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Liu L, Wang Y, Geng C, Wang A, Han S, You X, Sun Y, Zhang J, Lu W, Zhang Y. CD155 Promotes the Progression of Cervical Cancer Cells Through AKT/mTOR and NF-κB Pathways. Front Oncol 2021; 11:655302. [PMID: 34164340 PMCID: PMC8216081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.655302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the immunoglobulin superfamily member CD155 was increased in a variety of human malignancies, but the role of CD155 in tumorigenesis and tumor development in cervical cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses showed that CD155 expression gradually increases with the degree of cervical lesions. In vitro and in vivo, reducing the expression of CD155 inhibited cell proliferation, cell viability and tumor formation and arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. Antibody array-based profiling of protein phosphorylation revealed that CD155 knockdown can inhibited the AKT/mTOR/NF-κB pathway and activated autophagy and apoptosis; the opposite effects were observed upon CD155 has overexpression. We proved that there is an interaction between CD155 and AKT by immunoprecipitation. We further confirmed the mechanism between CD155 and AKT/mTOR/NF-κB through rescue experiments. AKT knockdown reversed the anti-apoptotic effects and activation of the AKT/mTOR/NF-κB pathway induced by CD155 overexpression. Our research demonstrated that CD155 can interact with AKT to form a complex, activates the AKT/mTOR/NF-κB pathway and inhibit autophagy and apoptosis. Thus, CD155 is a potential screening and therapeutic biomarker for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Chen Geng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Feicheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sai Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuewu You
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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2
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McGowan SE, McCoy DM. Neuropilin-1 directs PDGFRα-entry into lung fibroblasts and signaling from very early endosomes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L179-L192. [PMID: 33174445 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00149.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) is absolutely required for the development of secondary pulmonary alveolar septa. Our earlier observations indicated that PDGFRα resides intracellularly as well as on the plasma membrane of murine lung fibroblasts (LF). We have examined how neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a surface receptor without kinase activity, regulates the intracellular trafficking of PDGFRα in LF obtained from mice, some bearing a targeted deletion of Nrp1 in myofibroblasts. Using the proximity ligation assay, we observed that PDGFRα and Nrp1 colocalized in both early antigen-1 (EEA1) containing sorting endosomes and with adaptor protein containing a pleckstrin homology domain and a phosphotyrosine-binding domain-1 (APPL1) in very early endosomes (VEE). These findings were confirmed using live-cell imaging, which demonstrated that recently internalized PDGFRα was observed in Rab5-containing vesicles residing within 100 nm of the plasma membrane. Nrp1 deletion reduced the phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B), the major downstream target of PDGFRα, and limited accumulation of inositol-3 phosphates in APPL1-containing endosomes after exposure to PDGFA. PDGFRα co-immunoprecipitated with APPL1, indicating that PDGFRα enters VEE. Targeted deletion of Nrp1 or APPL1-depletion in control LF reduced the activity of an Akt1 biosensor following stimulation with PDGFA. Our findings demonstrate that Nrp1 enhances the entry of PDGFRα into APPL1 containing VEE and that APPL1 enhances PDGFRα signaling. Therefore, Nrp1 promotes endosomal signaling by PDGFRα offering a potential mechanism to explain our prior observation that Nrp1 supports the formation of alveolar ducts and alveoli during secondary septation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Diann M McCoy
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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3
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Nayak SC, Radha V. C3G localizes to mother centriole dependent on cenexin, and regulates centrosome duplication and primary cilia length. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.243113. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
C3G (RapGEF1) plays a role in cell differentiation and is essential for early embryonic development in mice. In this study, we identify C3G as a centrosomal protein colocalizing with cenexin at the mother centriole in interphase cells. C3G interacts through its catalytic domain with cenexin, and they show interdependence for localization to the centrosome. C3G depletion caused a decrease in cellular cenexin levels. Centrosomal localization is lost as myocytes differentiate to form myotubes. Stable clone of cells depleted of C3G by CRISPR/Cas9 showed the presence of supernumerary centrioles. Overexpression of C3G, or a catalytically active deletion construct inhibited centrosome duplication. Cilia length is longer in C3G knockout cells, and the phenotype could be reverted upon reintroduction of C3G or its catalytic domain. Association of C3G with the basal body is dynamic, decreasing upon serum starvation, and increasing upon reentry into the cell cycle. C3G inhibits cilia formation and length dependent on its catalytic activity. We conclude that C3G inhibits centrosome duplication and maintains ciliary homeostasis, properties that may be important for its role in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Chavan Nayak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad – 500 007, India
| | - Vegesna Radha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad – 500 007, India
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4
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O'Shaughnessy EC, Stone OJ, LaFosse PK, Azoitei ML, Tsygankov D, Heddleston JM, Legant WR, Wittchen ES, Burridge K, Elston TC, Betzig E, Chew TL, Adalsteinsson D, Hahn KM. Software for lattice light-sheet imaging of FRET biosensors, illustrated with a new Rap1 biosensor. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3153-3160. [PMID: 31444239 PMCID: PMC6719445 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O’Shaughnessy et al. present new software called ImageTank to process lattice light-sheet images of FRET biosensors. ImageTank efficiently handles large 3D datasets and includes tools for visualization and analysis. Its capabilities are demonstrated using a new Rap1 biosensor in motile cells. Lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) is valuable for its combination of reduced photobleaching and outstanding spatiotemporal resolution in 3D. Using LLSM to image biosensors in living cells could provide unprecedented visualization of rapid, localized changes in protein conformation or posttranslational modification. However, computational manipulations required for biosensor imaging with LLSM are challenging for many software packages. The calculations require processing large amounts of data even for simple changes such as reorientation of cell renderings or testing the effects of user-selectable settings, and lattice imaging poses unique challenges in thresholding and ratio imaging. We describe here a new software package, named ImageTank, that is specifically designed for practical imaging of biosensors using LLSM. To demonstrate its capabilities, we use a new biosensor to study the rapid 3D dynamics of the small GTPase Rap1 in vesicles and cell protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Orrin J Stone
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Paul K LaFosse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mihai L Azoitei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - David Adalsteinsson
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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5
