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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Jiang W, Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Y, Wang S, Yang X, Liu M, Zhang Y. Understanding the mechanism of red light-induced melatonin biosynthesis facilitates the engineering of melatonin-enriched tomatoes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5525. [PMID: 37684283 PMCID: PMC10491657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a functionally conserved broad-spectrum physiological regulator found in most biological organisms in nature. Enrichment of tomato fruit with melatonin not only enhances its agronomic traits but also provides extra health benefits. In this study, we elucidate the full melatonin biosynthesis pathway in tomato fruit by identifying biosynthesis-related genes that encode caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 2 (SlCOMT2) and N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine-methyltransferases 5/7 (SlASMT5/7). We further reveal that red light supplementation significantly enhances the melatonin content in tomato fruit. This induction relies on the "serotonin-N-acetylserotonin-melatonin" biosynthesis route via the SlphyB2-SlPIF4-SlCOMT2 module. Based on the regulatory mechanism, we design a gene-editing strategy to target the binding motif of SlPIF4 in the promoter of SlCOMT2, which significantly enhances the production of melatonin in tomato fruit. Our study provides a good example of how the understanding of plant metabolic pathways responding to environmental factors can guide the engineering of health-promoting foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, 610213, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Xue Q, Wang R, Zhu-Ge R, Guo L. Research progresses on the effects of heavy metals on the circadian clock system. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2022-0104. [PMID: 37572029 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution with heavy metals is widespread, thus increasing attention has been paid to their toxic effects. Recent studies have suggested that heavy metals may influence the expression of circadian clock genes. Almost all organs and tissues exhibit circadian rhythms. The normal circadian rhythm of an organism is maintained by the central and peripheral circadian clock. Thus, circadian rhythm disorders perturb normal physiological processes. Here, we review the effects of heavy metals, including manganese, copper, cadmium, and lead, on four core circadian clock genes, i.e., ARNTL, CLOCK, PER, and CRY genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ruijian Zhu-Ge
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Xie T, Guo D, Luo J, Guo Z, Zhang S, Wang A, Wang X, Wang X, Cao W, Su L, Guo J, Huang R, Xiao Y. The Relationship Between HIF1α and Clock Gene Expression in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:381-392. [PMID: 35299629 PMCID: PMC8922359 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s348580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate the precise relationship between hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), circadian clock genes, and OSA. METHODS We recruited 21 patients with OSA and 22 age-matched controls who underwent polysomnography and had their peripheral blood collected on the evening before and the morning after sleep. OSA was defined as an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15 events/h. Patients in which T90 > 0 were defined as having nocturnal hypoxemia (NH) and were referred to as the NH group. The mRNA levels of HIF1α, HIF1β and several clock genes (Timeless, Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Ck1δ, Rorα, NR1D1, and NPAS2) were determined by RT-qPCR. The percentage difference in gene expression levels when compared between the morning and evening was then determined as referred to as morning-evening variation (MEV). RESULTS The MEV for HIF1α mRNA expression in OSA patients increased significantly by 23% (P = 0.008) when compared to patients without OSA. The gene expression levels of Timeless (P = 0.038) and Cry2 (P = 0.012) decreased with AHI. The MEV of Bmal1, Rorα, and HIF1α mRNA levels were upregulated by 16% (P = 0.006), 14% (P = 0.027), and 25% (P = 0.005), respectively, in participants with NH when compared to those without NH. Furthermore, the MEV for HIF1α mRNA levels was positively correlated with the MEV of Bmal1, Cry1, and CK1δ mRNA levels (R = 0.638, P < 0.001; R = 0.327, P = 0.002; R = 0.332, P = 0.001, respectively) and negatively correlated with LSpO2 (R = -0.464, P =0.009) and Mean SpO2 (R = -0.500, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that patients with OSA or NH tend to develop circadian rhythm disorders that may be induced by the hypoxia-mediated augmentation of HIF1α gene expression in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfan Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Novel InDel variations of the Cry2 gene are associated with litter size in Australian White sheep. Theriogenology 2021; 179:155-161. [PMID: 34875538 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) gene regulates circadian rhythm and affects reproduction and pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to explore polymorphisms of the Cry2 gene and their associations with litter size at different parity in Australian White (AuW) ewes. Five putative insertion or deletion mutations within the Cry2 gene were selected to study their association with litter size. Two novel deletion mutations were identified in intronic region of Cry2 gene and were genotyped by agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The polymorphism information content (PIC) indicated that both mutations were low polymorphism in tested groups. Statistical analysis revealed that the P1-Del-6-bp was significantly correlated with litter size at third parity (P = 0.010), in which individuals with insertion/deletion (ID) genotype had larger litter size than insertion/insertion (II) genotype (P < 0.05). Whereas, the P2-Del-6-bp was significantly correlated with litter size at first parity (P = 0.036), in which individuals with insertion/insertion (II) genotype had larger litter size than insertion/deletion (ID) genotype (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings may provide new insights to expedite molecular breeding in sheep through marker-assisted selection strategies (MAS).
