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Comparable Overall Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosed within and outside a Surveillance Programme: The Potential Impact of Liver Cirrhosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030978. [PMID: 36765935 PMCID: PMC9913092 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death, and its incidence is rising. Mortality from HCC is predicted to increase by 140% by 2035. Surveillance of high-risk patients with cirrhosis or chronic liver disease may be one means of reducing HCC mortality, but the level of supporting evidence for international guidelines is low/moderate. This study explores the real-world experience of HCC surveillance at a tertiary referral centre. Electronic patient records for all new HCCs diagnosed between August 2012 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and tumour characteristics were evaluated, including the co-existence of chronic liver disease, cancer treatment and survival, and categorised according to HCC diagnosis within or outside a surveillance programme. Patients with HCC who presented through surveillance had smaller tumours diagnosed at an earlier stage, but this did not translate into improved overall survival. All patients in surveillance had chronic liver disease, including 91% (n = 101) with cirrhosis, compared to 45% (n = 29) in the non-surveillance cohort. We propose that the immune dysfunction associated with cirrhosis predisposes patients to a more aggressive tumour biology than the largely non-cirrhotic population in the non-surveillance group.
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De Wispelaere N, Rico SD, Bauer M, Luebke AM, Kluth M, Büscheck F, Hube-Magg C, Höflmayer D, Gorbokon N, Weidemann S, Möller K, Fraune C, Bernreuther C, Simon R, Kähler C, Menz A, Hinsch A, Jacobsen F, Lebok P, Clauditz T, Sauter G, Uhlig R, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Burandt E, Krech R, Dum D, Krech T, Marx A, Minner S. High prevalence of p16 staining in malignant tumors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262877. [PMID: 35862385 PMCID: PMC9302831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
p16 (CDKN2A) is a member of the INK4 class of cell cycle inhibitors, which is often dysregulated in cancer. However, the prevalence of p16 expression in different cancer types is controversial. 15,783 samples from 124 different tumor types and 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. p16 was detectable in 5,292 (45.0%) of 11,759 interpretable tumors. Except from adenohypophysis in islets of Langerhans, p16 staining was largely absent in normal tissues. In cancer, highest positivity rates were observed in uterine cervix squamous cell carcinomas (94.4%), non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, pTaG2 (100%), Merkel cell carcinoma (97.7%), and small cell carcinomas of various sites of origin (54.5%-100%). All 124 tumor categories showed at least occasional p16 immunostaining. Comparison with clinico-pathological data in 128 vulvar, 149 endometrial, 295 serous ovarian, 396 pancreatic, 1365 colorectal, 284 gastric, and 1245 urinary bladder cancers, 910 breast carcinomas, 620 clear cell renal cell carcinomas, and 414 testicular germ cell tumors revealed only few statistically significant associations. Comparison of human papilloma virus (HPV) status and p16 in 497 squamous cell carcinomas of different organs revealed HPV in 80.4% of p16 positive and in 20.6% of p16 negative cancers (p<0.0001). It is concluded, that a positive and especially strong p16 immunostaining is a feature for malignancy which may be diagnostically useful in lipomatous, urothelial and possibly other tumors. The imperfect association between p16 immunostaining and HPV infection with high variability between different sites of origin challenges the use of p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for HPV positivity, except in tumors of cervix uteri and the penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi De Wispelaere
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Bauer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Kähler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Hu J, Zhang ZQ, Zhu W, Wu ZR, You Y, Liu Y, Su DW, Wang YB, Gong JP. Comparison of clinicopathological traits and prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma with and without cirrhotic background. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1576-1582. [PMID: 32188964 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The difference of the patients bearing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with and without cirrhosis at clinical level has not been completely determined. This study compared their differences in clinicopathological traits and prognostic factors for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Animal model was established to validate the result of clinical observation. As a result, 82 patients bearing HCC with no cirrhosis (HCC-NC) and 146 patients bearing HCC with cirrhosis (HCC-C) were included. HCC-NC exhibited shorter prothrombin time and higher plasma albumin than HCC-C. In HCC-NC, satellite nodule was an independent risk factor for OS, and high γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was an independent risk factor for RFS. In HCC-C, female