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Bongale KR, Bhat VK, Shetty AM. The effect of fascia and free skin graft on the healing of mastoid cavity after canal wall down mastoidectomy. J Laryngol Otol 2021; 135:1-6. [PMID: 34612180 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215121002802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-mastoidectomy delayed cavity healing is a challenge to manage. This study aimed to cut down healing time with a simple technique (fascia with a skin graft) and compared it with controls without this technique. METHOD The current study was a prospective non-randomised controlled study, conducted in a tertiary referral hospital. Thirty cases and 30 controls with squamosal type chronic otitis media were studied. RESULTS By the end of first month, 23.3 per cent of cases had healed compared with 3.3 per cent of controls. At the third month follow up, 83.3 per cent of cases and 53.3 per cent of controls had healed. At the sixth month follow up, 93.3 per cent of cases and 86 per cent of controls had healed. CONCLUSION Healing of the mastoid cavity, as evidenced by epithelialisation and formation of a dry cavity, was faster in cases that received the graft when compared with controls without the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Bongale
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India
| | - V K Bhat
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India
| | - A M Shetty
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India
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Faramarzi M, Kaboodkhani R, Faramarzi A, Roosta S, Erfanizadeh M, Hosseinialhashemi M. Mastoid obliteration and external auditory canal reconstruction with silicone block in canal wall down mastoidectomy. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:1188-1195. [PMID: 34693003 PMCID: PMC8513454 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prevent cavity problems in canal wall down mastoidectomy, silicone block for mastoid obliteration was used. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 39 patients (21 males and 18 females) underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy and mastoid obliteration using silicone block. We evaluated the postoperative outcome, the time until epithelialization of the cavity, graft success rate, and the hearing outcome. RESULTS The time until complete epithelialization of the mastoid cavity was 35.5 ± 5.4 days. We had a graft success rate of 100% during the follow-ups. The postoperative evaluation revealed 36 dry ears (92.3%) patients without any cavity problems. However, one ear developed granulation tissue, and two ears had partially exposed silicone block, which required revision mastoidectomy. Regarding hearing outcomes, a complication such as deaf ear was not reported. CONCLUSION Silicone block is safe and suitable for mastoid obliteration and external auditory canal reconstruction in canal wall down mastoidectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faramarzi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck surgeryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Otolaryngology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Reza Kaboodkhani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck surgeryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Otolaryngology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Ali Faramarzi
- Otolaryngology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Sareh Roosta
- Otolaryngology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mohammadjavad Erfanizadeh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck surgeryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Milad Hosseinialhashemi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck surgeryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Faramarzi M, Kaboodkhani R, Roosta S, Azarpira N, Shishegar M, Bahranifard H. Application of amniotic membrane for covering mastoid cavity in canal wall down mastoidectomy. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:1453-1457. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faramarzi
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of OtolaryngologyShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Reza Kaboodkhani
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of OtolaryngologyShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Sareh Roosta
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of OtolaryngologyShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research CentreShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mahmood Shishegar
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of OtolaryngologyShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Hajar Bahranifard
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of OtolaryngologyShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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Idiopathic, Infectious and Reactive Lesions of the Ear and Temporal Bone. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 12:328-349. [PMID: 30069844 PMCID: PMC6081288 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of infectious, inflammatory and idiopathic lesions develop within otologic tissues that may share similar clinical and/or microscopic features. This review first provides a working classification for otitis externa, and then otitis media and includes two recently described entities, eosinophilic otitis media and otitis media with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Next, the microscopic findings of a spectrum of otopathologic conditions are described, including post-inflammatory conditions such as tympanosclerosis and aural polyps, an overview of animate aural foreign body as well as iatrogenic aural foreign body reactions. Finally, a review of fungal disease affecting the ear with a brief synopsis of Candida auris, a recently described and virulent organism, is presented.