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Naydenov NG, Joshi S, Feygin A, Saini S, Litovchick L, Ivanov AI. A membrane fusion protein, Ykt6, regulates epithelial cell migration via microRNA-mediated suppression of Junctional Adhesion Molecule A. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1812-1831. [PMID: 30010460 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1496755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking regulates epithelial cell migration by remodeling matrix adhesions and delivering signaling molecules to the migrating leading edge. Membrane fusion, which is driven by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor associated receptor (SNARE) proteins, is an essential step of vesicle trafficking. Mammalian SNAREs represent a large group of proteins, but few have been implicated in the regulation of cell migration. Ykt6 is a unique SNARE existing in equilibrium between active membrane-bound and inactive cytoplasmic pools, and mediating vesicle trafficking between different intracellular compartments. The biological functions of this protein remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that Ykt6 acts as a negative regulator of migration and invasion of human prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, Ykt6 regulates the integrity of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. The observed anti-migratory activity of Ykt6 is mediated by a unique mechanism involving the expressional upregulation of microRNA 145, which selectively decreases the cellular level of Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM) A. This decreased JAM-A expression limits the activity of Rap1 and Rac1 small GTPases, thereby attenuating cell spreading and motility. The described novel functions of Ykt6 could be essential for the regulation of epithelial barriers, epithelial repair, and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- a Department of Inflammation and Immunity , Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Supriya Joshi
- b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Alex Feygin
- b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Siddharth Saini
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- a Department of Inflammation and Immunity , Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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6
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Ueda Y, Kedashiro S, Maruoka M, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Roles of the third Ig-like domain of Necl-5/PVR and the fifth Ig-like domain of the PDGF receptor in its signaling. Genes Cells 2018; 23:214-224. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ueda
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Shin Kedashiro
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruoka
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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7
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McGowan SE, McCoy DM. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate-1 regulate mechano-responsiveness of lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L1174-L1187. [PMID: 28775097 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00185.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A, which only signals through PDGF-receptor-α (PDGFR-α), is required for secondary alveolar septal formation. Although PDGFR-α distinguishes mesenchymal progenitor cells during the saccular stage, PDGFR-α-expressing alveolar cells persist through adulthood. PDGF-A sustains proliferation, limits apoptosis, and maintains α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-containing alveolar cells, which congregate at the alveolar entry ring at postnatal day (P)12. PDGFR-α-expressing, α-SMA-containing alveolar cells redistribute in the elongating septum, suggesting that they migrate to the alveolar entry rings, where mechanical tension is higher. We hypothesized that PDGFR-α and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1(Rac1) are required for mechanosensitive myofibroblast migration. Spreading of PDGFR-α-deficient lung fibroblasts was insensitive to increased rigidity, and their migration was not reduced by Rac1-guanine exchange factor (GEF)-inhibition. PDGFR-α-expressing fibroblasts migrated toward stiffer regions within two-dimensional substrates by increasing migrational persistence (durotaxis). Using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for Rac1-GTP, we observed that PDGFR-α was required for fibroblast Rac1 responsiveness to stiffness within a three-dimensional collagen substrate, which by itself increased Rac1-FRET. Rho-GTPase stabilized, whereas Rac1-GTPase increased the turnover of focal adhesions. Under conditions that increased Rac1-GTP, PDGFR-α signaled through both phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PIK) or Src to engage the Rac1 GEF dedicator of cytokinesis-1 (Dock180) and p21-activated-kinase interacting exchange factor-β (βPIX). In cooperation with collagen fibers, these signaling pathways may guide fibroblasts toward the more rigid alveolar entry ring during secondary septation. Because emphysema and interstitial fibrosis disrupt the parenchymal mechanical continuum, understanding how mechanical factors regulate fibroblast migration could elicit strategies for alveolar repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Diann M McCoy
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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8
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Abstract
Ras-associated protein-1 (Rap1), a small GTPase in the Ras-related protein family, is an important regulator of basic cellular functions (e.g., formation and control of cell adhesions and junctions), cellular migration, and polarization. Through its interaction with other proteins, Rap1 plays many roles during cell invasion and metastasis in different cancers. The basic function of Rap1 is straightforward; it acts as a switch during cellular signaling transduction and regulated by its binding to either guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or guanosine diphosphate (GDP). However, its remarkably diverse function is rendered by its interplay with a large number of distinct Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors and Rap GTPase activating proteins. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which Rap1 signaling can regulate cell invasion and metastasis, focusing on its roles in integrin and cadherin regulation, Rho GTPase control, and matrix metalloproteinase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruo-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ken Cheng
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Brian Z Ring
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
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9
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Postmortem detection of antibiotic-specific immunoglobulin E in the case of anaphylactic death. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:14-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Lee JW, Ryu YK, Ji YH, Kang JH, Moon EY. Hypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9820-33. [PMID: 25888632 PMCID: PMC4496400 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPase), Rap1/Rac1, is one of the major pathways controlling cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been shown to increase migration of cancer cells. Episodes of hypoxia and re-oxygenation (H/R) are an important phenomenon in tumor microenvironment (TME). We investigated whether Tβ4 could play as an intermediary to crosstalk between Rac1- and Rap1- GTPase activation under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions. Inhibition of Tβ4 expression using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) significantly decreased lung metastasis of B16F10 cells. Rac1 and Rap1 activity, as well as cancer cell migration, increased following induction of Tβ4 expression in normoxia- or H/R-experienced cells, but were barely detectable in Tβ4-depleted cells. Rap1-regulated Rac1 activity was decreased by a dominant negative Rap1 (Rap1N17), and increased by 8-(4-chloro-phenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (CPT), a Rap1 activator. In contrast, a Rac1-specific inhibitor, NSC23766, and dominant negative Rac1 (Rac1N17) enhanced Tβ4 expression and aberrant Rap1 activity. While NSC23766 and Rac1N17 incompletely inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo, and H/R-experienced cancer cell migration in vitro, more efficient attenuation of cancer cell migration was accomplished by simultaneous inactivation of Rap1 and Rac1 with Rap1N17 and Rac1N17, respectively. These data suggest that a combination therapy targeting both Rap1 and Rac1 activity may be an effective method of inhibiting tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyoung Ryu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Ji