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Li MD, Xin H, Yuan Y, Yang X, Li H, Tian D, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Han TL, Chen Q, Duan G, Ju D, Chen K, Deng F, He W. Circadian Clock-Controlled Checkpoints in the Pathogenesis of Complex Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:721231. [PMID: 34557221 PMCID: PMC8452875 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.721231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates physiology, metabolism, and behavior with the 24-h cycles of environmental light. Fundamental mechanisms of how the circadian clock regulates organ physiology and metabolism have been elucidated at a rapid speed in the past two decades. Here we review circadian networks in more than six organ systems associated with complex disease, which cluster around metabolic disorders, and seek to propose critical regulatory molecules controlled by the circadian clock (named clock-controlled checkpoints) in the pathogenesis of complex disease. These include clock-controlled checkpoints such as circadian nuclear receptors in liver and muscle tissues, chemokines and adhesion molecules in the vasculature. Although the progress is encouraging, many gaps in the mechanisms remain unaddressed. Future studies should focus on devising time-dependent strategies for drug delivery and engagement in well-characterized organs such as the liver, and elucidating fundamental circadian biology in so far less characterized organ systems, including the heart, blood, peripheral neurons, and reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Dian Li
- Department of Cardiology and the Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haoran Xin
- Department of Cardiology and the Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yinglin Yuan
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinqing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dingyuan Tian
- Department of Cardiology and the Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and the Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dapeng Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ka Chen
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyan He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Research Building, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Yamanaka Y, Yamada Y, Honma KI, Honma S. Cryptochrome deficiency enhances transcription but reduces protein levels of pineal Aanat. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:219-229. [PMID: 30328353 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and 2 are essential for circadian rhythm generation, not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the mammalian master circadian clock, but also in peripheral organs throughout the body. CRY is also known as a repressor of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) transcription; therefore, Cry deficiency is expected to induce constantly high pineal melatonin content. Nevertheless, we previously found that the content was consistently low in melatonin-proficient Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice (Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−) on C3H background. This study aims to clarify the mechanism underlying this discrepancy. In the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− pineal, expression levels of Aanat and clock gene Per1 were consistently high with no circadian fluctuation on the first day in constant darkness, demonstrating that CRY acts in vivo as a repressor of the pineal circadian clock and AANAT. In contrast, the enzyme activity and protein levels of AANAT remained low throughout the day, supporting our previous observation of continuously low melatonin. Thus, effects of Cry deficiency on the responses of β-adrenergic receptors were examined in cultured pineal glands. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic stimulant, significantly increased melatonin content, although the increase was smaller in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− than in WT mice, during both the day and night. However, the increase in cAMP in response to forskolin was similar in both genotypes, indicating that CRY deficiency does not affect the pathway downstream of the β-adrenergic receptor. These results suggest that a lack of circadian adrenergic input due to CRY deficiency decreases β-receptor activity and cAMP levels, resulting in consistently low AANAT levels despite abundant Aanat mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Life and Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Education, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yamada
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Insights into the Role of Circadian Rhythms in Bone Metabolism: A Promising Intervention Target? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9156478. [PMID: 30363685 PMCID: PMC6180976 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9156478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous physiological processes of mammals, including bone metabolism, are regulated by the circadian clock system, which consists of a central regulator, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and the peripheral oscillators of the BMAL1/CLOCK-PERs/CRYs system. Various bone turnover markers and bone metabolism-regulating hormones such as melatonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) display diurnal rhythmicity. According to previous research, disruption of the circadian clock due to shift work, sleep restriction, or clock gene knockout is associated with osteoporosis or other abnormal bone metabolism, showing the importance of the circadian clock system for maintaining homeostasis of bone metabolism. Moreover, common causes of osteoporosis, including postmenopausal status and aging, are associated with changes in the circadian clock. In our previous research, we found that agonism of the circadian regulators REV-ERBs inhibits osteoclast differentiation and ameliorates ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice, suggesting that clock genes may be promising intervention targets for abnormal bone metabolism. Moreover, osteoporosis interventions at different time points can provide varying degrees of bone protection, showing the importance of accounting for circadian rhythms for optimal curative effects in clinical treatment of osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about circadian rhythms and bone metabolism.
