1
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Baxter JS, Zatreanu D, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ. Resistance to DNA repair inhibitors in cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3811-3827. [PMID: 35567571 PMCID: PMC9627783 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a complex network of proteins which detect and repair DNA damage, thereby maintaining the integrity of the genome and preventing the transmission of mutations and rearranged chromosomes to daughter cells. Faults in the DDR are a known driver and hallmark of cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of DDR enzymes can be used to treat the disease. This is exemplified by PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used to treat cancers with defects in the homologous recombination DDR pathway. A series of novel DDR targets are now also under pre-clinical or clinical investigation, including inhibitors of ATR kinase, WRN helicase or the DNA polymerase/helicase Polθ (Pol-Theta). Drug resistance is a common phenomenon that impairs the overall effectiveness of cancer treatments and there is already some understanding of how resistance to PARPi occurs. Here, we discuss how an understanding of PARPi resistance could inform how resistance to new drugs targeting the DDR emerges. We also discuss potential strategies that could limit the impact of these therapy resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Diana Zatreanu
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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2
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Schrempf A, Slyskova J, Loizou JI. Targeting the DNA Repair Enzyme Polymerase θ in Cancer Therapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:98-111. [PMID: 33109489 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies represent a milestone towards personalized treatment as they function via inhibition of cancer-specific alterations. Polymerase θ (POLQ), an error-prone translesion polymerase, also involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, is often upregulated in cancer. POLQ is synthetic lethal with various DNA repair genes, including known cancer drivers such as BRCA1/2, making it essential in homologous recombination-deficient cancers. Thus, POLQ represents a promising target in cancer therapy and efforts for the development of POLQ inhibitors are actively underway with first clinical trials due to start in 2021. This review summarizes the journey of POLQ from a backup DNA repair enzyme to a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schrempf
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Slyskova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Kim DV, Makarova AV, Miftakhova RR, Zharkov DO. Base Excision DNA Repair Deficient Cells: From Disease Models to Genotoxicity Sensors. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:298-312. [PMID: 31198112 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319112930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Base excision DNA repair (BER) is a vitally important pathway that protects the cell genome from many kinds of DNA damage, including oxidation, deamination, and hydrolysis. It involves several tightly coordinated steps, starting from damaged base excision and followed by nicking one DNA strand, incorporating an undamaged nucleotide, and DNA ligation. Deficiencies in BER are often embryonic lethal or cause morbid diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, or severe immune pathologies. Starting from the early 1980s, when the first mammalian cell lines lacking BER were produced by spontaneous mutagenesis, such lines have become a treasure trove of valuable information about the mechanisms of BER, often revealing unexpected connections with other cellular processes, such as antibody maturation or epigenetic demethylation. In addition, these cell lines have found an increasing use in genotoxicity testing, where they provide increased sensitivity and representativity to cell-based assay panels. In this review, we outline current knowledge about BER-deficient cell lines and their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Kim
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alena V Makarova
- RAS Institute of Molecular Genetics, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Regina R Miftakhova
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevsakaya St., Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry O Zharkov
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fu ndamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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4
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Mara K, Charlot F, Guyon-Debast A, Schaefer DG, Collonnier C, Grelon M, Nogué F. POLQ plays a key role in the repair of CRISPR/Cas9-induced double-stranded breaks in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1380-1391. [PMID: 30636294 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded breaks can be repaired by different mechanisms such as homologous recombination (HR), classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) and alternative end joining (Alt-EJ). Polymerase Q (POLQ) has been proposed to be the main factor involved in Alt-EJ-mediated DNA repair. Here we describe the role of POLQ in DNA repair and gene targeting in Physcomitrella patens. The disruption of the POLQ gene does not influence the genetic stability of P. patens nor its development. The polq mutant shows the same sensitivity as wild-type towards most of the genotoxic agents tested (ultraviolet (UV), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and cisplatin) with the notable exception of bleomycin for which it shows less sensitivity than the wild-type. Furthermore, we show that POLQ is involved in the repair of CRISPR-Cas9-induced double-stranded breaks in P. patens. We also demonstrate that POLQ is a potential competitor and/or inhibitor of the HR repair pathway. This finding has a consequence in terms of genetic engineering, as in the absence of POLQ the frequency of gene targeting is significantly increased and the number of clean two-sided HR-mediated insertions is enhanced. Therefore, the control of POLQ activity in plants could be a useful strategy to optimize the tools of genome engineering for plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostlend Mara
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Florence Charlot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Anouchka Guyon-Debast
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Didier G Schaefer
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Collonnier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Mathilde Grelon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
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5
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Family A and B DNA Polymerases in Cancer: Opportunities for Therapeutic Interventions. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7010005. [PMID: 29301327 PMCID: PMC5872031 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerases are essential for genome replication, DNA repair and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Broadly, these enzymes belong to two groups: replicative and non-replicative DNA polymerases. A considerable body of data suggests that both groups of DNA polymerases are associated with cancer. Many mutations in cancer cells are either the result of error-prone DNA synthesis by non-replicative polymerases, or the inability of replicative DNA polymerases to proofread mismatched nucleotides due to mutations in 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Moreover, non-replicative, TLS-capable DNA polymerases can negatively impact cancer treatment by synthesizing DNA past lesions generated from treatments such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, etoposide, bleomycin, and radiotherapy. Hence, the inhibition of DNA polymerases in tumor cells has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes. Here, we review the association of DNA polymerases in cancer from the A and B families, which participate in lesion bypass, and conduct gene replication. We also discuss possible therapeutic interventions that could be used to maneuver the role of these enzymes in tumorigenesis.
