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Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Hong X, Rang X, Yang D, Huang S, Xu C, Fu J. Establishment of comorbidity target pools and prediction of drugs candidate for multiple sclerosis and autoimmune thyroid diseases based on GWAS and transcriptome data. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104903. [PMID: 37556937 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observation has revealed that multiple sclerosis (MS) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) are strongly correlated. The aim of this study was to explore the shared molecular causes of MS and AITD, and to conduct drug rearrangement on this basis, search for comorbidity drugs and feasible drugs for mutual reference between the two diseases. METHODS Based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) data and transcriptome data, susceptibility genes and differentially expressed genes related to MS and AITD were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Pathway enrichment, gene ontology (GO), protein-protein interaction analysis, and gene-pathway network analysis of the above genes were performed to identify a common target pool, including common genes, common hub genes, and common pathways, and to explore the specific pathogenesis of the two diseases, respectively. Drugs that target the common pathways/genes were identified through the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), DrugBank database, and Drug-Gene Interaction (DGI) Database. Common hub genes were compared with the target genes of drugs approved for treating MS/AITD and drugs under investigation identified by DrugBank and ClinicalTrials, respectively. RESULTS We identified a pool of shared targets containing genes and pathways, including 46 common genetic susceptibility pathways and 9 common differentially expressed pathways, including JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, etc. In addition, a total of 29 hub genes, including TYK2, JAK1, STAT3, IL2RA, HLA-DRB1, and TLR3, were identified. Drugs approved for treating MS or AITD, such as methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, glatiramer, natalizumab, and methimazole, can target the shared genes and pathways, among which methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide have been shown to be beneficial for the treatment of the two diseases, indicating that these drugs have the potential to become a priority in the treatment of comorbidities. Moreover, drugs targeting multiple common genes and pathways, including tacrolimus, deucravacitinib, and nivolumab, were identified as potential drugs for the treatment of MS, AITD, and their comorbidities. CONCLUSION We observed that T-cell activation-related genes and pathways play a major role in the pathogenesis of both MS and AITD, which may be the molecular basis of the comorbidity. Moreover, we identified a variety of drugs which may be used as priority or potential treatments for comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiangxiang Hong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xinming Rang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chaohan Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Wang C, Li Y, Teng D, Shi X, Ba J, Chen B, Du J, He L, Lai X, Li Y, Chi H, Liao E, Liu C, Liu L, Qin G, Qin Y, Quan H, Shi B, Sun H, Tang X, Tong N, Wang G, Zhang JA, Wang Y, Xue Y, Yan L, Yang J, Yang L, Yao Y, Ye Z, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhu J, Zhu M, Shan Z, Teng W. Hyperthyroidism Prevalence in China After Universal Salt Iodization. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:651534. [PMID: 34122333 PMCID: PMC8194401 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.651534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal salt iodization (USI) was implemented in mainland China in 1996. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism and its risk factors now require examination. METHODS Data were acquired from a nationwide Thyroid, Iodine, and Diabetes Epidemiological survey (TIDE 2015-2017) of 78,470 subjects from 31 provinces. Iodine status, and thyroid hormones and antibodies were measured. RESULTS After two decades of USI, the prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism (OH), Graves' disease (GD), severe subclinical hyperthyroidism (severe SCH), and mild subclinical hyperthyroidism (mild SCH) in mainland China was 0.78%, 0.53%, 0.22%, and 0.22%, respectively. OH and GD prevalence were higher in women than in men (OH: 1.16% vs. 0.64%, P<0.001; GD: 0.65% vs. 0.37%, P<0.001).Prevalence was significantly decreased after 60 years-of-age compared with 30-39 years-of-age (OH:0.61% vs. 0.81%, P<0.001; GD: 0.38% vs. 0.57%, P<0.001).Excessive iodine(EI) and deficient iodine(DI) were both related to increased prevalence of OH (odds ratio [OR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68-2.59; OR1.35, 95%CI 1.07-1.72, respectively); however, only deficient iodine was associated with increased prevalence of GD (OR1.67, 95%CI 1.30-2.15). Increased thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody levels were significantly associated with prevalence of OH and GD, but not severe SCH and mild SCH. Although hyperthyroidism was more prevalent in women, the association disappeared after adjusting for other factors such as antibody levels. CONCLUSION OH and GD prevalences in mainland China are stable after two decades of USI. Iodine deficiency, elevated thyroid antibody levels, and middle age are the main risk factors for OH and GD. The severe SCH population, rather than the mild SCH population, shows similar characteristics to the OH population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianling Du
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lanjie He
- Department of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Jinfeng, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haiyi Chi