sex was an independent risk factor for OS. Stratified analysis showed the OS and RFS of HCC-NC were better than HCC-C in conditions like without cancer embolus (in the portal vein or bile duct), without lymphadenopathy in hepatic portal, without satellite nodule and with small or high-differentiated tumor. Animal model analysis showed HCC-NC had a higher liver/body weight ratio, less tumor count and smaller max tumor volume than HCC-C. In conclusion, clinicopathological traits and risk factors influencing postoperative OS and RFS differed between patients with HCC-C and HCC-NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Ru Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dai-Wen Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Bing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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McIntyre CA, Chou JF, Gonen M, Shia J, Gambarin-Gelwan M, Balachandran VP, Kingham TP, Allen PJ, Drebin JA, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica MI. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with no identifiable risk factors. HPB (Oxford) 2021; 23:118-126. [PMID: 32591247 PMCID: PMC8022289 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients have no risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated differences in clinical variables between patients with and without risk factors who underwent surgical resection. METHODS A prospectively maintained database was queried for patients who underwent R0/R1 resection of HCC between 1992 and 2016. Risk factors included HCV, HBV, hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis, stage 2 or 3 fibrosis or severe (>66%) steatosis of the non-neoplastic liver. Variables were compared between patients with and without risk factors. RESULTS There were 416 patients who underwent resection; 276 (66%) had known risk factors while 140 (34%) did not. Patients without risk factors were more likely to be older, female and have hyperlipidemia or coronary artery disease (p < 0.004). These patients had larger tumors and were more likely to undergo major hepatectomy (p < 0.001). There was no difference in OS (5-year, 56% vs 47%, p = 0.335), RFS (27% vs 24%, p = 0.398), or the rates of intrahepatic (HR:1.16 [95%CI:0.95-1.57], p = 0.344) and extrahepatic recurrences (HR:0.72 [95%CI:0.4-1.3], p = 0.261) between groups. CONCLUSION Patients without risk factors for HCC presented with larger tumors yet had similar outcomes, suggesting these tumors may represent a different disease process, and underlying liver dysfunction can influence overall outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A McIntyre
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne F Chou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maya Gambarin-Gelwan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinod P Balachandran
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Peter Kingham
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Allen
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Drebin
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William R Jarnagin
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael I D'Angelica
- Department of Surgery, Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually preceded by chronic liver injury and ongoing liver diseases. Liver cirrhosis reflects the outcome of long-term liver injury and is associated with an increased risk of developing HCC. However, HCC also arises in individuals without cirrhosis and bears several characteristics distinct from HCC in the cirrhotic liver. The molecular characteristics, prognosis, and surveillance of noncirrhotic HCC have not been adequately studied. In this review, we update readers and researchers in the field with the latest understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment strategies, prognosis, and surveillance of noncirrhotic HCC.
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Holah NS, El-Azab DS, Aiad HAES, Sweed DMM. The Diagnostic Role of SPINK1 in Differentiating Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Nonmalignant Lesions. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 25:703-711. [PMID: 27028242 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Distinction of small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from dysplastic nodules may be difficult. In addition, distinction of well-differentiated HCC (WD-HCC) from high-grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN) is also difficult in small needle biopsy. We aimed to study serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) immunohistochemical expression in HCC to differentiate it from nonmalignant lesions. METHODS This study included 179 specimens from the archival material of Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, between 2007 and 2014, divided as 93 HCC and 86 nonmalignant lesions. All cases were stained for SPINK1 antibody. RESULTS SPINK1 was expressed in 76.3% of HCC cases with a diagnostic accuracy of 79.3%.There was a significant difference between focal nodular hyperplasia and WD-HCC cases regarding mean value of SPINK1 expression (P=0.015). In addition, there was low SPINK1 score in cirrhosis cases compared with WD-HCC. Moreover, there was a high significant difference between WD-HCC and HGDN regarding SPINK1 expression (P=0.001), with 83.3% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity. CONCLUSIONS SPINK1 can be used to differentiate between a WD-HCC and a HGDN with high diagnostic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis S Holah