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Henatsch D, Alsulami S, Duijvestijn AM, Cleutjens JP, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Stokroos RJ. Histopathological and Inflammatory Features of Chronically Discharging Open Mastoid Cavities: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 144:211-217. [PMID: 29327047 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Importance Many patients with an open radical mastoid cavity experience therapy-resistant otorrhea. Little is known about the underlying histopathological substrate of unstable cavities and the correlation with treatment failure. Objective To study the histopathological and inflammatory features of chronically discharging open radical mastoid cavities and the influence of different treatments. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial was a histopathology study of tissue samples of a cohort of 30 patients with a chronically discharging open mastoid cavity. Samples were taken from the cavities, which were treated with either honey gel or conventional eardrops in a tertiary center between 2012 and 2013. Tissue staining was performed in May 2014; final computer analysis/correlation studies were performed in June 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Differences of epithelial tissue coverage, infiltration of T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8) and macrophage (CD68, isoenzyme nitric oxide synthase, arginase 1) (sub-)populations, infection status, and the correlation with clinical presentation. Results There were 30 patients (24 [80%] male; mean [SD] age, 59 [14] years). Cavities were covered with either stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelium (n = 10), respiratory columnar epithelium (n = 9), or granulation tissue (n = 10). The presence of respiratory epithelium was associated with lower treatment success (posttreatment VAS improvement of 3.1 [95% CI, 0.5 to 5.8] for discomfort and 3.6 [95% CI, 0.2 to 6.9] for otorrhea in the group with granulation tissue coverage vs 4.9 [95% CI, 0.2 to 9.6] and 5.8 [95% CI, -0.1 to 11.6] in the group with squamous [keratinized] epithelium coverage and 1.4 [95% CI, -1.2 to 4.1] and 2.5 [95% CI, -1.3 to 6.2] in the group with respiratory columnar epithelium coverage). In all 3 tissue types of cavity-covering tissues, T-cell infiltrates consisted of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, together with a lower number of macrophages. The immunopositivity for isoenzyme nitric oxide synthase and arginase 1 was high and not restricted to a macrophage subpopulation, but seen in various cell types. Inflammatory infiltrations varied strongly in all 3 tissue modalities. Conclusions and Relevance Discharging open mastoid cavities can be classified histologically into 3 different types, based on their coverage: squamous epithelium, respiratory epithelium, or granulation tissue. Treatment is less successful in cavities covered with respiratory epithelium, possibly explained by the status of bacterial infection and local immunological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Henatsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sultan Alsulami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan M Duijvestijn
- Internal Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jack P Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carine J Peutz-Kootstra
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stokroos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Unique microbiology of chronically unstable canal wall down tympanomastoid cavities: considerations for surgical revision. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2013; 127:458-62. [PMID: 23552343 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215113000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the microbiology of open tympanomastoid cavities in patients who underwent revision surgery due to chronic instability. METHODS This paper describes a retrospective chart review of surgical revision cases of chronically unstable open mastoid cavities. Patient records from 2000 to 2010 were reviewed for the type of organism cultured, antimicrobial resistance and the presence of cholesteatoma. RESULTS In total, 121 revision surgical procedures were performed on 101 patients. Seventy-nine procedures involved culture specimen processing, 37 of which were positive. The most commonly cultured organism was Staphylococcus aureus, which was more than twice as common as any other pathogen. The presence of cholesteatoma had no impact on the likelihood of a positive culture or polymicrobial culture. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens were uncommon. CONCLUSION A positive culture was not an overwhelmingly common characteristic of unstable tympanomastoid cavities. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance did not appear to play an essential role in leading patients towards revision open mastoid surgery.
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Xia M, Hu G, Zhang H, Liu F, Xu A. Down-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 in the granulation tissues of postoperative mastoid cavities with otorrhea. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:1077-84. [PMID: 18607891 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701843076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and associated downstream events, such as the activation of signal pathway proteins and inflammatory cytokine production, were down-regulated in the granulation tissues of postoperative mastoid cavity with otorrhea, possibly leading to endotoxin tolerance. OBJECTIVE The postoperative mastoid cavity is exposed to a high density and diversity of bacteria, but very little is known about how the immune environment is maintained in these regions with otorrhea. In this study, we investigated the changes in the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways and inflammatory cytokine production in the granulation tissues of mastoid cavities with otorrhea and in normal auditory canal skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as downstream signal pathway proteins, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA binding, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in 28 samples of granulation tissue obtained from the postoperative mastoid cavity with otorrhea and 10 normal external auditory canal skin samples. RESULTS We found that the frequency of TLR2- and TLR4-positive cells was not increased in granulation tissues relative to normal skin, but the TLR4 mRNA and protein were down-regulated. In this pathophysiological process, there was also a lack of downstream signal pathway protein activation and secretion of TNF-alpha.