- Department of Endocrinology, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Eryuan Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Research Center of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Libin Liu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guijun Qin
- International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingfen Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huibiao Quan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xulei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-an Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lihui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Yongli Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zhen Ye
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongyan Shan, ; Weiping Teng,
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongyan Shan, ; Weiping Teng,
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Temple LM, Saigal P. Hypothyroidism. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Klaver EI, van Loon HC, Stienstra R, Links TP, Keers JC, Kema IP, Kobold ACM, van der Klauw MM, Wolffenbuttel BH. Thyroid hormone status and health-related quality of life in the LifeLines Cohort Study. Thyroid 2013; 23:1066-73. [PMID: 23530992 PMCID: PMC3770241 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid disorders are prevalent in Western society, yet many subjects experience limited symptoms at diagnosis, especially in hypothyroidism. We hypothesize that health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) is more severely impaired in subjects with more abnormal thyroid hormone function tests. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of Dutch adults participating in the LifeLines Cohort Study between December 2009 and August 2010. In 9491 Western European participants (median age 45 years; 3993 men and 5498 women), without current or former use of thyroid medication, we compared HR-QOL using the RAND 36-Item Health Survey between subjects with normal thyrotropin (TSH) values and subjects with disturbed thyroid hormone status (serum TSH, free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine). The influence of possible confounders (age, smoking, co-morbidity) on HR-QOL was evaluated as well. RESULTS Suppressed TSH values (TSH < 0.5 mU/L) were found in 114 (1.2%), while 8334 (88.8%) had TSH within the normal range, 973 participants (10.3%) had TSH between 4 and 10 mU/L, and 70 (0.7%) had TSH > 10 mU/L. Men had a higher HR-QOL than women (70-92 vs. 65-89; p < 0.001), except for the domain "general health" (72 vs. 72; p = 0.692). Men with suppressed or elevated TSH values did not score significantly lower than euthyroid men for any of nine domains of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey. Compared with euthyroid women, women with suppressed TSH scored significantly lower in the domains "physical functioning" (84 vs. 89, p = 0.013) and "general health" (67 vs. 72, p = 0.036). Women with markedly elevated TSH (> 10 mU/L) had a score in all HR-QOL domains that was similar to that of women with normal TSH values. There were no differences in the physical component score and the mental component score between any of the TSH groups. Physical component score and mental component score were mainly determined by smoking status, co-morbidity, and body mass index or waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based study, HR-QOL scores of subjects with suppressed TSH values or markedly elevated TSH values were generally not significantly lower than those of subjects with normal or mildly elevated TSH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise I. Klaver
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah C.M. van Loon
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riejanne Stienstra
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thera P. Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C. Keers
- LifeLines Cohort Study & Biobank, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke C. Muller Kobold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Relationship between serum TSH level with obesity and NAFLD in euthyroid subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:47-52. [PMID: 22282244 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in euthyroid subjects, 1322 subjects were subjected to a questionnaire survey and physical examination. Fasting blood samples were collected to test serum TSH, plasma glucose and lipids. Fatty liver was diagnosed by type B ultrasonography. The relationship between serum TSH level and body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat and NAFLD was analyzed. The results showed that serum TSH level was significantly higher in females than in males at the same group, and it was significantly higher in overweight group than in control group. Levels of body weight, BMI, waist circumference and percentage of body fat were increased in TSH >2.5 group compared to TSH ≤2.5 group in women. However, plasma lipids showed no significant differences. In males all the parameters showed no significant differences between two groups. Serum TSH was significantly correlated with body weight, BMI, waist circumference and percentage of body fat after adjustment for age in females. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that percentage of body fat and BMI contributed significantly to the variance of TSH. Serum TSH level was significantly higher in nonalcoholic fatty liver group than in normal group in females. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TSH level was not the independent risk factor of NAFLD. Taken together the data suggest that serum TSH in normal range is significantly correlated with BMI and percentage of body fat in females. And the change of TSH level would not influence the prevalence of NAFLD.