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 139-709, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 139-709, Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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11
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Perisic L, Rodriguez PQ, Hultenby K, Sun Y, Lal M, Betsholtz C, Uhlén M, Wernerson A, Hedin U, Pikkarainen T, Tryggvason K, Patrakka J. Schip1 is a novel podocyte foot process protein that mediates actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and forms a complex with Nherf2 and ezrin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122067. [PMID: 25807495 PMCID: PMC4373682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Podocyte foot process effacement accompanied by actin cytoskeleton rearrangements is a cardinal feature of many progressive human proteinuric diseases. Results By microarray profiling of mouse glomerulus, SCHIP1 emerged as one of the most highly enriched transcripts. We detected Schip1 protein in the kidney glomerulus, specifically in podocytes foot processes. Functionally, Schip1 inactivation in zebrafish by morpholino knock-down results in foot process disorganization and podocyte loss leading to proteinuria. In cultured podocytes Schip1 localizes to cortical actin-rich regions of lamellipodia, where it forms a complex with Nherf2 and ezrin, proteins known to participate in actin remodeling stimulated by PDGFβ signaling. Mechanistically, overexpression of Schip1 in vitro causes accumulation of cortical F-actin with dissolution of transversal stress fibers and promotes cell migration in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. Upon actin disassembly by latrunculin A treatment, Schip1 remains associated with the residual F-actin-containing structures, suggesting a functional connection with actin cytoskeleton possibly via its interaction partners. A similar assay with cytochalasin D points to stabilization of cortical actin cytoskeleton in Schip1 overexpressing cells by attenuation of actin depolymerisation. Conclusions Schip1 is a novel glomerular protein predominantly expressed in podocytes, necessary for the zebrafish pronephros development and function. Schip1 associates with the cortical actin cytoskeleton network and modulates its dynamics in response to PDGF signaling via interaction with the Nherf2/ezrin complex. Its implication in proteinuric diseases remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Perisic
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Q. Rodriguez
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Sun
- Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Lal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timo Pikkarainen
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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12
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Jiang Y, Prabakaran I, Wan F, Mitra N, Furstenau DK, Hung RK, Cao S, Zhang PJ, Fraker DL, Guvakova MA. Vav2 protein overexpression marks and may predict the aggressive subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ. Biomark Res 2014; 2:22. [PMID: 25785189 PMCID: PMC4362647 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) will develop invasive breast cancer (IBC). To date, there are no effective predictive biomarkers for identifying this subset with worse prognosis whose lesions are essentially indistinguishable histologically from those with favorable outcomes. We hypothesized that measurable parameters that discriminate DCIS from DCIS with concurrent invasion may serve as diagnostic biomarkers (BM) of progressive cancer in situ (CIS). Results Using a novel imaging-based method of tissue testing, we measured the relative expression levels of three candidate BM proteins specifically implicated in IBC progression - the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1), and Vav2 oncoprotein. Protein profiles were compared in 42 histologically normal mammary epithelial samples, 71 CIS (35 without/36 with invasion either on diagnostic biopsy or final surgical excision), and 98 IBC of known estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. The levels of the IGF-IR and Rap1 protein expression were significantly elevated in ER-positive (ER+/PR+/-/HER2 –) DCIS relative to normal epithelium (P <0.0001). The IGF-IR protein expression was also significantly up regulated in HER2-positive (ER+/-/PR+/-/HER2+) DCIS relative to normal epithelium (P = 0.0002). IGF-IR and Rap1 protein expression levels were similar among DCIS patients without or with concurrent invasion. Vav2 upregulation in DCIS relative to normal group was not associated with steroid hormone receptor and HER2 status, but was associated with the presence of concurrent invasion, including microinvasion (invasive foci of less than 1 mm). DCIS with high Vav2 were more than twice as likely to progress to invasive cancers as DCIS with low Vav2 (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.26-4-65; P =0.008). Furthermore, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed moderate ability of Vav2 protein expression measurements in DCIS to predict the existence of invasion concurrent with DCIS (area under the curve, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59- 0.84). Conclusions Our novel findings hold promise for utilizing Vav2 protein as a predictive BM for differentiating progressive from non-progressive DCIS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2050-7771-2-22) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunQing Jiang
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Indira Prabakaran
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Fei Wan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Dana K Furstenau
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Rupert K Hung
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Siyuan Cao
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Douglas L Fraker
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Marina A Guvakova
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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13
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The small GTPase Rap1 promotes cell movement rather than stabilizes adhesion in epithelial cells responding to insulin-like growth factor I. Biochem J 2014; 463:257-70. [PMID: 25028810 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-related GTPase Rap1 promotes cell adhesion and migration. Although the significance of Rap1 contribution to cell migration is increasingly being recognized, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms driving this process. In the present study, we discovered a previously unidentified regulatory role of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) in CRK Src homology 3 (SH3)-binding guanine-nucleotide-releasing protein (C3G)-Rap1-fascin-actin axis promoting cell movement. We demonstrate that a burst of Rap1 activity, rather than presumed hyperactivation, is imperative for the onset of cell movement. We show that while autophosphorylated IGF-IR signals to C3G to activate Rap1, subsequent IGF-IR internalization promotes gradual inactivation of Rap1 by putative Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Additionally, IGF-IR signalling recruits active Rap1 at sites of cell motile protrusions. C3G depletion prevents IGF-I-induced fascin accumulation at actin microspikes and blocks protrusions. In the absence of IGF-IR activity, the wild-type (WT) Rap1 and the constitutively active V12Rap1 mutant remain in cell-cell contacts. Forced inactivation of Rap1 signalling by overexpressing dominant negative N17Rap1, Rap1GAP or by silencing C3G has a detrimental effect on filamentous (F)-actin and cell adhesion irrespective of IGF-IR signalling. We conclude that the basal levels of Rap1 activity holds up cell adhesion, whereas sequential regulation of C3G and GAP by IGF-IR reverses the labile Rap1 function from supporting adhesion to promoting migration.