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Klemm T, Mannuß A, Kobbe D, Knoll A, Trapp O, Dorn A, Puchta H. The DNA translocase RAD5A acts independently of the other main DNA repair pathways, and requires both its ATPase and RING domain for activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:725-740. [PMID: 28509359 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pathways exist to repair DNA damage induced by methylating and crosslinking agents in Arabidopsis thaliana. The SWI2/SNF2 translocase RAD5A, the functional homolog of budding yeast Rad5 that is required for the error-free branch of post-replicative repair, plays a surprisingly prominent role in the repair of both kinds of lesions in Arabidopsis. Here we show that both the ATPase domain and the ubiquitination function of the RING domain of the Arabidopsis protein are essential for the cellular response to different forms of DNA damage. To define the exact role of RAD5A within the complex network of DNA repair pathways, we crossed the rad5a mutant line with mutants of different known repair factors of Arabidopsis. We had previously shown that RAD5A acts independently of two main pathways of replication-associated DNA repair defined by the helicase RECQ4A and the endonuclease MUS81. The enhanced sensitivity of all double mutants tested in this study indicates that the repair of damaged DNA by RAD5A also occurs independently of nucleotide excision repair (AtRAD1), single-strand break repair (AtPARP1), as well as microhomology-mediated double-strand break repair (AtTEB). Moreover, RAD5A can partially complement for a deficient AtATM-mediated DNA damage response in plants, as the double mutant shows phenotypic growth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Klemm
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Kobbe
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Knoll
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Annika Dorn
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Dai CH, Chen P, Li J, Lan T, Chen YC, Qian H, Chen K, Li MY. Co-inhibition of pol θ and HR genes efficiently synergize with cisplatin to suppress cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells survival. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65157-65170. [PMID: 27533083 PMCID: PMC5323145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin exert its anticancer effect by creating intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links which block DNA replication and is a major drug used to treat lung cancer. However, the main obstacle of the efficacy of treatment is drug resistance. Here, we show that expression of translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase Q (POLQ) was significantly elevated by exposure of lung cancer cells A549/DR (a cisplatin-resistant A549 cell line) to cisplatin. POLQ expression correlated inversely with homologous recombination (HR) activity. Co-depletion of BRCA2 and POLQ by siRNA markedly increased sensitivity of A549/DR cells to cisplatin, which was accompanied with impairment of double strand breaks (DSBs) repair reflected by prominent cell cycle checkpoint response, increased chromosomal aberrations and persistent colocalization of p-ATM and 53BP1 foci induced by cisplatin. Thus, co-knockdown of POLQ and HR can efficiently synergize with cisplatin to inhibit A549/DR cell survival by inhibiting DNA DSBs repair. Similar results were observed in A549/DR cells co-depleted of BRCA2 and POLQ following BMN673 (a PARP inhibitor) treatment. Importantly, the sensitization effects to cisplatin and BMN673 in A549/DR cells by co-depleting BRCA2 and POLQ was stronger than those by co-depleting BRCA2 and other TLS factors including POLH, REV3, or REV1. Our results indicate that there is a synthetic lethal relationship between pol θ-mediated DNA repair and HR pathways. Pol θ may be considered as a novel target for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tin Lan
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mei-Yu Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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8
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Brandalize APC, Schüler-Faccini L, Hoffmann JS, Caleffi M, Cazaux C, Ashton-Prolla P. A DNA repair variant in POLQ (c.-1060A > G) is associated to hereditary breast cancer patients: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:850. [PMID: 25409685 PMCID: PMC4246548 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the hallmarks of cancer is the occurrence of high levels of chromosomal rearrangements as a result of inaccurate repair of double-strand breaks (DSB). Germline mutations in BRCA and RAD51 genes, involved in DSB repair, are strongly associated with hereditary breast cancer. Pol θ, a translesional DNA polymerase specialized in the replication of damaged DNA, has been also shown to contribute to DNA synthesis associated to DSB repair. It is noteworthy that POLQ is highly expressed in breast tumors and this expression is able to predict patient outcome. The objective of this study was to analyze genetic variants related to POLQ as new population biomarkers of risk in hereditary (HBC) and sporadic (SBC) breast cancer. METHODS We analyzed through case-control study nine SNPs of POLQ in hereditary (HBC) and sporadic (SBC) breast cancer patients using Taqman Real Time PCR assays. Polymorphisms were systematically identified through the NCBI database and are located within exons or promoter regions. We recruited 204 breast cancer patients (101 SBC and 103 HBC) and 212 unaffected controls residing in Southern Brazil. RESULTS The rs581553 SNP located in the promoter region was strongly associated with HBC (c.-1060A > G; HBC GG = 15, Control TT = 8; OR = 5.67, CI95% = 2.26-14.20; p < 0.0001). Interestingly, 11 of 15 homozygotes for this polymorphism fulfilled criteria for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome. Furthermore, 12 of them developed bilateral breast cancer and one had a familial history of bilateral breast cancer. This polymorphism was also associated with bilateral breast cancer in 67 patients (OR = 9.86, CI95% = 3.81-25.54). There was no statistically significant difference of age at breast cancer diagnosis between SNP carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS Considering that Pol θ is involved in DBS repair, our results suggest that this polymorphism may contribute to the etiology of HBC, particularly in patients with bilateral breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Carneiro Brandalize