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Hypothyroidism. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trimboli P, Rossi F, Thorel F, Condorelli E, Laurenti O, Ventura C, Nigri G, Romanelli F, Guarino M, Valabrega S. One in five subjects with normal thyroid ultrasonography has altered thyroid tests. Endocr J 2012; 59:137-43. [PMID: 22095000 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between thyroid ultrasonography and laboratory, and the relationship of thyroid volume with clinical and anthropometric parameters, are not well clarified. Aim of the study was to investigate normal and hypoechoic-inhomogeneous not nodular thyroid gland in predicting thyroid tests, and to assess the correlation of thyroid volume with several clinical parameters. The series included 434 subjects (244 with normal thyroid ultrasonography, and 190 with hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid) at their first evaluation. Subjects with normal ultrasonography and skewed tests were re-evaluated after one year. All subjects with normal ultrasound showed normal free-T₄, while TSH was elevated in 9.8% of cases and thyroid antibodies were positive in another 9.8%. In patients with hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid, free-T₄ was low in 33.2%, TSH was elevated in 78.4% and thyroid antibodies were positive in 76.3%. Normal ultrasonography matched with normal tests in 81.1% of cases while hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid in 9.5% (p<0.001). The re-evaluation of tests showed no significant difference. In subjects with both normal ultrasonography and tests, thyroid volume was correlated with age (p=0.001), weight (p=0.003), BMI (p=0.04), body surface area (p=0.002). Thyroid laboratory assessment was different between subjects with ultrasonographically normal or hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid. Thyroid volume of thyroid diseases-free subjects was correlated with age, weight, BMI and body surface area, and this should be of interest to investigate the references of normality of thyroid size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ospedale Israelitico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Laurberg P, Andersen S, Carlé A, Karmisholt J, Knudsen N, Pedersen IB. The TSH upper reference limit: where are we at? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:232-9. [PMID: 21301488 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism--serum TSH levels above and T(4) levels within the laboratory reference ranges--depends critically on the upper limit of the TSH reference interval. Calls have been made to lower the current upper TSH reference limit of 4.0 mU/l to 2.5 mU/l to exclude patients with occult hypothyroidism. However, data from population studies do not indicate that the distribution of TSH is altered owing to inclusion of such individuals. The opposite suggestion has also been put forward; the TSH upper reference limit is often too low, especially in the elderly, in women and in white individuals, which may lead to unnecessary or even harmful therapy. Studies in elderly individuals have shown that although aging may be associated with increased TSH levels, paradoxically, overt hypothyroidism in this population may be associated with a less robust TSH response than in young individuals. This Review highlights the interindividual and intraindividual variability of TSH levels and discusses the current controversy that surrounds the appropriateness of reference ranges defined on the basis of age, race, sex and amount of iodine intake. Moreover, the current evidence on lowering or increasing the upper limit of the TSH reference interval is reviewed and the need to individualize levothyroxine treatment in patients with elevated TSH levels is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laurberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Postbox 365, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid disorders are prevalent and their manifestations are determined by the dietary iodine availability. SOURCES OF DATA Data from screening large population samples from USA and Europe. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide is iodine deficiency, leading to goitre formation and hypothyroidism. In iodine-replete areas, most persons with thyroid disorders have autoimmune disease. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Definition of thyroid disorders, selection criteria used, influence of age and sex, environmental factors and the different techniques used for assessment of thyroid function. GROWING POINTS Increasing incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Environmental iodine influences the epidemiology of non-malignant thyroid disease. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Iodine supplementation of populations with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. An evidence-based strategy for the risk stratification, treatment and follow-up of benign nodular thyroid disease. Is there any benefit in screening adults for thyroid dysfunction?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P J Vanderpump
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
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