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14
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Brown LM, Rogers KE, Aroonsakool N, McCammon JA, Insel PA. Allosteric inhibition of Epac: computational modeling and experimental validation to identify allosteric sites and inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29148-57. [PMID: 25183009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epac, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the low molecular weight G protein Rap, is an effector of cAMP signaling and has been implicated to have roles in numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and cancer. We used a computational molecular modeling approach to predict potential binding sites for allosteric modulators of Epac and to identify molecules that might bind to these regions. This approach revealed that the conserved hinge region of the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of Epac1 is a potentially druggable region of the protein. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assay (CAMYEL, cAMP sensor using YFP-Epac-Rluc), we assessed the predicted compounds for their ability to bind Epac and modulate its activity. We identified a thiobarbituric acid derivative, 5376753, that allosterically inhibits Epac activity and used Swiss 3T3 and HEK293 cells to test the ability of this compound to modulate the activity of Epac and PKA, as determined by Rap1 activity and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation, respectively. Compound 5376753 selectively inhibited Epac in biochemical and cell migration studies. These results document the utility of a computational approach to identify a domain for allosteric regulation of Epac and a novel compound that prevents the activation of Epac1 by cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J Andrew McCammon
- From the Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Paul A Insel
- From the Departments of Pharmacology, Medicine and
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15
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Barrett A, Evans IM, Frolov A, Britton G, Pellet-Many C, Yamaji M, Mehta V, Bandopadhyay R, Li N, Brandner S, Zachary IC, Frankel P. A crucial role for DOK1 in PDGF-BB-stimulated glioma cell invasion through p130Cas and Rap1 signalling. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2647-58. [PMID: 24762811 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.135988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
DOK1 regulates platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated glioma cell motility. Mechanisms regulating tumour cell motility are essential for invasion and metastasis. We report here that PDGF-BB-mediated glioma cell invasion and migration are dependent on the adaptor protein downstream of kinase 1 (DOK1). DOK1 is expressed in several glioma cell lines and in tumour biopsies from high-grade gliomas. DOK1 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon PDGF-BB stimulation of human glioma cells. Knockdown of DOK1 or expression of a DOK1 mutant (DOK1FF) containing Phe in place of Tyr at residues 362 and 398, resulted in inhibition of both the PDGF-BB-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas (also known as BCAR1) and the activation of Rap1. DOK1 colocalises with tyrosine phosphorylated p130Cas at the cell membrane of PDGF-BB-treated cells. Expression of a non-tyrosine-phosphorylatable substrate domain mutant of p130Cas (p130Cas15F) inhibited PDGF-BB-mediated Rap1 activation. Knockdown of DOK1 and Rap1 inhibited PDGF-BB-induced chemotactic cell migration, and knockdown of DOK1 and Rap1 and expression of DOK1FF inhibited PDGF-mediated three-dimensional (3D) spheroid invasion. These data show a crucial role for DOK1 in the regulation of PDGF-BB-mediated tumour cell motility through a p130Cas-Rap1 signalling pathway. [Corrected]
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Barrett
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Ian M Evans
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Antonina Frolov
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Gary Britton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Caroline Pellet-Many
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Maiko Yamaji
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Vedanta Mehta
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | | | - Ningning Li
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 6JJUK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 6JJUK
| | - Ian C Zachary
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Paul Frankel
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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16
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Liu L, Yang G, Zhu Y, Xu J, Zang J, Zhang J, Peng X, Lan D, Li T. Role of non-MLC20 phosphorylation pathway in the regulation of vascular reactivity during shock. J Surg Res 2014; 187:571-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Tsygankova OM, Wang H, Meinkoth JL. Tumor cell migration and invasion are enhanced by depletion of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24636-46. [PMID: 23864657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of the widespread down-regulation of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP), a negative regulator of Rap activity, in human tumors is unknown. Here we show that human colon cancer cells depleted of Rap1GAP are endowed with more aggressive migratory and invasive properties. Silencing Rap1GAP enhanced the migration of confluent and single cells. In the latter, migration distance, velocity, and directionality were increased. Enhanced migration was a consequence of increased endogenous Rap activity as silencing Rap expression selectively abolished the migration of Rap1GAP-depleted cells. ROCK-mediated cell contractility was suppressed in Rap1GAP-depleted cells, which exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology and abundant membrane protrusions. Tumor cells can switch between Rho/ROCK-mediated contractility-based migration and Rac1-mediated mesenchymal motility. Strikingly, the migration of Rap1GAP-depleted, but not control cells required Rac1 activity, suggesting that loss of Rap1GAP alters migratory mechanisms. Inhibition of Rac1 activity restored membrane blebbing and increased ROCK activity in Rap1GAP-depleted cells, suggesting that Rac1 contributes to the suppression of contractility. Collectively, these findings identify Rap1GAP as a critical regulator of aggressive tumor cell behavior and suggest that the level of Rap1GAP expression influences the migratory mechanisms that are operative in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana M Tsygankova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6061, USA
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18
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Rikitake Y, Mandai K, Takai Y. The role of nectins in different types of cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:3713-22. [PMID: 23027581 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian tissues and organs are composed of different types of cells that adhere to each other homotypically (i.e. interactions between cells of the same cell type) or heterotypically (i.e. interactions between different cell types), forming a variety of cellular patterns, including mosaic patterns. At least three types of cell-cell adhesion have been observed: symmetric homotypic, asymmetric homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesions. Cadherins and nectins, which are known cell-cell adhesion molecules, mediate these cell adhesions. Cadherins comprise a family of more than 100 members, but they are primarily involved in homophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same cadherin members) between opposing cells. By contrast, the nectin family comprises only four members, and these proteins form both homophilic and heterophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same and different nectin members on opposing cells). In addition, heterophilic trans-interactions between nectins are much stronger than homophilic trans-interactions. Because of these unique properties, nectins have crucial roles in asymmetric homotypic cell-cell adhesion at neuronal synapses and in various types of heterotypic cell-cell adhesions. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the biology of nectins and discuss their roles in heterotypic cell-cell adhesions, whose formation cannot be solely explained by the action of cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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19
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Mandai K, Rikitake Y, Shimono Y, Takai Y. Afadin/AF-6 and Canoe. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:433-54. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Altemeier WA, Schlesinger SY, Buell CA, Parks WC, Chen P. Syndecan-1 controls cell migration by activating Rap1 to regulate focal adhesion disassembly. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5188-95. [PMID: 22899717 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury, residual epithelial cells coordinate contextual clues from cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to polarize and migrate over the wound bed. Protrusion formation, cell body translocation and rear retraction is a repetitive process that allows the cell to move across the substratum. Fundamental to this process is the assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions that facilitate cell adhesion and protrusion formation. Here, we identified syndecan-1 as a regulator of focal adhesion disassembly in migrating lung epithelial cells. Syndecan-1 altered the dynamic exchange of adhesion complex proteins, which in turn regulates migration speed. Moreover, we provide evidence that syndecan-1 controls this entire process through Rap1. Thus, syndecan-1 restrains migration in lung epithelium by activating Rap1 to slow focal adhesion disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Endris V, Haussmann L, Buss E, Bacon C, Bartsch D, Rappold G. SrGAP3 interacts with lamellipodin at the cell membrane and regulates Rac-dependent cellular protrusions. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3941-55. [PMID: 22159416 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.077081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SrGAP3/MEGAP is a member of the Slit-Robo GAP (srGAP) family and is implicated in repulsive axon guidance and neuronal migration through Slit-Robo-mediated signal transduction. Here we describe an inhibitory role of srGAP3 on actin dynamics, specifically on lamellipodia formation. We show that the F-BAR domain localizes srGAP3 to the leading edge of cellular protrusions whereas the SH3 domain is important for focal adhesion targeting. We report on a novel srGAP3 interaction partner, lamellipodin, which localizes with srGAP3 at the leading edge. Live-cell analyses revealed that srGAP3 influences lamellipodin-evoked lamellipodial dynamics. Furthermore, we show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from homozygous srGAP3-knockout embryos display an increased cell area and lamellipodia formation that can be blocked by shRNA-mediated knockdown of lamellipodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Endris