- Departments of *Pathology, Faculty of Medicine †Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
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Ramalho LN, Porta LD, Rosim RE, Petta T, Augusto MJ, Silva DM, Ramalho FS, Oliveira CA. Aflatoxin B 1 residues in human livers and their relationship with markers of hepatic carcinogenesis in São Paulo, Brazil. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:777-784. [PMID: 30101081 PMCID: PMC6082919 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, hepatic biopsies from autopsy cases in São Paulo, Brazil, showing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 8), cirrhosis associated with viral hepatitis (VC, n = 20), cirrhosis associated with alcoholism (AC, n = 20), and normal livers (NL or controls, n = 10) were subjected to determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its main metabolites, and of markers of hepatic carcinogenesis Only non-metabolized AFB1 was detected in 13 samples (27.1%, N = 48) of liver disorders (HCC, VC and AC), at levels between 10.0 and 418.0 pg/g (mean: 76.6 ± 107.7 pg/g). Immuno-labeling of p53, cyclin D1, p21, β-catenin, and Prohibitin (PB) increased mainly in HCC patients, in relation to the controls. AFB1+ samples of HCC presented higher expressions of p53, cyclin D1, p21, and β-catenin compared with AFB1-livers. In contrast, p27, p16, and Rb immuno-labeling decreased in HCC, VC, and AC samples, compared with NL, with lowest values in AFB1+ samples for all liver disorders. Compared with NL, gene expression of cyclin D1 and PB in AFB1+ samples of HCC and AC were also higher, along with higher gene expression of p21 in VC and AC AFB1+ livers. Results indicated that patients with liver disorders were exposed to dietary aflatoxins, and that residual AFB1 in liver negatively affected the p53 and protein Rb pathways in HCC. Moreover, the presence of AFB1 in cirrhotic livers warrants concern about the potential contribution of dietary aflatoxin to disease progression during VC and AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra N.Z. Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia D. Porta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Roice E. Rosim
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias – Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Petta
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlei J. Augusto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Deisy M. Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando S. Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A.F. Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias – Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Uthamalingam P, Das A, Behra A, Kalra N, Chawla Y. Diagnostic Value of Glypican3, Heat Shock Protein 70 and Glutamine Synthetase in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Arising in Cirrhotic and Non-Cirrhotic Livers. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:173-180. [PMID: 29892181 PMCID: PMC5992316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Histopathological distinction of various nodular lesions in liver with sufficient sensitivity and specificity is a challenge even in an expert set up. The panel of immunohistochemical markers composed of glutamine synthetase (GS), Glypican3 (GPC3) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was recommended by the International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia group for the differentiation of high grade dysplastic nodule and early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The panel has been extensively validated in the western population. This study aims to test this panel on Indian population on resected, explanted and autopsy cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic liver specimens of HCC. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted on 39 such liver specimens (12 cirrhotic, 12 pre-cirrhotic and 11 non-cirrhotic, non-fibrotic livers), including 35 cases of HCC over a period of 12 years. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against GS, GPC3 and HSP70 on the sections containing both malignant and dysplastic nodules. RESULTS The diagnostic yield depended upon the nature of background liver pathology and was found to be high for only those HCCs arising in cirrhotic background, when positivity of any two markers was taken to be in favor of HCC (sensitivity-58.33%; specificity-100%). GS had a sensitivity and Negative predictive value of 100% for HCCs arising in cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSIONS Strong positivity for GS is a highly sensitive marker for HCC in a cirrhotic background regardless of the differentiation of the tumor in Indian population. This may be due to preferential activation of Wnt pathway in Indian patients with cirrhosis. The sensitivity of the panel was too low for detecting HCCs arising in non-cirrhotic livers, even in the pre-cirrhotic chronically inflamed livers, even though the specificity was high. GPC3 and HSP70 appear to be useful as individual markers for HCCs arising in non-cirrhotic livers.
