously unknown role for BCL2A1 controlling the activation of CD4+ cells and their differentiation into pathogenic proinflammatory TH17 cells and identified BCL2A1 as a potential target in the control of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Autoimmunity
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Protective Factors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Iglesias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Augustin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Inés Santiuste
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Postigo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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7
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Proteoglycan aggrecan conducting T cell activation and apoptosis in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:942148. [PMID: 24605340 PMCID: PMC3925549 DOI: 10.1155/2014/942148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease and its targeting of the joints indicates the presence of a candidate autoantigen(s) in synovial joints. Patients with RA show immune responses in their peripheral blood to proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan. One of the most relevant animal models of RA appears to be proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA), and CD4+ T cells seem to play a crucial role in the initiation of the disease. In this review, the role of various T cell epitopes of aggrecan in the induction of autoreactive T cell activation and arthritis is discussed. We pay special attention to two critically important arthritogenic epitopes, 5/4E8 and P135H, found in the G1 and G3 domains of PG aggrecan, respectively, in the induction of autoimmune arthritis. Finally, results obtained with the recently developed PG-specific TCR transgenic mice system showed that altered T cell apoptosis, the balance of activation, and apoptosis of autoreactive T cells are critical factors in the development of autoimmunity.
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8
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Liu G, Jiang Y, Chen X, Zhang R, Ma G, Feng R, Zhang L, Liao M, Miao Y, Chen Z, Zeng R, Li K. Measles contributes to rheumatoid arthritis: evidence from pathway and network analyses of genome-wide association studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75951. [PMID: 24204584 PMCID: PMC3799991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence from epidemiological studies indicates the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and measles. However, the exact mechanism for this association is still unclear now. We consider that the strong association between both diseases may be caused by shared genetic pathways. We performed a pathway analysis of large-scale RA genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset with 5,539 cases and 20,169 controls of European descent. Meanwhile, we evaluated our findings using previously identified RA loci, protein-protein interaction network and previous results from pathway analysis of RA and other autoimmune diseases GWAS. We confirmed four pathways including Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling, T cell receptor signaling and Cell adhesion molecules. Meanwhile, we highlighted for the first time the involvement of Measles and Intestinal immune network for IgA production pathways in RA. Our results may explain the strong association between RA and measles, which may be caused by the shared genetic pathway. We believe that our results will be helpful for future genetic studies in RA pathogenesis and may significantly assist in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyou Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongshuai Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liangcai Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Division of Quantitative Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingbo Miao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zugen Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (KL)
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (KL)
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Kobezda T, Ghassemi-Nejad S, Glant TT, Mikecz K. In vivo two-photon imaging of T cell motility in joint-draining lymph nodes in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:158-65. [PMID: 23023071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent imaging studies on intact lymph nodes (LNs) of naïve T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice have reported that T cells reduce their motility upon contact with relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using in vivo two-photon imaging of T cells in joint-draining (JD) LNs, we examined whether similar changes in T cell motility are observed in wild type mice. Co-transfer of T cells from naïve mice and antigen-experienced T cells from mice with proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis into naïve or arthritic recipients resulted in prolonged interactions of antigen-experienced T cells with APCs upon intra-articular antigen (PG) injection, indicating that T cells from arthritic wild type mice recapitulate the motile behavior reported in naïve TCR-transgenic mice. However, naïve T cells also engaged in stable interactions with APCs in the JDLNs of arthritic recipients, suggesting an enhanced ability of APCs in the JDLNs of arthritic hosts to present antigen to either naïve or antigen-experienced T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intra-Articular
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Proteoglycans/isolation & purification
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kobezda
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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