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Stefanini L, Boulaftali Y, Ouellette TD, Holinstat M, Désiré L, Leblond B, Andre P, Conley PB, Bergmeier W. Rap1-Rac1 circuits potentiate platelet activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:434-41. [PMID: 22075250 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.239194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the potential crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1, 2 small GTPases central to platelet activation, particularly downstream of the collagen receptor GPVI. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the activation response of platelets with impaired Rap signaling (double knock-out; deficient in both the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI, and the Gi-coupled receptor for ADP, P2Y12), to that of wild-type platelets treated with a small-molecule Rac inhibitor, EHT 1864 (wild-type /EHT). We found that Rac1 is sequentially activated downstream of Rap1 on stimulation via GPVI. In return, Rac1 provides important feedback for both CalDAG-GEFI- and P2Y12-dependent activation of Rap1. When analyzing platelet responses controlled by Rac1, we observed (1) impaired lamellipodia formation, clot retraction, and granule release in both double knock-out and EHT 1864-treated wild-type platelets; and (2) reduced calcium store release in EHT 1864-treated wild-type but not double knock-out platelets. Consistent with the latter finding, we identified 2 pools of Rac1, one activated immediately downstream of GPVI and 1 activated downstream of Rap1. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate important crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1 downstream of GPVI. Whereas Rap1 signaling directly controls sustained Rac1 activation, Rac1 affects CalDAG-GEFI- and P2Y12-dependent Rap1 activation via its role in calcium mobilization and granule/ADP release, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Stefanini
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Drive, 306a Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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23
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Fukumoto Y, Kurita S, Takai Y, Ogita H. Role of scaffold protein afadin dilute domain-interacting protein (ADIP) in platelet-derived growth factor-induced cell movement by activating Rac protein through Vav2 protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43537-48. [PMID: 22027834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.308858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell movement is an important cellular function not only in physiological but also in pathological conditions. Although numerous studies have been conducted to reveal the mechanism of cell movement, the full picture has yet to be depicted, likely due to the complex features of cell movement. We show here that the scaffold protein afadin dilute domain-interacting protein (ADIP), an afadin-binding protein, is involved in the regulation of cell movement. ADIP localized at the leading edge of moving cells in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and was required for the formation of the leading edge and the promotion of cell movement. Impaired cell movement observed in ADIP knockdown cells was not rescued by expression of an ADIP mutant that is incapable of binding to afadin, leading to the notion that the function of ADIP in moving cells depends on its interaction with afadin. Knockdown of ADIP as well as knockdown of afadin inhibited the activation of the small G protein Rac, which is important for the formation of the leading edge and the promotion of cell movement. Furthermore, ADIP interacted with Vav2, a GDP/GTP exchange factor for Rac, in a Src phosphorylation-dependent manner, suggesting that ADIP mediates the activation of Rac through Vav2. These results indicate that ADIP plays an essential role in PDGF-induced cell movement by interacting with afadin and Vav2 and regulating the activation of Rac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Fukumoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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24
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Fauvarque MO, Williams MJ. Drosophila cellular immunity: a story of migration and adhesion. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1373-82. [PMID: 21502134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research during the past 15 years has led to significant breakthroughs, providing evidence of a high degree of similarity between insect and mammalian innate immune responses, both humoural and cellular, and highlighting Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for studying the evolution of innate immunity. In a manner similar to cells of the mammalian monocyte and macrophage lineage, Drosophila immunosurveillance cells (haemocytes) have a number of roles. For example, they respond to wound signals, are involved in wound healing and contribute to the coagulation response. Moreover, they participate in the phagocytosis and encapsulation of invading pathogens, are involved in the removal of apoptotic bodies and produce components of the extracellular matrix. There are several reasons for using the Drosophila cellular immune response as a model to understand cell signalling during adhesion and migration in vivo: many genes involved in the regulation of Drosophila haematopoiesis and cellular immunity have been maintained across taxonomic groups ranging from flies to humans, many aspects of Drosophila and mammalian innate immunity seem to be conserved, and Drosophila is a simplified and well-studied genetic model system. In the present Commentary, we will discuss what is known about cellular adhesion and migration in the Drosophila cellular immune response, during both embryonic and larval development, and where possible compare it with related mechanisms in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Fauvarque
- Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Grenoble, France.
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25
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Kurita S, Ogita H, Takai Y. Cooperative role of nectin-nectin and nectin-afadin interactions in formation of nectin-based cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36297-303. [PMID: 21880730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.261768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nectin cell adhesion molecules interact in trans with each other through their extracellular regions and with afadin through their cytoplasmic tails, forming adherens junctions in cooperation with cadherins. In a single cell, Necl-5 (nectin-like molecule-5) localizes at the leading edge and regulates directional cell movement in response to a chemoattractant. In such a single cell, afadin also localizes at the leading edge without interacting with nectins or Necl-5. It remains unknown how the nectin-nectin and nectin-afadin interactions are initiated when moving cells contact each other to initiate the formation of adherens junctions. We show here that the Necl-5-nectin interaction induced by cell-cell contact enhances the nectin-afadin interaction. This interaction then enhances the nectin-nectin interaction, which further enhances the nectin-afadin interaction in a positive feedback manner. Thus, the Necl-5-nectin, nectin-nectin, and nectin-afadin interactions cooperatively increase the clustering of the nectin-afadin complex at the cell-cell contact sites, promoting the formation of the nectin-based cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Kurita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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26
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Gloerich M, Bos JL. Regulating Rap small G-proteins in time and space. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:615-23. [PMID: 21820312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the small G-protein Rap is under tight regulation by its GEFs and GAPs. These are multi-domain proteins that are themselves controlled by distinct upstream pathways, and thus couple different extra- and intracellular cues to Rap. The individual RapGEFs and RapGAPs are, in addition, targeted to specific cellular locations by numerous anchoring mechanisms and, consequently, may control different pools of Rap. Here, we review the various activating signals and targeting mechanisms of these proteins and discuss their contribution to the spatiotemporal regulation and biological functions of the Rap proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Gloerich
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Signalling to actin: role of C3G, a multitasking guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor. Biosci Rep 2011; 31:231-44. [PMID: 21366540 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C3G (Crk SH3-domain-binding guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor) is a ubiquitously expressed member of a class of molecules called GEFs (guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor) that activate small GTPases and is involved in pathways triggered by a variety of signals. It is essential for mammalian embryonic development and many cellular functions in adult tissues. C3G participates in regulating functions that require cytoskeletal remodelling such as adhesion, migration, maintenance of cell junctions, neurite growth and vesicle traffic. C3G is spatially and temporally regulated to act on Ras family GTPases Rap1, Rap2, R-Ras, TC21 and Rho family member TC10. Increased C3G protein levels are associated with differentiation of various cell types, indicating an important role for C3G in cellular differentiation. In signalling pathways, C3G serves functions dependent on catalytic activity as well as protein interaction and can therefore integrate signals necessary for the execution of more than one cellular function. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the biology of C3G with emphasis on its role as a transducer of signals to the actin cytoskeleton. Deregulated C3G may also contribute to pathogenesis of human disorders and therefore could be a potential therapeutic target.
