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Blalock LT, Landsberg J, Messmer M, Shi J, Pardee AD, Haskell R, Vujanovic L, Kirkwood JM, Butterfield LH. Human dendritic cells adenovirally-engineered to express three defined tumor antigens promote broad adaptive and innate immunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:287-357. [PMID: 22737604 PMCID: PMC3382861 DOI: 10.4161/onci.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy has shown a promising ability to promote anti-tumor immunity in vitro and in vivo. Many trials have tested single epitopes and single antigens to activate single T cell specificities, and often CD8(+) T cells only. We previously found that determinant spreading and breadth of antitumor immunity correlates with improved clinical response. Therefore, to promote activation and expansion of polyclonal, multiple antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, as well as provide cognate help from antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells, we have created an adenovirus encoding three full length melanoma tumor antigens (tyrosinase, MART-1 and MAGE-A6, "AdVTMM"). We previously showed that adenovirus (AdV)-mediated antigen engineering of human DC is superior to peptide pulsing for T cell activation, and has positive biological effects on the DC, allowing for efficient activation of not only antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, but also NK cells. Here we describe the cloning and testing of "AdVTMM2," an E1/E3-deleted AdV encoding the three melanoma antigens. This novel three-antigen virus expresses mRNA and protein for all antigens, and AdVTMM-transduced DC activate both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells which recognize melanoma tumor cells more efficiently than single antigen AdV. Addition of physiological levels of interferon-α (IFNα) further amplifies melanoma antigen-specific T cell activation. NK cells are also activated, and show cytotoxic activity. Vaccination with multi-antigen engineered DC may provide for superior adaptive and innate immunity and ultimately, improved antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeann T Blalock
- Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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2
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Butterfield LH, Vujanovic L, Santos PM, Maurer DM, Gambotto A, Lohr J, Li C, Waldman J, Chandran U, Lin Y, Lin H, Tawbi HA, Tarhini AA, Kirkwood JM. Multiple antigen-engineered DC vaccines with or without IFNα to promote antitumor immunity in melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31014399 PMCID: PMC6480917 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer vaccines are designed to promote systemic antitumor immunity and tumor eradication. Cancer vaccination may be more efficacious in combination with additional interventions that may build on or amplify their effects. Methods Based on our previous clinical and in vitro studies, we designed an antigen-engineered DC vaccine trial to promote a polyclonal CD8+ and CD4+ T cell response against three shared melanoma antigens. The 35 vaccine recipients were then randomized to receive one month of high-dose IFNα or observation. Results The resulting clinical outcomes were 2 partial responses, 8 stable disease and 14 progressive disease among patients with measurable disease using RECIST 1.1, and, of 11 surgically treated patients with no evidence of disease (NED), 4 remain NED at a median follow-up of 3 years. The majority of vaccinated patients showed an increase in vaccine antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. The addition of IFNα did not appear to improve immune or clinical responses in this trial. Examination of the DC vaccine profiles showed that IL-12p70 secretion did not correlate with immune or clinical responses. In depth immune biomarker studies support the importance of circulating Treg and MDSC for development of antigen-specific T cell responses, and of circulating CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets in clinical responses. Conclusions DC vaccines are a safe and reliable platform for promoting antitumor immunity. This combination with one month of high dose IFNα did not improve outcomes. Immune biomarker analysis in the blood identified several predictive and prognostic biomarkers for further analysis, including MDSC. Trial registration NCT01622933. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0552-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Lazar Vujanovic
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patricia M Santos
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Deena M Maurer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Joel Lohr
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chunlei Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Present address: Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jacob Waldman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hussein A Tawbi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Present address: Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmad A Tarhini
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Present address: Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Chhabra A, Chen IP, Batra D. Human Dendritic Cell–Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Are Not Immunogenic. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1875-1886. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Wang EHC, Yu M, Breitkopf T, Akhoundsadegh N, Wang X, Shi FT, Leung G, Dutz JP, Shapiro J, McElwee KJ. Identification of Autoantigen Epitopes in Alopecia Areata. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1617-1626. [PMID: 27094591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is believed to be a cell-mediated autoimmune hair loss disease. Both CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTLs) are important for the onset and progression of AA. Hair follicle (HF) keratinocyte and/or melanocyte antigen epitopes are suspected potential targets of autoreactive CTLs, but the specific epitopes have not yet been identified. We investigated the potential for a panel of known epitopes, expressed by HF keratinocytes and melanocytes, to induce activation of CTL populations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Specific synthetic epitopes derived from HF antigens trichohyalin and tyrosinase-related protein-2 induced significantly higher frequencies of response in AA CTLs compared with healthy controls (IFN-gamma secretion). Apoptosis assays revealed conditioned media from AA peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with trichohyalin peptides elevated the expression of apoptosis markers in primary HF keratinocytes. A cytokine array revealed higher expression of IL-13 and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5, RANTES) from AA peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with trichohyalin peptides compared with controls. The data indicate that AA affected subjects present with an increased frequency of CTLs responsive to epitopes originating from keratinocytes and melanocytes; the activated CTLs secreted soluble factors that induced apoptosis in HF keratinocytes. Potentially, CTL response to self-antigen epitopes, particularly trichohyalin epitopes, could be a prognostic marker for human AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy H C Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trisia Breitkopf
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noushin Akhoundsadegh
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Feng-Tao Shi
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gigi Leung
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan P Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin J McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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5
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Sangith N, Srinivasaraghavan K, Sahu I, Desai A, Medipally S, Somavarappu AK, Verma C, Venkatraman P. Discovery of novel interacting partners of PSMD9, a proteasomal chaperone: Role of an Atypical and versatile PDZ-domain motif interaction and identification of putative functional modules. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:571-83. [PMID: 25009770 PMCID: PMC4087146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and functions of PSMD9, a proteasomal chaperone, are uncharacterized. PDZ-like domain of PSMD9 may recognize C-terminal residues in proteins. Using conserved C-terminal motifs in human proteome, we identify novel binding partners. hnRNPA1, GH, IL6-receptor, S14 and E12 interact with PSMD9 via a specific C-terminal motif. We predict and confirm residues in the PDZ domain that are involved in this interaction.
PSMD9 (Proteasome Macropain non-ATPase subunit 9), a proteasomal assembly chaperone, harbors an uncharacterized PDZ-like domain. Here we report the identification of five novel interacting partners of PSMD9 and provide the first glimpse at the structure of the PDZ-domain, including the molecular details of the interaction. We based our strategy on two propositions: (a) proteins with conserved C-termini may share common functions and (b) PDZ domains interact with C-terminal residues of proteins. Screening of C-terminal peptides followed by interactions using full-length recombinant proteins, we discovered hnRNPA1 (an RNA binding protein), S14 (a ribosomal protein), CSH1 (a growth hormone), E12 (a transcription factor) and IL6 receptor as novel PSMD9-interacting partners. Through multiple techniques and structural insights, we clearly demonstrate for the first time that human PDZ domain interacts with the predicted Short Linear Sequence Motif (SLIM) at the C-termini of the client proteins. These interactions are also recapitulated in mammalian cells. Together, these results are suggestive of the role of PSMD9 in transcriptional regulation, mRNA processing and editing, hormone and receptor activity and protein translation. Our proof-of-principle experiments endorse a novel and quick method for the identification of putative interacting partners of similar PDZ-domain proteins from the proteome and for discovering novel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Sangith
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Kannan Srinivasaraghavan
- Bioinformatics Institute ASTAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore ; Experimental Therapeutics Centre (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Street, #03-01 Helios, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Indrajit Sahu
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Ankita Desai
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Spandana Medipally
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Arun Kumar Somavarappu
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute ASTAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore ; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore ; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Prasanna Venkatraman
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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Analyses of T cell-mediated immune response to a human melanoma-associated antigen by the young and the elderly. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:640-7. [PMID: 23391568 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Elderly cancer patients are often excluded from immune-based clinical trials and therapies based on the belief that they respond poorly to tumor antigens. Using melanoma as a model and melanoma related Mart-127-35 epitope specific T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells as a tool we compared the T cell responses from young and elderly to the Mart-127-35 epitope, ex vivo. We also compared the natural Treg (nTreg) activities and the expression of a number of genes associated with immune response by quantitative real-time reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRTPCR) in formalin fixed primary melanomas, in situ. We detected a significant difference in CD8(+) T cell response to Flu antigen (influenza matrix peptide Flu MP58-66), but the responses of the two cohorts to melanoma antigen were comparable. nTreg activities in the elderly was significantly compromised. The qPCR analyses of tissues from elderly patients revealed lower levels of Fox-P3 expression but comparable levels of expression of IL-2, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, IDO, and TGFβ. These findings indicate that elderly patients might be capable of responding to tumor antigens, and need not be excluded from immune-based therapies or clinical trials.