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Key Words
- C, cirrhotic
- GPC3, Glypican3
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- Glypican3
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HGDN, high grade dysplastic nodule
- HSP70, heat shock protein 70
- ICGHN, International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia
- LGDN, low grade dysplastic nodules
- NCNF, non-cirrhotic, non-fibrotic livers
- PC, pre-cirrhotic
- dysplastic nodules
- glutamine synthetase
- heat shock protein 70
- hepatocellular carcinoma
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashim Das
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India,Address for correspondence: Ashim Das, Professor, Department of Histopathology, Research Block A, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | | | - Naveen Kalra
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Galun D, Bogdanovic A, Djokic Kovac J, Bulajic P, Loncar Z, Zuvela M. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic predictor after curative-intent surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: experience from a developing country. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:977-988. [PMID: 29765248 PMCID: PMC5942394 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s161398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate a prognostic value of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on long-term survival of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic hepatocellular cancer (HCC) patients managed by a curative-intent liver surgery in a developing country. Patients and methods During the study period between November 1, 2001, and December 31, 2012, 109 patients underwent potentially curative hepatectomy for HCC. Data were retrospectively reviewed from the prospectively collected database. The median follow-up was 25 months. NLR was estimated by dividing an absolute neutrophil count by an absolute lymphocyte count from the differential blood count. Receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to assess the ability of NLR to predict long-term outcomes and to determine an optimal cutoff value for all patients group, the subgroup with cirrhosis, and the subgroup without cirrhosis. The optimal cutoff values were 1.28, 1.28, and 2.09, respectively. Results The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 49% and 45%, respectively, for low NLR group and 38% and 26%, respectively, for high NLR group. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.015). Overall survival was similar between low and high NLR groups in patients with cirrhosis; no difference was found between the groups (p=0.124). In patients without cirrhosis, low NLR group had longer overall survival compared with high NLR group (p=0.015). Univariate analysis identified four factors as significant predictors of long-term survival: cirrhosis, Child-Pugh score, platelet count, and NLR. On multivariate analysis, only platelet count and NLR were independent prognostic factors of long-term survival. Conclusion Prognostic value of NLR was confirmed in noncirrhotic HCC patients who underwent curative-intent liver surgery. In HCC patients with cirrhosis, the prognostic role of NLR was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel Galun
- HPB Unit, Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Djokic Kovac
- Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Center for Radiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Bulajic
- HPB Unit, Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zlatibor Loncar
- Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marinko Zuvela
- HPB Unit, Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Yuan L, Luo X, Lu X, Yi B, Chu K, Cai Q, Jiang X. Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A large-scale retrospective study. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:615-622. [PMID: 29046795 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of cirrhosis on the characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate how cirrhosis affects the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of surgically treated ICC patients. A total of 1,312 ICC patients surgically treated between January 2007 and December 2011 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed and the clinicopathological data were compared between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant and independent prognostic factors in this cohort. A total of 302 patients (23.0%) were cirrhotic. Compared with cirrhotic patients, the tumors in non-cirrhotic patients were usually larger, less differentiated, and more likely to have lymphatic metastasis, vascular and perineural invasion. Following resection, cirrhotic patients achieved a longer survival compared with non-cirrhotic patients (16.0 vs. 13.0 months, respectively; P<0.038). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that hepatitis B virus infection and cirrhosis were independent favorable prognostic factors, while the presence of cholelithiasis, elevated carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen levels, multiple tumors, lymphatic metastasis, vascular invasion and positive surgical margin status were independent unfavorable prognostic factors. Overall, the clinicopathological characteristics of ICC patients with and without cirrhosis differed significantly. Compared with cirrhotic patients, in whom the biological behavior of ICC was similar to that of HCC, non-cirrhotic patients exhibited higher-risk pathological characteristics, lower curative resection rate and worse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xianwu Luo
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yi
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Kaijian Chu
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Quanyu Cai
- Department of Medical Imaging, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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11
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The Differential Immunohistochemical Expression of p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 Between HCV-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma With and Without Cirrhosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:75-87. [PMID: 25710583 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes 70.48% of all liver tumors among Egyptians with multifactorial etiology and complex pathogenesis. HCV infection is the most common risk factor of HCC in Egypt, which commonly develops on top of cirrhosis (HCC-C); however, 15% to 20% of HCC are reported to arise in noncirrhotic livers (HCC-NC). This study aimed to explore the differences in the immunohistochemical expression of p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 between HCC-C and HCC-NC to verify the underlying molecular pathways and to study their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study investigated 103 cases of HCC (86 cases of HCC-C and 17 cases HCC-NC including tumorous and nontumorous tissues) together with 10 cases of chronic hepatitis and 10 cases of pure cirrhosis as control groups. Zero, 100%, 100%, and 50% of chronic hepatitis cases were positive for p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21, respectively. All cirrhotic cases were negative for p53 and c-Jun, whereas they were all positive for c-Myc and p21. A total of 41%, 11.65%, 86.4%, and 57.3% of HCC cases showed p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 expression, respectively. The only difference between HCC-C and HCC-NC was the H-score values of p21 expression, which were higher in HCC-C compared with HCC-NC (P=0.03). HCV-related HCC commonly develops on top of cirrhosis with a minority develops on top of noncirrhotic liver. Only p21 pathway appears to be upregulated in favor of HCC-C than HCC-NC. p53 is considered as a late-event molecular carcinogen, whereas p21 and c-Myc may serve as early-event molecular carcinogen in HCC. The oncogenic role of p21 may be related to its cytoplasmic localization and its promotion of c-Myc expression. Progressive increase in the intensity of c-Myc expression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis to HCC may refer to its role as a multistep regulator of hepatocarcinogenesis. The marked reduction of c-Jun in HCC may refer to its tumor suppressor activity.