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28
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Rufanova VA, Alexanian A, Ostendorf T, Bokemeyer D, Prosser S, Miller B, Sorokin A. Endothelin signaling via guanine exchange factor C3G in renal glomerular mesangial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:808-16. [PMID: 20725139 DOI: 10.1139/y10-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G is one of the mediators of endothelin-1 (ET-1) intracellular signaling cascades and is vital for kidney development and homeostasis. The aim of the current study was to analyze the specificity of ET-1-induced signaling via C3G in rat glomerular mesangial cells (GMC) and to investigate the biological significance of C3G during mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. In GMC, C3G expression was increased (1) in vivo after induction of the anti-Thy1 model of glomerulonephritis and (2) in cell culture experiments after fetal bovine serum incubation. To examine the consequences of C3G up-regulation, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of C3G into cultured glomerular cells was done, and the GTP loading of the small G proteins Rap1 and R-Ras was analyzed. Overexpression of C3G in mesangial cells resulted in enhanced activation of Rap1, but failed to affect the GTP-bound status of R-Ras in ET-1-stimulated cells. C3G overexpression led to significant changes in GMC spreading and migration patterns in response to ET-1 stimulation and increased stress fiber formation, which was mimicked by Rap1A overexpression. Together, these findings suggest (1) the existence of regulatory mechanisms resulting in disease-related up-regulation of C3G in GMC and (2) that an increase in the C3G protein level may contribute to the resolution stage of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis by reducing GMC sensitivity to ET-1, modulating cellular motility, and actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriya A Rufanova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Rikitake Y, Takai Y. Directional Cell Migration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 287:97-143. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mason FM, Heimsath EG, Higgs HN, Soderling SH. Bi-modal regulation of a formin by srGAP2. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6577-86. [PMID: 21148482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of rapid and efficient actin dynamics in vivo requires coordination of filament assembly and disassembly. This regulation requires temporal and spatial integration of signaling pathways by protein complexes. However, it remains unclear how these complexes form and then regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we identify a srGAP2 and formin-like 1 (FMNL1, also known as FRL1 or FRLα) complex whose assembly is regulated by Rac signaling. Our data suggest srGAP2 regulates FMNL1 in two ways; 1) Rac-mediated activation of FMNL1 leads to the recruitment of srGAP2, which contains a Rac-specific GAP domain; 2) the SH3 domain of srGAP2 binds the formin homology 1 domain of FMNL1 to inhibit FMNL1-mediated actin severing. Thus, srGAP2 can efficiently terminate the upstream activating Rac signal while also opposing an important functional output of FMNL1, namely actin severing. We also show that FMNL1 and srGAP2 localize to the actin-rich phagocytic cup of macrophage-derived cells, suggesting the complex may regulate this Rac- and actin-driven process in vivo. We propose that after Rac-dependent activation of FMNL1, srGAP2 mediates a potent mechanism to limit the duration of Rac action and inhibit formin activity during rapid actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Mason
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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31
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Ras-related protein 1 and the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor are associated with risk of progression in patients diagnosed with carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 129:361-72. [PMID: 20976540 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no applied molecular markers to aid in predicting risk of carcinoma in situ (CIS) progression to invasive cancer, and therefore, all women diagnosed with CIS undergo surgery. Standard assessment of protein expression in fixed tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is not quantitative and hence is not well suited for measuring biomarkers. In this study, we developed an original analytical method for IHC quantification. Using our novel image-based uniplex (IBU) method, quantitative protein profiling was performed on 90 samples of the breast (17 histologically normal tissues, 16 benign lesions, 15 CIS, and 42 invasive carcinomas). Differences between groups were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mixed effects models. Measuring protein expression on a continuous scale revealed a significant increase in Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) and the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-IR) in conjunction with the presence of cancer invasion. Women with invasive cancers were four times more likely to have increased levels of Rap1 [odds ratio (OR) = 3.91; P = 0.0002] and IGF-IR (OR=4.33; P<0.0001) than women with non-invasive lesions. Furthermore, expression of both proteins was also increased significantly in CIS adjacent to invasive tumors compared with non-cancerous tissue. These novel findings of a significant up-regulation of Rap1 and IGF-IR in CIS progressing to invasive cancers warrant further investigation of Rap1 and IGF-IR together as a dual biomarker to aid in predicting risk of progression and ultimately providing non-surgical treatment options to those at lower risk.