- />Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Laboratory of Genomics, Proteomics and DNA Repair, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schüler-Faccini
- />Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- />Equipe « Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 » INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294, CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), Toulouse Oncopole, France
- />University of Toulouse; UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christophe Cazaux
- />Equipe « Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 » INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294, CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), Toulouse Oncopole, France
- />University of Toulouse; UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- />Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Fernandez-Vidal A, Guitton-Sert L, Cadoret JC, Drac M, Schwob E, Baldacci G, Cazaux C, Hoffmann JS. A role for DNA polymerase θ in the timing of DNA replication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4285. [PMID: 24989122 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is known to carry out translesion synthesis and has been implicated in DNA repair, its physiological function under normal growth conditions remains unclear. Here we present evidence that Pol θ plays a role in determining the timing of replication in human cells. We find that Pol θ binds to chromatin during early G1, interacts with the Orc2 and Orc4 components of the Origin recognition complex and that the association of Mcm proteins with chromatin is enhanced in G1 when Pol θ is downregulated. Pol θ-depleted cells exhibit a normal density of activated origins in S phase, but early-to-late and late-to-early shifts are observed at a number of replication domains. Pol θ overexpression, on the other hand, causes delayed replication. Our results therefore suggest that Pol θ functions during the earliest steps of DNA replication and influences the timing of replication initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fernandez-Vidal
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France [3]
| | - Laure Guitton-Sert
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France [3]
| | - Jean-Charles Cadoret
- 1] Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS and University Paris-Diderot, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, Cedex 13 75205, France [2]
| | - Marjorie Drac
- Institut of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR5535 and University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Etienne Schwob
- Institut of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR5535 and University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Giuseppe Baldacci
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS and University Paris-Diderot, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, Cedex 13 75205, France
| | - Christophe Cazaux
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France
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10
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Yousefzadeh MJ, Wood RD. DNA polymerase POLQ and cellular defense against DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:1-9. [PMID: 23219161 PMCID: PMC3534860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, POLQ (pol θ) is an unusual specialized DNA polymerase whose in vivo function is under active investigation. POLQ has been implicated by different experiments to play a role in resistance to ionizing radiation and defense against genomic instability, in base excision repair, and in immunological diversification. The protein is formed by an N-terminal helicase-like domain, a C-terminal DNA polymerase domain, and a large central domain that spans between the two. This arrangement is also found in the Drosophila Mus308 protein, which functions in resistance to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents. Homologs of POLQ and Mus308 are found in multicellular eukaryotes, including plants, but a comparison of phenotypes suggests that not all of these genes are functional orthologs. Flies defective in Mus308 are sensitive to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents, while mammalian cells defective in POLQ are primarily sensitive to DNA double-strand breaking agents. Cells from Polq(-/-) mice are hypersensitive to radiation and peripheral blood cells display increased spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced levels of micronuclei (a hallmark of gross chromosomal aberrations), though mice apparently develop normally. Loss of POLQ in human and mouse cells causes sensitivity to ionizing radiation and other double strand breaking agents and increased DNA damage signaling. Retrospective studies of clinical samples show that higher levels of POLQ gene expression in breast and colorectal cancer are correlated with poorer outcomes for patients. A clear understanding of the mechanism of action and physiologic function of POLQ in the cell is likely to bear clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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11