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Yang SL, Liu LP, Sun YF, Yang XR, Fan J, Ren JW, Chen GG, Lai PBS. Distinguished prognosis after hepatectomy of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with or without cirrhosis: a long-term follow-up analysis. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:722-32. [PMID: 26607653 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting results have often been observed for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, but few studies have attempted to explore the reasons for the conflicting results. We aimed to distinguish the prognosis of patients with HCC with cirrhosis (HCC-C) and that of patients with HCC without cirrhosis (HCC-NC). METHODS Patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC treated by curative liver resection at a single institution between 1995 and 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors, including tumor-related factors, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression, HBV X protein (HBx) expression, and HBx double mutations for overall survival and recurrence-free survival in these patients. RESULTS The long-term prognosis of HCC-NC patients is better than that of HCC-C patients. Male sex, poor differentiation, preoperative serum alanine aminotransferase level greater than 80 IU/L, and α-fetoprotein level greater than 400 ng/mL were risk factors for overall survival among HCC-NC patients but not among HCC-C patients, and age greater than 50 years was associated with poor overall survival only in cirrhotic patients. HCC-C patients benefit more from antiviral therapy following curative hepatectomy than do HCC-NC patients. The clinical value of the biomarkers hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, HBx, and HBx double mutations for predicting HCC prognosis was significantly different between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS There were differences in tumor-related prognostic factors, effectiveness of the antiviral therapy after hepatectomy, and biomarkers between HCC-C and HCC-NC patients, indicating that subgroup analysis of the prognostic factors may result in better management of HCC and that HCC patients, especially those with liver cirrhosis, should be given antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wei Ren
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Hadjittofi C, Athanasopoulos PG, Koti RS, Konstantinidou SK, Davidson BR. Long-term survival with repeated resections of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in a non-cirrhotic liver: case report and brief review of the literature. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:112. [PMID: 27127765 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.03.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A healthy and asymptomatic 55-year-old woman underwent a complete (R0) non-anatomical resection of an incidentally detected solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a non-cirrhotic liver. Six years following the initial R0 non-anatomical resection, intrahepatic recurrence was diagnosed and the patient underwent a second R0 non-anatomical resection. At 12.5 years following the initial resection, a further intrahepatic recurrence was diagnosed, which was once again completely resected by left lateral hepatectomy. This represents one of the longest reported periods between initial resection and HCC recurrence, following repeated R0 resections in the absence of cirrhosis. The appropriate surveillance period and genetic testing protocol for such cases remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hadjittofi
- 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK ; 2 Department of HPB & Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK ; 3 Department of Pharmacy & Forensic Science, King's College London, Strand, London, UK ; 4 Research Department of General Surgery, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis G Athanasopoulos
- 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK ; 2 Department of HPB & Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK ; 3 Department of Pharmacy & Forensic Science, King's College London, Strand, London, UK ; 4 Research Department of General Surgery, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Rahul S Koti
- 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK ; 2 Department of HPB & Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK ; 3 Department of Pharmacy & Forensic Science, King's College London, Strand, London, UK ; 4 Research Department of General Surgery, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Sofia K Konstantinidou
- 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK ; 2 Department of HPB & Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK ; 3 Department of Pharmacy & Forensic Science, King's College London, Strand, London, UK ; 4 Research Department of General Surgery, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK ; 2 Department of HPB & Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK ; 3 Department of Pharmacy & Forensic Science, King's College London, Strand, London, UK ; 4 Research Department of General Surgery, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
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14