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Yelamanchi SD, Kumar M, Madugundu AK, Gopalakrishnan L, Dey G, Chavan S, Sathe G, Mathur PP, Gowda H, Mahadevan A, Shankar SK, Prasad TSK. Characterization of human pineal gland proteome. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:3622-3632. [PMID: 27714013 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine gland located at the center of the brain. It is known to regulate various physiological functions in the body through secretion of the neurohormone melatonin. Comprehensive characterization of the human pineal gland proteome has not been undertaken to date. We employed a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based approach to characterize the proteome of the human pineal gland. A total of 5874 proteins were identified from the human pineal gland in this study. Of these, 5820 proteins were identified from the human pineal gland for the first time. Interestingly, 1136 proteins from the human pineal gland were found to contain a signal peptide domain, which indicates the secretory nature of these proteins. An unbiased global proteomic profile of this biomedically important organ should benefit molecular research to unravel the role of the pineal gland in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soujanya D Yelamanchi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | | | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Sandip Chavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Premendu P Mathur
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India. and Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India. and YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India. and Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - Susarla K Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India. and Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India and Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India. and YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575 018, India and Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India
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Krylov VV. Biological effects related to geomagnetic activity and possible mechanisms. Bioelectromagnetics 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V. Krylov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences; Borok Russian Federation
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11
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Mteyrek A, Filipski E, Guettier C, Oklejewicz M, van der Horst GTJ, Okyar A, Lévi F. Critical cholangiocarcinogenesis control by cryptochrome clock genes. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2473-2483. [PMID: 28224616 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A coordinated network of molecular circadian clocks in individual cells generates 24-hr rhythms in liver metabolism and proliferation. Circadian disruption through chronic jet lag or Per2 clock gene mutation was shown to accelerate hepatocarcinoma development in mice. As divergent effects were reported for clock genes Per and Cry regarding xenobiotic toxicity, we questioned the role of Cry1 and Cry2 in liver carcinogenesis. Male WT and Cry1-/- Cry2-/- mice (C57Bl/6 background) were chronically exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at ZT11. Rest-activity and body temperature rhythms were monitored using an implanted radiotransmitter. Serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT) were determined on four occasions during the progression stage. After 7 months, serum alkaline phosphatases (ALP) were determined, and livers were sampled for microscopic tumor nodule counting and histopathology. Five months after initiation of DEN treatment, we found that Cry1-/- Cry2-/- mice developed severe liver dysplasia, as evident from the increased AST, ALT and ALP levels, as compared to WT mice. DEN exposure induced primary liver cancers in nearly fivefold as many Cry1-/- Cry2-/- mice as compared to WT mice (p = 0.01). Microscopic study revealed no difference in the average number of hepatocarcinomas and a nearly eightfold increase in the average number of cholangiocarcinomas in Cry1-/- Cry2-/- mice, as compared to WT mice. This study validated the hypothesis that molecular circadian clock disruption dramatically increased chemically induced liver carcinogenesis. In addition, the pronounced shift toward cholangiocarcinoma in DEN exposed Cry1-/- Cry2-/- mice revealed a critical role of the Cry clock genes in bile duct carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mteyrek
- INSERM and Paris Sud university, UMRS 935, Team "Cancer Chronotherapy and Postoperative Liver", Campus CNRS, Villejuif, F-94807, France
| | - Elisabeth Filipski
- INSERM and Paris Sud university, UMRS 935, Team "Cancer Chronotherapy and Postoperative Liver", Campus CNRS, Villejuif, F-94807, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Malgorzata Oklejewicz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, Beyazit, Istanbul, TR-34116, Turkey
| | - Francis Lévi