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Minami A, Mizutani K, Waseda M, Kajita M, Miyata M, Ikeda W, Takai Y. Necl-5/PVR enhances PDGF-induced attraction of growing microtubules to the plasma membrane of the leading edge of moving NIH3T3 cells. Genes Cells 2010; 15:1123-35. [PMID: 20964795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) search for and grow toward the leading edge of moving cells, followed by their stabilization at a specific structure at the rear site of the leading edge. This dynamic re-orientation of MTs is critical to directional cell movement. We previously showed that Necl-5/poliovirus receptor (PVR) interacts with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor and integrin α(v) β(3) at the leading edge of moving NIH3T3 cells, resulting in an enhancement of their directional movement. We studied here the role of Necl-5 in the PDGF-induced attraction of growing MTs to the leading edge of NIH3T3 cells. Necl-5 enhanced the PDGF-induced growth of MTs and attracted them near to the plasma membrane of the leading edge of NIH3T3 cells in an integrin α(v) β(3) -dependent manner. Furthermore, Necl-5 enhanced the PDGF-induced attraction of the plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs), including EB1, CLIP170, an intermediate chain subunit of cytoplasmic dynein, and p150(Glued) , a subunit of dynactin, near to the plasma membrane of the leading edge. Thus, Necl-5 plays a role in the attraction of growing MTs to the plasma membrane of the leading edge of moving cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Minami
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Nelson WJ. Remodeling epithelial cell organization: transitions between front-rear and apical-basal polarity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a000513. [PMID: 20066074 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells have a distinctive apical-basal axis of polarity for vectorial transport of ions and solutes across the epithelium. In contrast, migratory mesenchymal cells have a front-rear axis of polarity. During development, mesenchymal cells convert to epithelia by coalescing into aggregates that undergo epithelial differentiation. Signaling networks and protein complexes comprising Rho family GTPases, polarity complexes (Crumbs, PAR, and Scribble), and their downstream effectors, including the cytoskeleton and the endocytic and exocytic vesicle trafficking pathways, together regulate the distributions of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal proteins between front-rear and apical-basal polarity. The challenge is to understand how these regulators and effectors are adapted to regulate symmetry breaking processes that generate cell polarities that are specialized for different cellular activities and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Tawa H, Rikitake Y, Takahashi M, Amano H, Miyata M, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Kinugasa M, Nagamatsu Y, Majima T, Ogita H, Miyoshi J, Hirata KI, Takai Y. Role of Afadin in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor– and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate–Induced Angiogenesis. Circ Res 2010; 106:1731-42. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.216747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
:
Angiogenesis contributes to physiological and pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis. The Rap1 small G protein regulates vascular integrity and angiogenesis. However, little is known about the effectors of Rap1 involved in angiogenesis. It is not known whether afadin, an adherens junction protein that connects immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecule nectins to the actin cytoskeleton and binds activated Rap1, plays a role in angiogenesis.
Objective
:
We investigated the role of endothelial afadin in angiogenesis and attempted to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism.
Methods and Results
:
Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induced the activation of Rap1. Activated Rap1 regulated intracellular localization of afadin. Knockdown of Rap1 or afadin by small interfering RNA inhibited the VEGF- and S1P-induced capillary-like network formation, migration, and proliferation, and increased the serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. Knockdown of Rap1 or afadin decreased the accumulation of adherens and tight junction proteins to the cell–cell contact sites. Rap1 regulated the interaction between afadin and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), recruitment of the afadin–PI3K complex to the leading edge, and the activation of Akt, indicating the involvement of Rap1 and afadin in the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway. Binding of afadin to Rap1 regulated the activity of Rap1 in a positive-feedback manner. In vivo, conditional deletion of afadin in mouse vascular endothelium using a Cre-loxP system impaired the VEGF- and S1P-induced angiogenesis.
Conclusions
:
These results demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism by which Rap1 and afadin regulate the VEGF- and S1P-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Tawa
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Motonori Takahashi
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Amano
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Seimi Satomi-Kobayashi
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kinugasa
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nagamatsu
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Takashi Majima
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hirata
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- From the Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Biology (H.T., Y.R., M.T., H.A., M.M., S.S.-K., M.K., Y.N., T.M., H.O., Y.T.) and Signal Transduction (Y.R., M.M.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.T., Y.R., M.T., S.S.-K., M.K., K.-i.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; and Department of Molecular Biology (T.M., J.M.), Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
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Samson T, Welch C, Monaghan-Benson E, Hahn KM, Burridge K. Endogenous RhoG is rapidly activated after epidermal growth factor stimulation through multiple guanine-nucleotide exchange factors. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1629-42. [PMID: 20237158 PMCID: PMC2861620 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-09-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article it is shown that EGF stimulation leads to rapid activation of RhoG through Vav GEFs and the GEF PLEKHG6. Importantly, different cellular responses induced by EGF are determined by the available GEFs. Furthermore, this article presents results showing that EGF-stimulated cell migration and EGFR internalization are regulated by RhoG. RhoG is a member of the Rac-like subgroup of Rho GTPases and has been linked to a variety of different cellular functions. Nevertheless, many aspects of RhoG upstream and downstream signaling remain unclear; in particular, few extracellular stimuli that modulate RhoG activity have been identified. Here, we describe that stimulation of epithelial cells with epidermal growth factor leads to strong and rapid activation of RhoG. Importantly, this rapid activation was not observed with other growth factors tested. The kinetics of RhoG activation after epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation parallel the previously described Rac1 activation. However, we show that both GTPases are activated independently of one another. Kinase inhibition studies indicate that the rapid activation of RhoG and Rac1 after EGF treatment requires the activity of the EGF receptor kinase, but neither phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase nor Src kinases. By using nucleotide-free RhoG pull-down assays and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown studies, we further show that guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of the Vav family mediate EGF-induced rapid activation of RhoG. In addition, we found that in certain cell types the recently described RhoG GEF PLEKHG6 can also contribute to the rapid activation of RhoG after EGF stimulation. Finally, we present results that show that RhoG has functions in EGF-stimulated cell migration and in regulating EGF receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Samson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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36
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OGITA H, RIKITAKE Y, MIYOSHI J, TAKAI Y. Cell adhesion molecules nectins and associating proteins: Implications for physiology and pathology. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:621-629. [PMID: 20551598 PMCID: PMC3081173 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nectins have recently been identified as new cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) consisting of four members. They show immunoglobulin-like structures and exclusively localize at adherens junctions (AJs) between two neighboring cells. During the formation of cell-cell junctions, nectins function in cooperation with or independently of cadherins, major CAMs at AJs. Similar to cadherins, which are linked to the actin cytoskeleton by binding to catenins, nectins also bind to afadin through their C-terminal region and are linked to the actin cytoskeleton. In addition to nectins, there are nectin-like molecules (Necls), which resemble nectins in their structures and consist of five members. Nectins and Necls are involved in the formation of various kinds of cell-cell adhesion, and also play key roles in diverse cellular functions including cell movement, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Thus, nectins and Necls are crucial for physiology and pathology of multicellular organisms.(Communicated by Shigetada NAKANISHI, M.J.A.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu OGITA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki RIKITAKE