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Arnaoutakis DJ, Mavros MN, Shen F, Alexandrescu S, Firoozmand A, Popescu I, Weiss M, Wolfgang CL, Choti MA, Pawlik TM. Recurrence patterns and prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver: a multi-institutional analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:147-154. [PMID: 23959056 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) primarily affects patients with a cirrhotic liver. Reports on the characteristics of patients with HCC in noncirrhotic liver, as well as predictors of recurrence and survival, are scarce. METHODS Between 1992 and 2011, 334 patients treated for HCC in noncirrhotic liver were identified from three major hepatobiliary centers. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed and independent predictors of recurrence and overall survival were identified using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Median patient age was 58 years and 77 % were male. Most patients had a solitary (81 %) and poorly or undifferentiated tumor (56 %); median size was 6.5 cm. The majority of patients (96 %) underwent liver resection (microscopically negative margins in 94 %), whereas a few had transarterial chemoembolization or transplantation (4 %). Median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 2.5 years, and 1- and 5-year RFS was 71.1, and 35 %, respectively. Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels [hazards ratio (HR) = 1.82], poor tumor differentiation (HR = 1.4), macrovascular invasion (HR = 2.18), and the presence of satellite lesions (HR = 1.9), or intrahepatic metastases (HR = 2.59) were independently associated with shorter RFS; in contrast, an intact tumor capsule independently prolonged RFS (HR = 0.46). Median overall survival was 5.9 years, and 1- and 5-year overall survival was 86.9, and 54.5 %, respectively. Tumor size ≥5 cm (HR = 2.27), macrovascular (HR = 2.72) or adjacent organ invasion (HR = 3.34), and satellite lesions (HR = 2.18) were independently associated with shorter overall survival, whereas an intact tumor capsule showed a protective effect (HR = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS Following resection of HCC in the setting of no cirrhosis, more than one-half of patients were alive after 5 years. However, even among patients with no cirrhosis, recurrence was common. Factors associated with RFS and overall survival included tumor characteristics, such as tumor capsule, satellite lesions, and vascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Arnaoutakis
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael N Mavros
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Feng Shen
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sorin Alexandrescu
- Institute for Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation Fundeni, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amin Firoozmand
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Institute for Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation Fundeni, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Matthew Weiss
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael A Choti
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Kadri H, Blank S, Wang Q, Kim K, Fiel M, Luan W, Hiotis S. Outcomes following liver resection and clinical pathologic characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma occurring in patients with chronic hepatitis B and minimally fibrotic liver. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 39:1371-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Guo J, Ma Q, Zhou X, Fan P, Shan T, Miao D. Inactivation of p27kip1 promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis through enhancing inflammatory cytokine secretion and STAT3 signaling activation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1967-76. [PMID: 23460367 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the expression of p27 has been regarded as a prognostic parameter in human liver cancer since the implication of decreased p27 expression levels in the genesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the molecular mechanism linking p27 deficiency and HCC development is still unclear. Here, we report an increase in tumorigenesis and progression as well as an enhanced inflammatory response in p27 deficient mice (p27(-/-)) and hypothesize the possible mechanism. We show that p27(-/-) mice display increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of tumor cells, accompanied by an increase in the serum inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, our data indicated that the increased number and signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation status of infiltrated inflammatory cells was accompanied by increased IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA levels in tumor and normal liver tissue in the p27(-/-) mice. Moreover, using tumor cell and splenocytes co-culture and tumor homologous transplantation, we validated our hypothesis in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the loss of p27 promotes carcinogens-induced HCC genesis and progression via the elevation of inflammatory cytokines and the augmented activation of STAT3 signaling in tumor cells and infiltrated inflammatory cells. Altogether, the loss of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27, traditionally regarded as a consequence of DNA damage, can in turn promote HCC progression through enhancing the inflammatory response, potentially representing a promising therapeutic target in the prevention of HCC genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR, China
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17