- INSERM and Paris Sud university, UMRS 935, Team "Cancer Chronotherapy and Postoperative Liver", Campus CNRS, Villejuif, F-94807, France.,Department of Medical Oncology and Laboratory of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Warwick Medical School, Cancer Chronotherapy Unit, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Kiehn JT, Tsang AH, Heyde I, Leinweber B, Kolbe I, Leliavski A, Oster H. Circadian Rhythms in Adipose Tissue Physiology. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:383-427. [PMID: 28333377 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The different types of adipose tissues fulfill a wide range of biological functions-from energy storage to hormone secretion and thermogenesis-many of which show pronounced variations over the course of the day. Such 24-h rhythms in physiology and behavior are coordinated by endogenous circadian clocks found in all tissues and cells, including adipocytes. At the molecular level, these clocks are based on interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops comprised of a set of clock genes/proteins. Tissue-specific clock-controlled transcriptional programs translate time-of-day information into physiologically relevant signals. In adipose tissues, clock gene control has been documented for adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, lipid metabolism as well as endocrine function and other adipose oscillations are under control of systemic signals tied to endocrine, neuronal, or behavioral rhythms. Circadian rhythm disruption, for example, by night shift work or through genetic alterations, is associated with changes in adipocyte metabolism and hormone secretion. At the same time, adipose metabolic state feeds back to central and peripheral clocks, adjusting behavioral and physiological rhythms. In this overview article, we summarize our current knowledge about the crosstalk between circadian clocks and energy metabolism with a focus on adipose physiology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:383-427, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana-Thabea Kiehn
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony H Tsang
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isabel Heyde
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Brinja Leinweber
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isa Kolbe
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexei Leliavski
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Mediavilla MD, Vriend J, Reiter RJ. Constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) and COP9 signalosome, evolutionarily conserved photomorphogenic proteins as possible targets of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:41-51. [PMID: 27121162 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system has been proposed as a possible mechanism involved in the multiple actions of melatonin. COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1), a RING finger-type ubiquitin E3 ligase formerly identified in Arabidopsis, is a central switch for the transition from plant growth underground in darkness (etiolation) to growth under light exposure (photomorphogenesis). In darkness, COP1 binds to photomorphogenic transcription factors driving its degradation via the 26S proteasome; blue light, detected by cryptochromes, and red and far-red light detected by phytochromes, negatively regulate COP1. Homologues of plant COP1 containing all the structural features present in Arabidopsis as well as E3 ubiquitin ligase activity have been identified in mice and humans. Substrates for mammalian (m) COP1 include p53, AP-1 and c-Jun, p27(Kip1) , ETV1, MVP, 14-3-3σ, C/EBPα, MTA1, PEA3, ACC, TORC2 and FOXO1. This mCOP1 target suggests functions related to tumorigenesis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid metabolism. The role of mCOP1 in tumorigenesis (either as a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor), as well as in glucose metabolism (inhibition of gluconeogenesis) and lipid metabolism (inhibition of fatty acid synthesis), has been previously demonstrated. COP1, along with numerous other ubiquitin ligases, is regulated by the COP9 signalosome; this protein complex is associated with the oxidative stress sensor Keap1 and the deubiquitinase USP15. The objective of this review was to provide new information on the possible role of COP1 and COP9 as melatonin targets. The hypothesis is based on common functional aspects of melatonin and COP1 and COP9, including their dependence on light, regulation of the metabolism, and their control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria D Mediavilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Sakakibara H, Torii Yasuda M, Shimoi K. Effects of environmental and social stressors on biological rhythms. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.5.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayoko Shimoi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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15
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Ramkisoensing A, Meijer JH. Synchronization of Biological Clock Neurons by Light and Peripheral Feedback Systems Promotes Circadian Rhythms and Health. Front Neurol 2015; 6:128. [PMID: 26097465 PMCID: PMC4456861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as a circadian clock that drives 24-h rhythms in both physiology and behavior. The SCN is a multicellular oscillator in which individual neurons function as cell-autonomous oscillators. The production of a coherent output rhythm is dependent upon mutual synchronization among single cells and requires both synaptic communication and gap junctions. Changes in phase-synchronization between individual cells have consequences on the amplitude of the SCN’s electrical activity rhythm, and these changes play a major role in the ability to adapt to seasonal changes. Both aging and sleep deprivation negatively affect the circadian amplitude of the SCN, whereas behavioral activity (i.e., exercise) has a positive effect on amplitude. Given that the amplitude of the SCN’s electrical activity rhythm is essential for achieving robust rhythmicity in physiology and behavior, the mechanisms that underlie neuronal synchronization warrant further study. A growing body of evidence suggests that the functional integrity of the SCN contributes to health, well-being, cognitive performance, and alertness; in contrast, deterioration of the 24-h rhythm is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease, cancer, depression, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Ramkisoensing