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Hung T, Leung N, van Hasselt CA, Liu KC, Tong M. Long-term Outcome of the Hong Kong Vascularized, Pedicled Temporalis Fascia Flap in Reconstruction of Mastoid Cavity. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:1403-7. [PMID: 17585280 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e3180686566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The vascularized, pedicled temporalis fascia flap (Hong Kong flap) is an established procedure in the reconstruction of the mastoid cavity. The long-term outcome and complications have not been studied. We set out to appraise this procedure in our study. STUDY DESIGN The clinical records of 302 ears that had the Hong Kong flap procedure from 1987 to 2006 were retrospectively studied. The study reviewed the otologic complaints leading to Hong Kong flap, the number and findings of the second or more looks, analysis of procedures year by year, time to achieve a dry ear, and the complications. RESULTS The main otologic complaint leading to use of the Hong Kong flap is otorrhoea. The number of Hong Kong flap procedures has decreased in recent years. Twenty-one percent had second or more looks after the procedure. Forty percent of the mastoid cavities at the second look were found to have residual or recurrent cholesteatoma. It takes a median of 2 months to achieve a dry ear after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the Hong Kong flap procedure is simple and desirable for mastoid reconstruction to achieve a safe and dry cavity with few complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Hung
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Khalil HS, Windle-Taylor PC. Canal wall down mastoidectomy: A long term commitment to the outpatients? BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2003; 3:1. [PMID: 12956889 PMCID: PMC201024 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6815-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2003] [Accepted: 09/04/2003] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Canal wall down and canal wall up mastoidectomy represent two surgical approaches to middle ear cleft pathology. Very few studies have examined the effects of these procedures both on the patients' well being and on the resources needed to maintain that state. In this study the authors report the outpatient attendance pattern of canal wall down mastoidectomy patients METHODS: This is a retrospective case-note review of 101 patients who underwent a CWD mastoidectomy at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK. All surgery was performed by the senior author (PCW-T) between 1985 and 1997. The main outcome measures were the frequency of outpatients' visits, clinical problems at visit and the percentage of discharged patients. RESULTS: The studied patients made a total of 1341 outpatient visits between November 1985 and December 1998 with an average of 13.3 visits per patient (median of 11 visits). Almost two thirds of the group still attend for regular follow up. The greatest number of visits occurred in the first 24 months after surgery. The commonest reasons for outpatient visits were the removal of the clinical features of chronic cavity inflammation. Residual/recurrent cholesteatoma, residual perforations and structural cavity problems were infrequent. CONCLUSION: CWD mastoidectomy carries an intrinsic morbidity resulting in a long term attendance in the outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham S Khalil
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon, U.K
| | - Paul C Windle-Taylor
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon, U.K
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Ferrer Ramírez MJ, Brotons Durban S, Carrasco Llatas M, Guallart Domenech F, Dalmau Galofre J, Murcia Puchades V, López Martínez R. [Why does a mastoidectomy cavity become suppurative? Our experience and revision of the literature]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2002; 53:14-8. [PMID: 11998513 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(02)78275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main goal for performing surgery for chronic otitis media is to eliminate the disease and improve hearing whenever possible. Persistent drainage of a mastoid cavity means failure of surgery and of achieving the goal. In this study, we present our department's attitude for suppurative mastoid cavities as well as the reasons that do not allow adequate control of them.