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Wang Q, Fiel MI, Blank S, Luan W, Kadri H, Kim KW, Manizate F, Rosenblatt AG, Labow DM, Schwartz ME, Hiotis SP. Impact of liver fibrosis on prognosis following liver resection for hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013. [PMID: 23846171 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.352.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the impact of liver fibrosis severity on prognosis following liver resection among HBV-HCC patients. METHODS Data were extracted from a prospective database of 189 HBV-HCC patients treated at Mount Sinai between 1995 and 2008. Fibrosis staging of each surgical resection specimen using the modified Ishak method was performed by a single liver pathologist. RESULTS A wide range of Ishak fibrosis stage was observed among this patient population, with 29% having established cirrhosis (Ishak stage 6). Ishak stage 6 was independently associated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival. In patients with Ishak stage 1-5, Ishak stage did not affect survival; rather, tumour size was associated with poor overall survival, and tumour size, histologic activity index and serum AFP>20 ng ml(-1) were associated with poor recurrence-free survival. In patients with Ishak stage 6, poorly differentiated histology and tumour size were associated with poor overall survival, and tumour size was associated with poor recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION HBV-HCC develops with varying degrees of underlying liver fibrosis; however, progressive liver fibrosis does not affect the outcomes following resection until cirrhosis is reached. Established cirrhosis, as defined histologically by Ishak stage 6, is an independent predictor of poor overall and recurrence-free survival among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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18
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Impact of liver fibrosis on prognosis following liver resection for hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:573-81. [PMID: 23846171 PMCID: PMC3738114 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to evaluate the impact of liver fibrosis severity on prognosis following liver resection among HBV–HCC patients. Methods: Data were extracted from a prospective database of 189 HBV–HCC patients treated at Mount Sinai between 1995 and 2008. Fibrosis staging of each surgical resection specimen using the modified Ishak method was performed by a single liver pathologist. Results: A wide range of Ishak fibrosis stage was observed among this patient population, with 29% having established cirrhosis (Ishak stage 6). Ishak stage 6 was independently associated with poor overall and recurrence-free survival. In patients with Ishak stage 1–5, Ishak stage did not affect survival; rather, tumour size was associated with poor overall survival, and tumour size, histologic activity index and serum AFP>20 ng ml−1 were associated with poor recurrence-free survival. In patients with Ishak stage 6, poorly differentiated histology and tumour size were associated with poor overall survival, and tumour size was associated with poor recurrence-free survival. Conclusion: HBV–HCC develops with varying degrees of underlying liver fibrosis; however, progressive liver fibrosis does not affect the outcomes following resection until cirrhosis is reached. Established cirrhosis, as defined histologically by Ishak stage 6, is an independent predictor of poor overall and recurrence-free survival among these patients.
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Witjes CDM, ten Kate FJW, Verhoef C, de Man RA, IJzermans JNM. Immunohistochemical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic livers. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:687-91. [PMID: 23585667 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) typically develops in cirrhotic livers. In the absence of risk factors, for example, cirrhosis or hepatitis B or C virus infection, HCC diagnosis might be difficult. We aimed to explore the value of immunohistochemical characteristics to diagnostics and prognosis, and whether these immunohistochemical characteristics differ from those of HCC in a cirrhotic liver, possibly indicating an aberrant pathogenetic pathway. Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue slides from liver resection specimens of the patients with HCC in a non-cirrhotic liver were analysed. From January 2000 through April 2011, 799 patients with HCC were admitted to our hospital; in total, 47 patients with 50 HCCs in a non-cirrhotic liver were operated. These tumours were stained positive for α-fetoprotein (AFP) in 30%, CD34 in 88%, cytokeratine 7 (CK7) in 44%, CK19 in 12%, glypican-3 (GPC-3) in 40%, glutamine synthetase in 62% and β-catenin in 32%. There was similarity in immunohistochemical expression of several markers comparing HCC in a non-cirrhotic liver with HCC in a cirrhotic liver. Moderate or poorly differentiated HCC more often expressed β-catenin and GPC-3 and showed a higher percentage of MIB-1-positive hepatocytes. A positive AFP immunohistochemical staining was significantly related with a high preoperative AFP serum level (p=0.001). None of the immunohistochemical stainings were associated with a worse overall survival. Of the patients treated with a surgical resection, 17 had recurrence of HCC and these patients more often had a positive CK19 staining (p=0.048). In conclusion, immunohistochemical expression of several markers in HCC in a non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic liver was comparable. Immunohistochemical markers have limited additional value to characterise HCC in non-cirrhoitc livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D M Witjes