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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16
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Vriend J, Reiter RJ. Melatonin feedback on clock genes: a theory involving the proteasome. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:1-11. [PMID: 25369242 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of 'clock' genes occurs in all tissues, but especially in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, groups of neurons in the brain that regulate circadian rhythms. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in a circadian manner as influenced by the SCN. There is also considerable evidence that melatonin, in turn, acts on the SCN directly influencing the circadian 'clock' mechanisms. The most direct route by which melatonin could reach the SCN would be via the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle. Melatonin could also reach the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, another melatonin-sensitive tissue, via this route. The major 'clock' genes include the period genes, Per1 and Per2, the cryptochrome genes, Cry1 and Cry2, the clock (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) gene, and the Bmal1 (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like) gene. Clock and Bmal1 heterodimers act on E-box components of the promoters of the Per and Cry genes to stimulate transcription. A negative feedback loop between the cryptochrome proteins and the nucleus allows the Cry and Per proteins to regulate their own transcription. A cycle of ubiquitination and deubiquitination controls the levels of CRY protein degraded by the proteasome and, hence, the amount of protein available for feedback. Thus, it provides a post-translational component to the circadian clock mechanism. BMAL1 also stimulates transcription of REV-ERBα and, in turn, is also partially regulated by negative feedback by REV-ERBα. In the 'black widow' model of transcription, proteasomes destroy transcription factors that are needed only for a particular period of time. In the model proposed herein, the interaction of melatonin and the proteasome is required to adjust the SCN clock to changes in the environmental photoperiod. In particular, we predict that melatonin inhibition of the proteasome interferes with negative feedback loops (CRY/PER and REV-ERBα) on Bmal1 transcription genes in both the SCN and PT. Melatonin inhibition of the proteasome would also tend to stabilize BMAL1 protein itself in the SCN, particularly at night when melatonin is naturally elevated. Melatonin inhibition of the proteasome could account for the effects of melatonin on circadian rhythms associated with molecular timing genes. The interaction of melatonin with the proteasome in the hypothalamus also provides a model for explaining the dramatic 'time of day' effect of melatonin injections on reproductive status of seasonal breeders. Finally, the model predicts that a proteasome inhibitor such as bortezomib would modify circadian rhythms in a manner similar to melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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17
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Abstract
In most species, endogenous circadian clocks regulate 24-h rhythms of behavior and physiology. Clock disruption has been associated with decreased cognitive performance and increased propensity to develop obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Many hormonal factors show robust diurnal secretion rhythms, some of which are involved in mediating clock output from the brain to peripheral tissues. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of clock-hormone interaction in mammals, the contribution of different tissue oscillators to hormonal regulation, and how changes in circadian timing impinge on endocrine signalling and downstream processes. We further summarize recent findings suggesting that hormonal signals may feed back on circadian regulation and how this crosstalk interferes with physiological and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Tsang
- Circadian Rhythms Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Machado-Nils AV, de Faria LO, Vieira AS, Teixeira SA, Muscará MN, Ferrari EA. Daily cycling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the hippocampus of pigeons (C. livia). J Circadian Rhythms 2013; 11:12. [PMID: 24176048 PMCID: PMC4177212 DOI: 10.1186/1740-3391-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is essential for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a non-conventional neurotransmitter with an important role in synaptic plasticity underlying processes of hippocampus-dependent memory and in the regulation of biological clocks and circadian rhythms. Many studies have shown that both the NOS cytosolic protein content and its enzymatic activity present a circadian variation in different regions of the rodent brain, including the hippocampus. The present study investigated the daily variation of NOS enzymatic activity and the cytosolic content of nNOS in the hippocampus of pigeons. Results Adult