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun MIYOSHI
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi TAKAI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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38
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Miyata M, Ogita H, Komura H, Nakata S, Okamoto R, Ozaki M, Majima T, Matsuzawa N, Kawano S, Minami A, Waseda M, Fujita N, Mizutani K, Rikitake Y, Takai Y. Localization of nectin-free afadin at the leading edge and its involvement in directional cell movement induced by platelet-derived growth factor. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:4319-29. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.048439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Afadin is an actin-filament-binding protein that binds to nectin, an immunoglobulin-like cell-cell adhesion molecule, and plays an important role in the formation of adherens junctions. Here, we show that afadin, which did not bind to nectin and was localized at the leading edge of moving cells, has another role: enhancement of the directional, but not random, cell movement. When NIH3T3 cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), afadin colocalized with PDGF receptor, αvβ3 integrin and nectin-like molecule-5 at the leading edge and facilitated the formation of leading-edge structures and directional cell movement in the direction of PDGF stimulation. However, these phenotypes were markedly perturbed by knockdown of afadin, and were dependent on the binding of afadin to active Rap1. Binding of Rap1 to afadin was necessary for the recruitment of afadin and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to the leading edge. SHP-2 was previously reported to tightly regulate the activation of PDGF receptor and its downstream signaling pathway for the formation of the leading edge. These results indicate that afadin has a novel role in PDGF-induced directional cell movement, presumably in cooperation with active Rap1 and SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Komura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakata
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryoko Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Misa Ozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Majima
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Naomi Matsuzawa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawano
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akihiro Minami
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masumi Waseda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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39
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Miyata M, Rikitake Y, Takahashi M, Nagamatsu Y, Yamauchi Y, Ogita H, Hirata KI, Takai Y. Regulation by afadin of cyclical activation and inactivation of Rap1, Rac1, and RhoA small G proteins at leading edges of moving NIH3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24595-609. [PMID: 19589776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclical activation and inactivation of Rho family small G proteins, such as Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, are needed for moving cells to form leading edge structures in response to chemoattractants. However, the mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of their activities are not fully understood. We recently showed that another small G protein, Rap1, plays a crucial role in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced formation of leading edge structures and activation of Rac1 in NIH3T3 cells. We showed here that knockdown of afadin, an actin-binding protein, in NIH3T3 cells resulted in a failure to develop leading edge structures in association with an impairment of the activation of Rap1 and Rac1 and inactivation of RhoA in response to PDGF. Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of Rap1 (Rap1-CA) and knockdown of SPA-1, a Rap1 GTPase-activating protein that was negatively regulated by afadin by virtue of binding to it, in afadin-knockdown NIH3T3 cells restored the formation of leading edge structures and the reduction of the PDGF-induced activation of Rac1 and inactivation of RhoA, suggesting that the inactivation of Rap1 by SPA-1 is responsible for inhibition of the formation of leading edge structures. The effect of Rap1-CA on the restoration of the formation of leading edge structures and RhoA inactivation was diminished by additional knockdown of ARAP1, a Rap-activated Rho GAP, which localized at the leading edges of moving NIH3T3 cells. These results indicate that afadin regulates the cyclical activation and inactivation of Rap1, Rac1, and RhoA through SPA-1 and ARAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Takai Y, Ikeda W, Ogita H, Rikitake Y. The immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule nectin and its associated protein afadin. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:309-42. [PMID: 18593353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that compose a family of four members. Nectins homophilically and heterophilically interact in trans with each other to form cell-cell adhesions. In addition, they heterophilically interact in trans with other immunoglobulin-like CAMs. Nectins bind afadin, an actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein, at its cytoplasmic tail and associate with the actin cytoskeleton. Afadin additionally serves as an adaptor protein by further binding many scaffolding proteins and F-actin-binding proteins and contributes to the association of nectins with other cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling systems. Nectins and afadin play roles in the formation of a variety of cell-cell junctions cooperatively with, or independently of, cadherins. Cooperation between nectins and cadherins is required for the formation of cell-cell junctions; cadherins alone are not sufficient. Additionally, nectins regulate many other cellular activities (such as movement, proliferation, survival, differentiation, polarization, and the entry of viruses) in cooperation with other CAMs and cell surface membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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41
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Ogita H, Ikeda W, Takai Y. Roles of cell adhesion molecules nectin and nectin-like molecule-5 in the regulation of cell movement and proliferation. J Microsc 2008; 231:455-65. [PMID: 18755001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In response to chemoattractants, migrating cells form protrusions, such as lamellipodia and filopodia, and structures, such as ruffles over lamellipodia, focal complexes and focal adhesions at leading edges. The formation of these leading edge structures is essential for directional cell movement. Nectin-like molecule-5 (Necl-5) interacts in cis with PDGF receptor and integrin alpha(v)beta(3), and enhances the activation of signalling molecules associated with these transmembrane proteins, which results in the formation of leading edge structures and enhancement of directional cell movement. When migrating cells come into contact with each other, cell-cell adhesion is initiated, resulting in reduced cell velocity. Necl-5 first interacts in trans with nectin-3. This interaction is transient and induces down-regulation of Necl-5 expression at the cell surface, resulting in reduced cell movement. Cell proliferation is also suppressed by the down-regulation of Necl-5, because the inhibitory effect of Necl-5 on Sprouty2, a negative regulator of the Ras signalling, is diminished. PDGF receptor and integrin alpha(v)beta(3), which have interacted with Necl-5, then form a complex with nectin, which initiates cell-cell adhesion and recruits cadherin to the nectin-based cell-cell adhesion sites to form stable adherens junctions. The formation of adherens junctions stops cell movement, in part through inactivation of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) caused by the trans-interaction of nectin. Thus, nectin and Necl-5 play key roles in the regulation of cell movement and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ogita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineOsaka, University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Takai Y, Miyoshi J, Ikeda W, Ogita H. Nectins and nectin-like molecules: roles in contact inhibition of cell movement and proliferation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9:603-15. [PMID: 18648374 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls) are immunoglobulin-like transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that are expressed in various cell types. Homophilic and heterophilic engagements between family members provide cells with molecular tools for intercellular communications. Nectins primarily regulate cell-cell adhesions, whereas Necls are involved in a greater variety of cellular functions. Recent studies have revealed that nectins and NECL-5, in cooperation with integrin alphavbeta3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, are crucial for the mechanisms that underlie contact inhibition of cell movement and proliferation; this has important implications for the development and tissue regeneration of multicellular organisms and the phenotypes of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Takai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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