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Lander BS, Layton AM, Garofano RP, Schwartz A, Engel DJ, Bello NA. Average Exercise Capacity in Men and Women >75 Years of Age Undergoing a Bruce Protocol Exercise Stress Test. Am J Cardiol 2022; 164:21-26. [PMID: 34844736 PMCID: PMC8727541 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exercise stress testing is routinely performed to evaluate suspected coronary artery disease in older adults. However, the available data to predict and compare relative exercise capacity in the general population were developed using predominantly younger, healthy cohorts with few or no women. This study aimed to describe the exercise capacity of patients older than 75 years who underwent a clinically indicated Bruce protocol exercise stress test. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 2,041 consecutive patients older than 75 years who performed a Bruce protocol exercise stress echocardiogram that was terminated because of maximal effort without ischemia at Columbia University Medical Center between April 10, 2009, and July 30, 2020. The analytic sample included 2,041 exercise stress tests in 786 women (median [interquartile range] age 79 [77 to 81] years) and 1,255 men (median [interquartile range] age 79 [77 to 82] years). Cardiovascular risk factors and clinical coronary disease were common and more prevalent in men than women. The median exercise time for men aged 76 to 80 years was 7:22 (minutes:seconds) and for women was 6:00 and significantly decreased in both genders as age increased (p <0.001). The mean (SD) METs achieved for women and men were 6.5 (1.6) and 7.7 (1.7), respectively. Most women (85%) and men (95%) completed the first stage, whereas only 32% of women and 64% of men completed the second stage. It was uncommon for women (3%) or men (15%) to complete the third stage. Fewer than 1% of patients completed the fourth stage, and none completed the fifth stage. At all ages, women had a lower exercise capacity than men. These data allow physicians to compare the exercise capacity of older patients who underwent a Bruce protocol exercise stress test more accurately to a representative sample of similarly aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Lander
- Department of Medicine, Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aimee M. Layton
- Cardiopulmonary Exercise Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert P. Garofano
- Cardiopulmonary Exercise Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allan Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J. Engel
- Department of Medicine, Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalie A. Bello
- Department of Medicine, Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Broullón FJ, Calviño-Santos R, Mosquera VX, Barbeito-Caamaño C, Larrañaga-Moreira JM, Maneiro-Melón N, Álvarez-García N, Vázquez-Rodríguez JM. Trends in referral patterns, invasive management, and mortality in elderly patients referred for exercise stress testing. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:787-91. [PMID: 26388254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scarce data are available on the temporal patterns in clinical characteristics and outcomes of elderly patients referred for exercise stress testing. We aimed to assess the trends in baseline characteristics, tests results, referrals for invasive management, and mortality in these patients. METHODS We evaluated 11,192 patients aged ≥65years who were referred for exercise stress testing between January 1998 and December 2013. Calendar years were grouped into four quadrennia (1998-2001, 2002-2005, 2006-2009, and 2010-2013), and trends in clinical characteristics of the patients, type and results of the tests, referrals for invasive management, and mortality across the different periods were assessed. RESULTS Despite a progressive decrease in the proportion of patients with non-interpretable baseline electrocardiograms or prior history of coronary artery disease, there was a gradual and marked increase in the use of cardiac imaging from 32.8% in 1998-2001 to 67.6% in 2010-2013 (p<0.001). In addition, despite a gradual decline in the probability of positive exercise stress testing both without imaging (from 18.9 to 13.6%, p<0.001) and with imaging assessment (from 40.2 to 29.7%, p<0.001), the cumulative rate of coronary revascularization at 1year increased (from 10.8 to 13.7%, p<0.001). One-year mortality also decreased progressively from 3% to 1.6% (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among older adults referred for exercise stress testing, we observed a decline over time in the probability of inducible myocardial ischemia, an increase in the use of cardiac imaging and in the rate of coronary revascularization, and an improvement in the survival rate at 1year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bouzas-Mosquera
- Unidad de Imagen y Función Cardíacas, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Jesús Peteiro
- Unidad de Imagen y Función Cardíacas, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J Broullón
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ramón Calviño-Santos
- Unidad de Hemodinámica, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Víctor X Mosquera
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cayetana Barbeito-Caamaño
- Unidad de Imagen y Función Cardíacas, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - José María Larrañaga-Moreira
- Unidad de Imagen y Función Cardíacas, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Nicolás Maneiro-Melón
- Unidad de Imagen y Función Cardíacas, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Nemesio Álvarez-García
- Unidad de Imagen y Función Cardíacas, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Manuel Vázquez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Hemodinámica, Servicio de Cardiología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
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Prognostic Value of Normal Exercise Echocardiography in a One-Year Follow-up. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, Coke LA, Fleg JL, Forman DE, Gerber TC, Gulati M, Madan K, Rhodes J, Thompson PD, Williams MA. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013; 128:873-934. [PMID: 23877260 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31829b5b44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1205] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RYK, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Williams SV. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 2012. [PMID: 23182125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1227] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, Douglas PS, Foody JM, Gerber TC, Hinderliter AL, King SB, Kligfield PD, Krumholz HM, Kwong RYK, Lim MJ, Linderbaum JA, Mack MJ, Munger MA, Prager RL, Sabik JF, Shaw LJ, Sikkema JD, Smith CR, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Williams SV, Anderson JL. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 2012; 126:e354-471. [PMID: 23166211 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e318277d6a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Rai M, Baker WL, Parker MW, Heller GV. Meta-analysis of optimal risk stratification in patients >65 years of age. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:1092-9. [PMID: 22795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis evaluated the optimal noninvasive strategy for cardiac risk assessment of patients >65 years of age with known or suspected coronary artery disease using the available literature. Patients >65 years of age constitute a growing proportion of the population and have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but an optimal strategy to predict the risk of cardiac events in this group is unknown. A systematic search of MEDLINE was performed for cohort studies of ≥100 patients >65 years old with ≥12 months of follow-up that reported cardiac death and/or nonfatal myocardial infarction after any of stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), stress echocardiography, or exercise tolerance testing (ETT) for known or suspected coronary artery disease. Pooled annualized event rates were calculated for each technique. Summary odds ratios (ORs) between normal and abnormal test results were calculated using a random-effects model. Seventeen studies (MPI 7, stress echocardiography 7, ETT 3) in 13,304 patients (mean age 75.5 years) were included. Abnormal compared to normal stress MPI (OR 11.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.5 to 18.7) and stress echocardiography (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.6 to 3.9) accurately stratified risk in patients. However, patients with abnormal and normal ETT results had similar cardiac event rates (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.8 to 11.5). In conclusion, stress imaging with MPI or stress echocardiography effectively stratified risk in patients, whereas ETT alone did not.
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Peteiro J, Bouzas-Mosquera A. Exercise echocardiography. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:223-32. [PMID: 21160588 PMCID: PMC2998822 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i8.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise echocardiography has been used for 30 years. It is now considered a consolidated technique for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Of the stress echocardiography techniques, it represents the first choice for patients who are able to exercise. Given that the cost-effectiveness and safety of stress echocardiography are higher than those of other imaging techniques, its use is likely to be expanded further. Recent research has also proposed this technique for the evaluation of cardiac pathology beyond CAD. Although the role of new technology is promising, the assessment of cardiac function relies on good quality black and white harmonic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Peteiro
- Jesus Peteiro, Alberto Bouzas-Mosquera, Laboratory of Echocardiography, Department of Cardiology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, 15011-A Coruña, Spain
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