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bassullu N, Turkmen I, Dayangac M, Yagiz Korkmaz P, Yasar R, Akyildiz M, Yaprak O, Tokat Y, Yuzer Y, Bulbul Dogusoy G. The Predictive and Prognostic Significance of c-erb-B2, EGFR, PTEN, mTOR, PI3K, p27, and ERCC1 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7492. [PMID: 23162604 PMCID: PMC3496900 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common fatal cancer and an important healthcare problem worldwide. There are many studies describing the prognostic and predictive effects of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (c-erb-B2) and epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR), transmembrane tyrosine kinases that influence cell growth and proliferation in many tumors. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to investigate the expression levels of c-erb-B2, EGFR, PTEN, mTOR, PI3K, p27, and ERCC1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their correlation with other clinicopathologic features. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty HCC cases were stained immunohistochemically with these markers. Correlations between the markers and clinicopathologic characteristics and survival rates were analyzed. RESULTS No membranous c-erb-B2 staining was seen, whereas cytoplasmic positivity was present in 92% of HCC samples, membranous EGFR was observed in 40%, PI3K was found in all samples, and mTOR was seen in 30%, whereas reduced or absent PTEN expression was observed in 56% of samples and loss of p27 was seen in 92% of the cases. c-erb-B2 and mTOR overexpression, as well as reduced expression of p27, all correlated with multiple tumors (P = 0.041, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). P27 loss, and mTOR and EGFR positivity were significantly correlated with AFP (P = 0.047, P = 0.004, and P = 0.008, respectively). Angiolymphatic invasion was more commonly seen in EGFR- and ERCC1-positive cases (P = 0.003 and P = 0.005). EGFR was also correlated with histological grade (P = 0.039). No significant correlations were found among PTEN , PI3K, and the clinicopathological parameters. Disease-free or overall survival rates showed significant differences among therapy modalities, AFP levels, angiolymphatic or lymph node invasions, and ERCC1 and p27 expression levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS c-erb-B2, EGFR, mTOR, ERCC1 overexpression levels, and loss of p27 may play roles in hepatocarcinogenesis and may be significant predictors of aggressive tumor behavior. These markers were found to be correlated with certain clinicopathologic features, therapy modalities, and survival rates in the current study. These findings may help in planning new, targeted treatment strategies .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bassullu
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Bilim University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Nuray Bassullu, Department of Pathology, Istanbul Bilim University Medical Faculty, Mehmetcik Street, Cahit Yalcın Sokak No: 1 Mecidiyeköy, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel.: +90-2122883400/4819, Fax: +90-2122883456, E-mail:
| | - Ilknur Turkmen
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Bilim University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Dayangac
- Department of General Surgery, Florence Nigthingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Reyhan Yasar
- Department of Pathology, Florence Nigthingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Akyildiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul Bilim University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Yaprak
- Department of General Surgery, Florence Nigthingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tokat
- Department of General Surgery, Florence Nigthingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiray Yuzer
- Department of General Surgery, Florence Nigthingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Young AL, Adair R, Prasad KR, Toogood GJ, Lodge JPA. Hepatocellular carcinoma within a noncirrhotic, nonfibrotic, seronegative liver: surgical approaches and outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 214:174-83. [PMID: 22137823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) most commonly arises in patients with chronic liver disease. Data on outcomes after liver resection in patients with noncirrhotic, nonfibrotic, seronegative, referred to as a "normal" liver are limited. We aimed to investigate differences in prognostic factors and outcomes between patients presenting with HCC arising in "normal" liver (NLHCC) and that arising in "diseased" liver (DLHCC). STUDY DESIGN All patients undergoing resection for HCC between 1994 and 2008 were assessed. Multivariable analysis of clincopathologic data from the NLHCC group was performed by comparing them with data from the group who had surgery for DLHCC during this period. RESULTS During the 15-year study period, 142 patients underwent liver resection for HCC: 81 for NLHCC and 61 for DLHCC. NLHCCs were more often solitary but were larger and required more major resections. There was no significant difference in survival outcomes between patients who had NLHCC or DLHCC, with overall and recurrence-free 5-year survivals of 60% and 51% in NLHCC and 55% and 33% in DLHCC, respectively. In patients with NLHCC, significant factors predicting overall survival were blood transfusion requirement (p = 0.003) and age (p = 0.009), and the only significant factor at predicting recurrence-free survival was presence of multiple tumors (p = 0.025). In contrast, in DLHCC, the only significant prognostic variables were a preoperative tumor biopsy (p = 0.017) or a high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.001), both of which predicted a poorer recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS HCC presenting in patients with a normal background liver parenchyma appears to present a different spectrum of the disease. However, excellent outcomes can be achieved after liver resection, although this often requires the use of advanced techniques due to late presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair L Young
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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