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Hogg M, Sauer-Eriksson AE, Johansson E. Promiscuous DNA synthesis by human DNA polymerase θ. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:2611-22. [PMID: 22135286 PMCID: PMC3315306 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological role of human DNA polymerase θ (POLQ) is not yet clearly defined, but it has been proposed to participate in several cellular processes based on its translesion synthesis capabilities. POLQ is a low-fidelity polymerase capable of efficient bypass of blocking lesions such as abasic sites and thymine glycols as well as extension of mismatched primer termini. Here, we show that POLQ possesses a DNA polymerase activity that appears to be template independent and allows efficient extension of single-stranded DNA as well as duplex DNA with either protruding or multiply mismatched 3'-OH termini. We hypothesize that this DNA synthesis activity is related to the proposed role for POLQ in the repair or tolerance of double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hogg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A. Elisabeth Sauer-Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Paz MM, Pritsos CA. The Molecular Toxicology of Mitomycin C. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Knobel PA, Marti TM. Translesion DNA synthesis in the context of cancer research. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:39. [PMID: 22047021 PMCID: PMC3224763 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, replication of the genomic DNA is performed by high-fidelity DNA polymerases but these error-free enzymes can not synthesize across damaged DNA. Specialized DNA polymerases, so called DNA translesion synthesis polymerases (TLS polymerases), can replicate damaged DNA thereby avoiding replication fork breakdown and subsequent chromosomal instability. We focus on the involvement of mammalian TLS polymerases in DNA damage tolerance mechanisms. In detail, we review the discovery of TLS polymerases and describe the molecular features of all the mammalian TLS polymerases identified so far. We give a short overview of the mechanisms that regulate the selectivity and activity of TLS polymerases. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge how different types of DNA damage, relevant either for the induction or treatment of cancer, are bypassed by TLS polymerases. Finally, we elucidate the relevance of TLS polymerases in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Knobel
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinic and Polyclinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, Häldeliweg 4, CH-8044 Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Li Y, Gao X, Wang JY. Comparison of two POLQ mutants reveals that a polymerase-inactive POLQ retains significant function in tolerance to etoposide and γ-irradiation in mouse B cells. Genes Cells 2011; 16:973-83. [PMID: 21883722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase θ (POLQ) is a family A polymerase that contains an intrinsic helicase domain. POLQ has been implicated in tolerance to DNA damage but whether this depends solely on its polymerase domain remains unknown. In this study, we generated POLQ-null CH12F3 B cells by gene targeting and compared their sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents with previously established POLQ-inactive CH12F3 cells in which only the polymerase core domain was deleted. Compared with WT cells, POLQ-null and POLQ-inactive cells exhibited similarly increased sensitivity to mitomycin C, cisplatin, and ultraviolet radiation, suggesting that tolerance to these DNA-damaging agents depends largely on POLQ polymerase activity. Intriguingly, POLQ-null cells exhibited higher sensitivity than did POLQ-inactive cells to etoposide and γ-irradiation, both of which induce double-strand breaks (DSBs). This observation indicates that the polymerase-deleted POLQ, expressed in POLQ-inactive cells, retains significant function in tolerance to these agents. Class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes, which involves repair of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-triggered DSBs, however, was unaffected in both POLQ-null and POLQ-inactive cells. These results suggest that the polymerase and other functional domains of POLQ both play important roles in tolerance to etoposide and γ-irradiation but are dispensable for AID-mediated class switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, China
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15
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Mannuss A, Trapp O, Puchta H. Gene regulation in response to DNA damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:154-65. [PMID: 21867786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To deal with different kinds of DNA damages, there are a number of repair pathways that must be carefully orchestrated to guarantee genomic stability. Many proteins that play a role in DNA repair are involved in multiple pathways and need to be tightly regulated to conduct the functions required for efficient repair of different DNA damage types, such as double strand breaks or DNA crosslinks caused by radiation or genotoxins. While most of the factors involved in DNA repair are conserved throughout the different kingdoms, recent results have shown that the regulation of their expression is variable between different organisms. In the following paper, we give an overview of what is currently known about regulating factors and gene expression in response to DNA damage and put this knowledge in context with the different DNA repair pathways in plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant gene regulation in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mannuss