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Wormald PJ, van Hasselt CA. A technique of mastoidectomy and meatoplasty that minimizes factors associated with a discharging mastoid cavity. Laryngoscope 1999; 109:478-82. [PMID: 10089979 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199903000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present and assess a surgical technique designed to minimize the known causes of a discharging mastoid cavity. STUDY DESIGN A temporal bone dissection to establish the anatomical relationships on which the surgical technique is based. A presentation of the proposed surgical technique and a prospective assessment of the technique in twenty consecutive mastoidectomies. METHODS Five temporal bone dissections were performed to establish the relationship between the chorda tympani and the facial nerve when these structures are approached from above. The surgical technique is presented and the mastoid cavities of twenty consecutive patients assessed. The assessment included measurement of the facial ridge height, "kidney-shape" of the cavity, size of the cavity, size of the meatus, and state of the tympanic membrane. RESULTS In the temporal bone dissections the vertical height between the chorda tympani and the facial nerve at 3/9 o'clock was a mean of 2.01 mm. Nineteen of the 20 consecutive mastoid cavities (95%) performed with the presented technique remained well healed and dry. The mean facial ridge height was 2.7 mm at 3/9 o'clock and 4.8 mm at 6 o'clock. The kidney-shaped measurement was 1.45 mm. The mean size of the cavities was 2.6 mm and 18 of the 20 patients (90%) had an intact tympanic membrane. The mean largest diameter of the meatus was 10.1 mm. CONCLUSIONS The surgical technique presented produces a mastoid cavity with a low facial ridge and oval shape. These two factors have been previously identified as important in the outcome of mastoid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wormald
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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Somers T, Verbeken G, Vanhalle S, Delaey B, Duinslaeger L, Govaerts P, Offeciers E. Treatment of chronic postoperative otorrhea with cultured keratinocyte sheets. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997; 106:15-21. [PMID: 9006355 DOI: 10.1177/000348949710600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultured allogeneic ear keratinocyte sheets were used to treat 26 ears presenting with long-standing (average 37 months) chronic otorrhea, resistant to regular treatment, long after surgery for atresia (n = 8), cholesteatoma (n = 10), and chronic otitis media (n = 8). Complete epithelial healing and cessation of otorrhea were obtained in 18 cases (69%), following an average of 2.2 weekly applications. Temporary epithelial healing lasting at least 3 months was observed in 3 patients (12%) subsequently needing repeated applications. Lack of complete epithelialization was documented in 5 cases (19%). In 3 of those 5 cases, a reason could be determined. The authors speculate that the allocultured keratinocytes are able to promote migration and proliferation of resident cells at the wound edges, despite their short survival time, by release of keratinocyte-stimulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Somers
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Sint Augustinus Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Walsh RM, Davies MM, McGlashan JA, Bowdler DA. The role of the Davis graft technique in the treatment of chronic post-mastoidectomy otorrhoea. Clin Otolaryngol 1996; 21:162-7. [PMID: 8735404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of grafting mastoid cavities with small Davis cutaneous pinch grafts was assessed in 15 patients. Following revision of the cavity and Davis pinch grafting the resultant cavity was completely dry in 13 patients (87%) over a period ranging from 1 to 30 months with a mean of 7.3 months, with five becoming dry within 1 month. Patient satisfaction with respect to reduction in discharge and smell was excellent (87%). We believe that the Davis graft technique has a beneficial role in persistent post-mastoidectomy otorrhoea especially when previous standard revision techniques have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Walsh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lewisham Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Twenty patients who had undergone open cavity mastoidectomy for chronic middle ear disease were selected for study. Following initial microscopic aural toilet, each cavity was painted in its medial aspect with a marker solution of Bonney's Blue dye. Each patient was assessed at weekly intervals for a minimum of three months following application of dye, and a photographic record made of the cavity. Information was also sought regarding the clinical behaviour of the mastoid cavities, with particular regard to degree of otorrhoea, and accumulation of debris. Migration of epithelium inferred by visible movement of dye occurred in 17 of the 20 mastoid cavities. In all these cases migration occurred in a medial to lateral direction, towards the exterior. In two cases there was no visible migration throughout the period of observation, and inspection after six months revealed the dye to be still present in the original position. Both these cases were of dry trouble-free cavities in which accumulation of debris did not appear to be a problem. This finding calls into question the assumption that clean trouble-free cavities are maintained by a satisfactorily functioning epithelial migration. In the four cavities which suffered from intermittent otorrhoea, epithelial migration occurred at a similar rate to that in dry cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Youngs
- Department of Otolaryngology, West Suffolk Hospital
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