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Tikk K, Sookthai D, Johnson T, Dossus L, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Baglietto L, Rinaldi S, Romieu I, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Masala G, Agnoli C, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Buckland G, Sánchez S, Molina-Montes E, Amiano P, Castaño JMH, Barricarte A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Monninkhof EM, Onland-Moret NC, Idahl A, Lundin E, Weiderpass E, Lund E, Waaseth M, Khaw KT, Key TJ, Travis RC, Gunter MJ, Riboli E, Kaaks R. Prolactin determinants in healthy women: A large cross-sectional study within the EPIC cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2532-42. [PMID: 25143360 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and epidemiologic data suggest that higher circulating prolactin is associated with breast cancer risk; however, how various risk factors for breast cancer influence prolactin levels in healthy women is not clear. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional associations between several suggested reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer and circulating prolactin among pre- and postmenopausal women, taking into account the use of current postmenopausal hormone therapy, among 2,560 controls from a breast cancer nested case-control study within the EPIC cohort. RESULTS Adjusted geometric mean prolactin levels were significantly higher among premenopausal women, and among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy compared with nonusers (8.2, 7.0, and 6.3 ng/mL, respectively; Pcat = <0.0001). Furthermore, prolactin levels were significantly higher among users of combined estrogen-progestin hormone therapy compared with users of estrogen-alone hormone therapy (6.66 vs. 5.90 ng/mL; Pcat = 0.001). Prolactin levels were lower among parous women compared with nulliparous women (8.61 vs. 10.95 ng/mL; Pcat = 0.0002, premenopausal women); the magnitude of this difference depended on the number of full-term pregnancies (22.1% lower, ≥3 vs. 1 pregnancy, Ptrend = 0.01). Results for parity were similar but lower in magnitude among postmenopausal women. Prolactin did not vary by other studied factors, with the exception of lower levels among postmenopausal smokers compared with never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that current hormone therapy use, especially the use of combined hormone therapy, is associated with higher circulating prolactin levels in postmenopausal women, and confirms prior findings of lower circulating prolactin in parous women. IMPACT Our study extends the knowledge linking various breast cancer risk factors with circulating prolactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Tikk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Disorn Sookthai
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laure Dossus
- Nutrition, Hormones, and Women's Health Team, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France. Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France. IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Nutrition, Hormones, and Women's Health Team, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France. Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France. IGR, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic-M.P.Arezzo" Hospital ASP, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy. Human Genetic Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Genevieve Buckland
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment, and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Molina-Montes
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitario de Granada, Granada, Spain. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. Basque Regional Health Department, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José María Huerta Castaño
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands. School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn M Monninkhof
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annika Idahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Lundin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marit Waaseth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc J Gunter
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Brismar K, Nilsson SE. Interrelations and associations of serum levels of steroids and pituitary hormones with markers of insulin resistance, inflammatory activity, and renal function in men and women aged >70 years in an 8-year longitudinal study of opposite-sex twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 6 Suppl 1:123-36. [PMID: 19318223 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological serum levels of steroids and pituitary hormones in older men and women have been sparsely reported in the literature. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to investigate the normal variation and sex differences in steroids and pituitary hormones in those aged >70 years, and to study the interrelation between these hormones and indicators of the metabolic syndrome, inflammatory activity, and renal function. METHODS The investigation comprised a population-based sample of pairs of white opposite-sex twins from the Swedish Twin Registry. At baseline in 1996 and at the 8-year follow-uup in 2004, serum levels of progesterone, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), and urea were analyzed. Serum levels of insulin and cystatin were analyzed only at the follow-up. RESULTS The study sample included 219 men and 183 women aged 71 to 80 years (mean [SD], 74.5 [2.5] years) at baseline in 1996, and 127 men and 135 women at follow-uup in 2004. At baseline, in both men and women, the variation of progesterone in serum was positively correlated with that of estradiol (men: r = 0.226, P < 0.01; women: r = 0.115, P = NS), testosterone (men: r = 0.178, P < 0.01; women: r = 0.315, P < 0.001), and cortisol (men: r = 0.314, P < 0.001; women: r = 0.296, P < 0.001). The values of progesterone and other steroid hormones were associated with markers of insulin resistance (iie, insulin, waist circumference), inflammatory activity (ie, CRP) for progesterone (men: r = 0.267, P < 0.001; women: r = 0.150, P < 0.05), and renal function (ie, creatinine) for progesterone (men: r = 0.424, P < 0.001; women: r = 0.212, P < 0.01). Estradiol and prolactin were associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, and renal function. Furthermore, progesterone was associated with prolactin (men: r = 0.275, P < 0.001; women: r = 0.172, P < 0.05).. Among both men and women, there was a strong correlation between testosterone and estradiol (men: r = 0.753, P < 0.001; women: r = 0.526, P < 0.001); in women, there was also a link between testosterone and cortisol at follow-up (r = 0.340, P < 0.01). For progesterone, there was a significant correlation between the values of the co-twins (in 1996: r = 0.16, P < 0.05; in 2004: r = 0.45, P < 0.001). Higher serum levels of progesterone (2.0 [0.7] nmol/L in men and 1.7 [0.8] nmol/L in women) and prolactin (6 [5] microg/L in men and 8 [10] microg/L in women) were found among those who were deceased at follow-up compared with survivors (progesterone: 1.8 [0.5] nmol/L in men and 1.4 [0.6] nmol/L in women, P < 0.01; prolactin: 4 [3] microg/L in men and 5 [2] microg/L in women, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this study of opposite-sex Swedish twins aged >70 years, there was a sex difference in the serum levels of steroids and pituitary hormones between men and women. Progesterone and other steroid hormones were associated with markers of insulin resistance, inflammatory activity, and renal function. Progesterone and prolactin levels were associated with increased risk of mortality in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pooley KA, Healey CS, Smith PL, Pharoah PDP, Thompson D, Tee L, West J, Jordan C, Easton DF, Ponder BAJ, Dunning AM. Association of the progesterone receptor gene with breast cancer risk: a single-nucleotide polymorphism tagging approach. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:675-82. [PMID: 16614108 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Association studies on susceptibility to breast cancer using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the progesterone receptor (PGR) gene have been previously published, but the results have been inconclusive. We used a comprehensive SNP-tagging approach to search for low-penetrance susceptibility alleles in a study of up to 4,647 cases and 4,564 controls, in a two-stage study design. We identified seven tagging SNPs using genotype data from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Environmental Genome Project and typed these, and an additional three SNPs, in 2,345 breast cancer cases and 2,284 controls (set 1). Three SNPs showed no evidence for association and were not studied further, whereas seven SNPs (rs11571171, rs7116336, rs660149, rs10895068, rs500760, rs566351, and rs1042838) exhibited significant associations at P < 0.1 using either a heterogeneity or trend test and progressed to be genotyped in set 2. After both stages, only one SNP was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer - the PGR-12 (rs1042638) V660L valine to leucine polymorphism [VL heterozygotes (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.24) and the LL homozygotes (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.73), P(het) = 0.008, P(trend) = 0.002]. Similar estimates were obtained in a combined analysis of our data with those from three other published studies. We conclude that the 660L allele may be associated with a moderately increased risk of breast cancer, but that other common SNPs in the PGR gene are unlikely to be associated with a substantial risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Pooley
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory.
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