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Luke AM, Chastain PD, Pachkowski BF, Afonin V, Takeda S, Kaufman DG, Swenberg JA, Nakamura J. Accumulation of true single strand breaks and AP sites in base excision repair deficient cells. Mutat Res 2010; 694:65-71. [PMID: 20851134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single strand breaks (SSBs) are one of the most frequent DNA lesions caused by endogenous and exogenous agents. The most utilized alkaline-based assays for SSB detection frequently give false positive results due to the presence of alkali-labile sites that are converted to SSBs. Methoxyamine, an acidic O-hydroxylamine, has been utilized to measure DNA damage in cells. However, the neutralization of methoxyamine is required prior to usage. Here we developed a convenient, specific SSB assay using alkaline gel electrophoresis (AGE) coupled with a neutral O-hydroxylamine, O-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)hydroxylamine (OTX). OTX stabilizes abasic sites (AP sites) to prevent their alkaline incision while still allowing for strong alkaline DNA denaturation. DNA from DT40 and isogenic polymerase β null cells exposed to methyl methanesulfonate were applied to the OTX-coupled AGE (OTX-AGE) assay. Time-dependent increases in SSBs were detected in each cell line with more extensive SSB formation in the null cells. These findings were supported by an assay that indirectly detects SSBs through measuring NAD(P)H depletion. An ARP-slot blot assay demonstrated a significant time-dependent increase in AP sites in both cell lines by 1mM MMS compared to control. Furthermore, the Pol β-null cells displayed greater AP site formation than the parental DT40 cells. OTX use represents a facile approach for assessing SSB formation, whose benefits can also be applied to other established SSB assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Luke
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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17
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Lemée F, Bergoglio V, Fernandez-Vidal A, Machado-Silva A, Pillaire MJ, Bieth A, Gentil C, Baker L, Martin AL, Leduc C, Lam E, Magdeleine E, Filleron T, Oumouhou N, Kaina B, Seki M, Grimal F, Lacroix-Triki M, Thompson A, Roché H, Bourdon JC, Wood RD, Hoffmann JS, Cazaux C. DNA polymerase theta up-regulation is associated with poor survival in breast cancer, perturbs DNA replication, and promotes genetic instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13390-5. [PMID: 20624954 PMCID: PMC2922118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910759107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
"Replicative stress" is one of the main factors underlying neoplasia from its early stages. Genes involved in DNA synthesis may therefore represent an underexplored source of potential prognostic markers for cancer. To this aim, we generated gene expression profiles from two independent cohorts (France, n=206; United Kingdom, n=117) of patients with previously untreated primary breast cancers. We report here that among the 13 human nuclear DNA polymerase genes, DNA Polymerase (POLQ) is the only one significantly up-regulated in breast cancer compared with normal breast tissues. Importantly, POLQ up-regulation significantly correlates with poor clinical outcome (4.3-fold increased risk of death in patients with high POLQ expression), and this correlation is independent of Cyclin E expression or the number of positive nodes, which are currently considered as markers for poor outcome. POLQ expression provides thus an additional indicator for the survival outcome of patients with high Cyclin E tumor expression or high number of positive lymph nodes. Furthermore, to decipher the molecular consequences of POLQ up-regulation in breast cancer, we generated human MRC5-SV cell lines that stably overexpress POLQ. Strong POLQ expression was directly associated with defective DNA replication fork progression and chromosomal damage. Therefore, POLQ overexpression may be a promising genetic instability and prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lemée
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fernandez-Vidal
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Machado-Silva
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
- European Associated Laboratory, University of Dundee, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U858, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Jeanne Pillaire
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bieth
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Gentil
- Service d’ Epidémiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U558, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Lee Baker
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laure Martin
- Fédération des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer, 75654 Paris, France
| | - Claire Leduc
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Elena Lam
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eddy Magdeleine
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Filleron
- Institut Claudius Régaud, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Naïma Oumouhou
- Service d’ Epidémiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U558, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mineaki Seki
- Laboratories for Organismal Biosystems, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fanny Grimal
- Département d’ Oncogenèse et de Signalisation des Cellules Hématopoïétiques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U563, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31059 Toulouse, France; and
| | - Magali Lacroix-Triki
- Institut Claudius Régaud, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Alastair Thompson
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Roché
- Institut Claudius Régaud, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- European Associated Laboratory, University of Dundee, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U858, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Wood
- Science Park–Research Division, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Cazaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