pigeons kept under a skeleton photoperiod were assigned to six different groups. Homogenates of the hippocampus obtained at six different times-of-day were used for NOS analyses. Both iNOS activity and nNOS cytosolic protein concentrations were highest during the subjective light phase and lowest in the subjective dark phase of the circadian period. ANOVA showed significant time differences for iNOS enzymatic activity (p < 0.05) and for nNOS protein content (p < 0.05) in the hippocampus. A significant daily rhythm for both iNOS and nNOS was confirmed by analysis with the Cosinor method (p < 0.05). The present findings indicate that the enzymatic activity of iNOS and content of nNOS protein in the hippocampus of pigeons exhibit a daily rhythm, with acrophase values occurring during the behavioral activity phase. Conclusions The data corroborate the reports on circadian variation of NOS in the mammalian hippocampus and can be considered indicative of a dynamic interaction between hippocampus-dependent processes and circadian clock mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline V Machado-Nils
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
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Gupta S, Haldar C, Singh S. Daily variations in plasma melatonin and melatonin receptor (MT1), PER1 and CRY1 expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei of tropical squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:763-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The sleep/wake cycle is arguably the most familiar output of the circadian system, however, sleep is a complex biological process that arises from multiple brain regions and neurotransmitters, which is regulated by numerous physiological and environmental factors. These include a circadian drive for wakefulness as well as an increase in the requirement for sleep with prolonged waking (the sleep homeostat). In this chapter, we describe the regulation of sleep, with a particular emphasis on the contribution of the circadian system. Since their identification, the role of clock genes in the regulation of sleep has attracted considerable interest, and here, we provide an overview of the interplay between specific elements of the molecular clock with the sleep regulatory system. Finally, we summarise the role of the light environment, melatonin and social cues in the modulation of sleep, with a focus on the role of melanopsin ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Fisher
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Centre for Neuroscience, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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21
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Borjigin J, Zhang LS, Calinescu AA. Circadian regulation of pineal gland rhythmicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:13-9. [PMID: 21782887 PMCID: PMC3202635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ of the brain. Its main task is to synthesize and secrete melatonin, a nocturnal hormone with diverse physiological functions. This review will focus on the central and pineal mechanisms in generation of mammalian pineal rhythmicity including melatonin production. In particular, this review covers the following topics: (1) local control of serotonin and melatonin rhythms; (2) neurotransmitters involved in central control of melatonin; (3) plasticity of the neural circuit controlling melatonin production; (4) role of clock genes in melatonin formation; (5) phase control of pineal rhythmicity; (6) impact of light at night on pineal rhythms; and (7) physiological function of the pineal rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimo Borjigin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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The diurnal oscillation of MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase and adenylyl cyclase activities in the hippocampus depends on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 2011; 31:10640-7. [PMID: 21775607 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6535-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory is dependent on activation of the cAMP/Erk/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway in the hippocampus. Recently, we discovered that adenylyl cyclase and MAPK activities undergo a circadian oscillation in the hippocampus and that inhibition of this oscillation impairs contextual memory. This suggests the interesting possibility that the persistence of hippocampus-dependent memory depends upon the reactivation of MAPK in the hippocampus during the circadian cycle. A key unanswered question is whether the circadian oscillation of this signaling pathway is intrinsic to the hippocampus or is driven by the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To address this question, we ablated the SCN of mice by electrolytic lesion and examined hippocampus-dependent memory as well as adenylyl cyclase and MAPK activities. Electrolytic lesion of the SCN 2 d after training for contextual fear memory reduced contextual memory measured 2 weeks after training, indicating that maintenance of contextual memory depends on the SCN. Spatial memory was also compromised in SCN-lesioned mice. Furthermore, the diurnal oscillation of adenylyl cyclase and MAPK activities in the hippocampus was destroyed by lesioning of the SCN. These data suggest that hippocampus-dependent long-term memory is dependent on the SCN-controlled oscillation of the adenylyl cyclase/MAPK pathway in the hippocampus.
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