Increased red blood cell adhesiveness/aggregation owing to fibrinogen elevation in hypercholesterolaemic patients and the rationale of fibrinogen-lowering by LDL apheresis

Beyond cholesterol-pleiotropic effects of lipoprotein apheresis

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, which is caused mainly by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of blood vessels. Therefore, atherosclerosis represents a complex disorder, which induces damage or imbalance on different levels: for example, genes, cytokines, lipoproteins, cells, vessels, and organs. Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is a well-established extracorporeal treatment of severe hyperlipoproteinemia. In addition, LA may have simultaneously crucial effects on many other atherogenic factors during the treatments, for example, as vascular inflammation, rheology, mobilization of adult stem cells and gene expressions in blood or endothelial cells, which will be discussed in this short review. In addition, stable microRNAs besides tissues also appear in extracellular compartments, for example, vessels, involved in atherosclerotic processes, were found to be reduced by LA treatments. In summary, LA represents a complex therapeutic procedure, that provides an ideal tool for the treatment of complex disorders such as atherosclerosis.