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18
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Inagaki S, Nakamura K, Morikami A. A link among DNA replication, recombination, and gene expression revealed by genetic and genomic analysis of TEBICHI gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000613. [PMID: 19696887 PMCID: PMC2721414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression during development depends on many factors. Mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana TEBICHI (TEB) gene encoding putative helicase and DNA polymerase domains-containing protein result in defects in meristem maintenance and correct organ formation, as well as constitutive DNA damage response and a defect in cell cycle progression; but the molecular link between these phenotypes of teb mutants is unknown. Here, we show that mutations in the DNA replication checkpoint pathway gene, ATR, but not in ATM gene, enhance developmental phenotypes of teb mutants, although atr suppresses cell cycle defect of teb mutants. Developmental phenotypes of teb mutants are also enhanced by mutations in RAD51D and XRCC2 gene, which are involved in homologous recombination. teb and teb atr double mutants exhibit defects in adaxial-abaxial polarity of leaves, which is caused in part by the upregulation of ETTIN (ETT)/AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR 3 (ARF3) and ARF4 genes. The Helitron transposon in the upstream of ETT/ARF3 gene is likely to be involved in the upregulation of ETT/ARF3 in teb. Microarray analysis indicated that teb and teb atr causes preferential upregulation of genes nearby the Helitron transposons. Furthermore, interestingly, duplicated genes, especially tandemly arrayed homologous genes, are highly upregulated in teb or teb atr. We conclude that TEB is required for normal progression of DNA replication and for correct expression of genes during development. Interplay between these two functions and possible mechanism leading to altered expression of specific genes will be discussed. DNA replication, repair, and recombination are interrelated processes. Chromatin structure, into which DNA is packaged, is important for regulation of DNA replication, repair, and recombination, as well as gene transcription. After DNA replication and repair, chromatin status including its structure and modification has to be reproduced, and defects in these processes can alter gene expression program because of change in chromatin regulation. Our series of genetic analysis of tebichi (teb) mutant of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that TEB gene is involved in DNA replication and recombination. We also show here that TEB gene is required for correct expression of many genes including genes regulating development. From these results we propose that TEB gene function is important for maintenance of gene expression pattern after DNA replication and recombination. Furthermore, preferential upregulation of genes near highly duplicated transposons and tandemly arrayed homologous genes are observed in teb mutants, suggesting the interrelationship between homologous recombination and gene transcription around the repetitive sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Inagaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bio-agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.
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19
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Goff JP, Shields DS, Seki M, Choi S, Epperly MW, Dixon T, Wang H, Bakkenist CJ, Dertinger SD, Torous DK, Wittschieben J, Wood RD, Greenberger JS. Lack of DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) radiosensitizes bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and increases reticulocyte micronuclei after total-body irradiation. Radiat Res 2009; 172:165-74. [PMID: 19630521 PMCID: PMC2742993 DOI: 10.1667/rr1598.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Mammalian POLQ (pol theta) is a specialized DNA polymerase with an unknown function in vivo. Roles have been proposed in chromosome stability, as a backup enzyme in DNA base excision repair, and in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. The purified enzyme can bypass AP sites and thymine glycol. Mice defective in POLQ are viable and have been reported to have elevated spontaneous and radiation-induced frequencies of micronuclei in circulating red blood cells. To examine the potential roles of POLQ in hematopoiesis and in responses to oxidative stress responses, including ionizing radiation, bone marrow cultures and marrow stromal cell lines were established from Polq(+/+) and Polq(-/-) mice. Aging of bone marrow cultures was not altered, but Polq(-/-) cells were more sensitive to gamma radiation than were Polq(+/+) cells. The D(0) was 1.38 +/- 0.06 Gy for Polq(+/+) cells compared to 1.27 +/- 0.16 and 0.98 +/- 0.10 Gy (P = 0.032) for two Polq(-/-) clones. Polq(-/-) cells were moderately more sensitive to bleomycin than Polq(+/+) cells and were not hypersensitive to paraquat or hydrogen peroxide. ATM kinase activation appeared to be normal in gamma-irradiated Polq(-/-) cells. Inhibition of ATM kinase activity increased the radiosensitivity of Polq(+/+) cells slightly but did not affect Polq(-/-) cells. Polq(-/-) mice had more spontaneous and radiation-induced micronucleated reticulocytes than Polq+/+ and (+/-) mice. The sensitivity of POLQ-defective bone marrow stromal cells to ionizing radiation and bleomycin and the increase in micronuclei in red blood cells support a role for this DNA polymerase in cellular tolerance of DNA damage that can lead to double-strand DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P. Goff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Donna S. Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Mineaki Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Serah Choi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Tracy Dixon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | | | | | - John Wittschieben
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Richard D. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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20
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Han L, Yu K. Altered kinetics of nonhomologous end joining and class switch recombination in ligase IV-deficient B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2745-53. [PMID: 19001141 PMCID: PMC2585838 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination (CSR) is believed to occur through the generation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the long and repetitive switch regions. Although implied, the role of the major vertebrate DSB repair pathway, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), in CSR has been controversial. By somatic gene targeting of DNA ligase IV (Lig4; a key component of NHEJ) in a B cell line (CH12F3) capable of highly efficient CSR in vitro, we found that NHEJ is required for efficient CSR. Disruption of the Lig4 gene in CH12F3 cells severely inhibits the initial rate of CSR and causes a late cell proliferation defect under cytokine stimulation. However, unlike V(D)J recombination, which absolutely requires NHEJ, CSR accumulates to a substantial level in Lig4-null cells. The data revealed a fast-acting NHEJ and a slow-acting alterative end joining of switch region breaks during CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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21
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Muzzini DM, Plevani P, Boulton SJ, Cassata G, Marini F. Caenorhabditis elegans POLQ-1 and HEL-308 function in two distinct DNA interstrand cross-link repair pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:941-50. [PMID: 18472307 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are highly cytotoxic DNA lesions hindering DNA replication and transcription. Whereas in bacteria and yeast the molecular mechanisms involved in ICL repair are genetically well dissected, the scenario in multicellular organisms remains unclear. Here, we report that the two new mus308 genes, polq-1 and hel-308 are involved in ICL repair in Caenorhabditis elegans. After treatment with ICL agents, a decrease in survival and an increase in checkpoint-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of germ cells is observed in mutants of both genes. Although sensitive to ICL agents and to a minor extent to IR, cytological and epistatic analyses suggest that polq-1 and hel-308 are involved in different DNA repair pathways. While hel-308 functions in a Fanconi anemia-dependent pathway, polq-1 has a role in a novel distinct and brc-1 (CeBRCA1)-dependent ICL repair process in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Muzzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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22
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Fowler JD, Brown JA, Johnson KA, Suo Z. Kinetic investigation of the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine on DNA polymerization catalyzed by human mitochondrial DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15339-48. [PMID: 18378680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800310200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine, 2'-deoxy-2', 2'-difluorocytidine (dFdC), is a drug approved for use against various solid tumors. Clinically, this moderately toxic nucleoside analog causes peripheral neuropathy, hematological dysfunction, and pulmonary toxicity in cancer patients. Although these side effects closely mimic symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction, there is no direct evidence to show gemcitabine interferes with mitochondrial DNA replication catalyzed by human DNA polymerase gamma. Here we employed presteady state kinetic methods to directly investigate the incorporation of the 5'-triphosphorylated form of gemcitabine (dFdCTP), the excision of the incorporated monophosphorylated form (dFdCMP), and the bypass of template base dFdC catalyzed by human DNA polymerase gamma. Opposite template base dG, dFdCTP was incorporated with a 432-fold lower efficiency than dCTP. Although dFdC is not a chain terminator, the incorporated dFdCMP decreased the incorporation efficiency of the next 2 correct nucleotides by 214- and 7-fold, respectively. Moreover, the primer 3'-dFdCMP was excised with a 50-fold slower rate than the matched 3'-dCMP. When dFdC was encountered as a template base, DNA polymerase gamma paused at the lesion and one downstream position but eventually elongated the primer to full-length product. These pauses were because of a 1,000-fold decrease in nucleotide incorporation efficiency. Interestingly, the polymerase fidelity at these pause sites decreased by 2 orders of magnitude. Thus, our pre-steady state kinetic studies provide direct evidence demonstrating the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine on the activity of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Fowler
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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23
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Seki M, Wood RD. DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) can extend from mismatches and from bases opposite a (6-4) photoproduct. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:119-27. [PMID: 17920341 PMCID: PMC2185714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (pol theta) is a nuclear A-family DNA polymerase encoded by the POLQ gene in vertebrate cells. The biochemical properties of pol theta and of Polq-defective mice have suggested that pol theta participates in DNA damage tolerance. For example, pol theta was previously found to be proficient not only in incorporation of a nucleotide opposite a thymine glycol or an abasic site, but also extends a polynucleotide chain efficiently from the base opposite the lesion. We carried out experiments to determine whether this ability to extend from non-standard termini is a more general property of the enzyme. Pol theta extended relatively efficiently from matched termini as well as termini with A:G, A:T and A:C mismatches, with less descrimination than a well-studied A-family DNA polymerase, exonuclease-free pol I from E. coli. Although pol theta was unable to, by itself, bypass a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer or a (6-4) photoproduct, it could perform some extension from primers with bases placed across from these lesions. When pol theta was combined with DNA polymerase iota, an enzyme that can insert a base opposite a UV-induced (6-4) photoproduct, complete bypass of a (6-4) photoproduct was possible. These data show that in addition to its ability to insert nucleotides opposite some DNA lesions, pol theta is proficient at extension of unpaired termini. These results show the potential of pol theta to act as an extender after incorporation of nucleotides by other DNA polymerases, and aid in understanding the role of pol theta in somatic mutagenesis and genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineaki Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
| | - Richard D. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
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24
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Yoshimura M, Kohzaki M, Nakamura J, Asagoshi K, Sonoda E, Hou E, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Tano K, Yasui A, Lan L, Seki M, Wood RD, Arakawa H, Buerstedde JM, Hochegger H, Okada T, Hiraoka M, Takeda S. Vertebrate POLQ and POLbeta cooperate in base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage. Mol Cell 2006; 24:115-25. [PMID: 17018297 PMCID: PMC1868411 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) plays an essential role in protecting cells from mutagenic base damage caused by oxidative stress, hydrolysis, and environmental factors. POLQ is a DNA polymerase, which appears to be involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) past base damage. We disrupted POLQ, and its homologs HEL308 and POLN in chicken DT40 cells, and also created polq/hel308 and polq/poln double mutants. We found that POLQ-deficient mutants exhibit hypersensitivity to oxidative base damage induced by H(2)O(2), but not to UV or cisplatin. Surprisingly, this phenotype was synergistically increased by concomitant deletion of the major BER polymerase, POLbeta. Moreover, extracts from a polq null mutant cell line show reduced BER activity, and POLQ, like POLbeta, accumulated rapidly at sites of base damage. Accordingly, POLQ and POLbeta share an overlapping function in the repair of oxidative base damage. Taken together, these results suggest a role for vertebrate POLQ in BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yoshimura
- Department of Radiation Genetics, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507
| | - Masaoki Kohzaki
- Department of Radiation Genetics, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, 2 Asashironishi, Kumatoricho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kenjiro Asagoshi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Eiichiro Sonoda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Esther Hou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Samuel H. Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Keizo Tano
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, 2 Asashironishi, Kumatoricho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryomachi 4-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryomachi 4-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mineaki Seki
- University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Research Pavilion Suite 2.6, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Richard D. Wood
- University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Research Pavilion Suite 2.6, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Buerstedde
- Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Department of Radiation Genetics, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Radiation Genetics, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
- *Correspondence:
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Pavlov YI, Shcherbakova PV, Rogozin IB. Roles of DNA Polymerases in Replication, Repair, and Recombination in Eukaryotes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 255:41-132. [PMID: 17178465 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)55002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The functioning of the eukaryotic genome depends on efficient and accurate DNA replication and repair. The process of replication is complicated by the ongoing decomposition of DNA and damage of the genome by endogenous and exogenous factors. DNA damage can alter base coding potential resulting in mutations, or block DNA replication, which can lead to double-strand breaks (DSB) and to subsequent chromosome loss. Replication is coordinated with DNA repair systems that operate in cells to remove or tolerate DNA lesions. DNA polymerases can serve as sensors in the cell cycle checkpoint pathways that delay cell division until damaged DNA is repaired and replication is completed. Eukaryotic DNA template-dependent DNA polymerases have different properties adapted to perform an amazingly wide spectrum of DNA transactions. In this review, we discuss the structure, the mechanism, and the evolutionary relationships of DNA polymerases and their possible functions in the replication of intact and damaged chromosomes, DNA damage repair, and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri I Pavlov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA
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