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7
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Kim YS, Kim YJ, Lee JM, Han SH, Ko HJ, Park HJ, Pereboev A, Nguyen HH, Kang CY. CD40-targeted recombinant adenovirus significantly enhances the efficacy of antitumor vaccines based on dendritic cells and B cells. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:1697-706. [PMID: 20604681 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advantages of using adenoviral vectors for specific antigenic gene delivery in the development of antigen-presenting cell (APC)-based vaccines, the lack of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on APCs limits the use of adenoviral vectors for in vitro gene delivery. In this study, we used a recombinant adapter protein, CFm40L, which consists of the ectodomain of CAR genetically fused to the ectodomain of CD40 ligand (CD40L) via a trimerization motif, to target Her-2/neu- or human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6/E7-encoding adenoviruses to CD40 on dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. Targeting CD40 enabled the enhancement of tumor antigen delivery and simultaneous activation of APCs via the CD40-CD40L interaction. We found that these transduced DCs and B cells substantially enhanced the CTL response against human Her-2/neu- and HPV16 E6/E7-expressing tumors, resulting in significant inhibition of tumor growth in a murine tumor model. In addition, the use of the CFm40L adapter protein in combination with gemcitabine treatment allowed for a successful immune response against a self-tumor antigen, murine Her-2/neu. Our results suggest that targeting adenovirus to APCs via CD40, using CFm40L, represents a great improvement in anticancer cellular vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sun Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Korea
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8
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Tai N, Yasuda H, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Rodriguez-Pinto D, Yokono K, Sherwin R, Wong FS, Nagata M, Wen L. IL-10-conditioned dendritic cells prevent autoimmune diabetes in NOD and humanized HLA-DQ8/RIP-B7.1 mice. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:336-49. [PMID: 21458378 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was to determine whether BMDCs cultured in the presence of IL-10 (G/10-DCs) could promote T cell tolerance and prevent autoimmune diabetes in two different animal models of T1D. Our results showed that G/10-DCs suppressed both insulitis and spontaneous diabetes in NOD and HLA-DQ8/RIP-B7.1 mice. The suppression was likely to be mediated by T cells, as we found that regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells were significantly increased in G/10-DC treated animals. In vivo, the G/10-DCs inhibited diabetogenic T cell proliferation; in vitro, they had reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and produced little IL-12/23 p40 or IL-6 but a large amount of IL-10 when compared with DCs matured in the presence of IL-4 (G/4-DC). We conclude that IL-10-treated DCs are tolerogenic and induce islet-directed immune tolerance, which was likely to be mediated by T regulatory cells. This non-antigen-specific DC-based approach offers potential for a new therapeutic intervention in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwen Tai
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, USA
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9
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Butterfield LH, Vujanovic L. New approaches to the development of adenoviral dendritic cell vaccines in melanoma. CURRENT OPINION IN INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS (LONDON, ENGLAND : 2000) 2010; 11:1399-408. [PMID: 21154122 PMCID: PMC3758558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research in the field of immunotherapy for melanoma has demonstrated that this tumor type can be responsive to therapeutic immune activation strategies. In early clinical trials, vaccine strategies using dendritic cells (DCs) and adenovirus (Ad) vectors (AdVs) were safe and immunogenic, and induced clinical responses in a minority of patients. Research from the past several years has yielded an improved mechanistic understanding of DC biology, AdV effects on DCs and the crosstalk that occurs between antigen-loaded DCs and specific lymphocyte subsets. This knowledge base is being combined with technological advances in cytokine delivery, AdV design and in vivo DC targeting. These developments are leading to novel AdV-transduced DC-based therapeutic modalities that may further advance melanoma immunotherapy. Interactions between AdVs and DCs, initial clinical trial results, and new developments in DC engineering and in AdV biology are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh, Cancer Institute, and Departments of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Surgery and Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,
| | - Lazar Vujanovic
- University of Pittsburgh, Cancer Institute, and Departments of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Surgery and Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,
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10
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Shao L, Li T, Mo X, Majdic O, Zhang Y, Seyerl M, Schrauf C, Ma D, Stöckl J, Han W. Expressional and functional studies of CKLF1 during dendritic cell maturation. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:188-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Adenovirus MART-1-engineered autologous dendritic cell vaccine for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2008; 31:294-309. [PMID: 18317358 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31816a8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We performed a phase 1/2 trial testing the safety, toxicity, and immune response of a vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a replication-defective adenovirus (AdV) encoding the full-length melanoma antigen MART-1/Melan-A (MART-1). This vaccine was designed to activate MART-1-specific CD+8 and CD4+ T cells. Metastatic melanoma patients received 3 injections of 10(6) or 10(7) DCs, delivered intradermally. Cell surface phenotype and cytokine production of the DCs used for the vaccines were tested, and indicated intermediate maturity. CD8+ T-cell responses to MART-1 27-35 were assessed by both major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer and interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) before, during, and after each vaccine and CD4+ T-cell responses to MART-1 51-73 were followed by IFN-gamma ELISPOT. We also measured antigen response breadth. Determinant spreading from the immunizing antigen MART-1 to other melanoma antigens [gp100, tyrosinase, human melanoma antigen-A3 (MAGE-A3)] was assessed by IFN-gamma ELISPOT. Twenty-three patients were enrolled and 14 patients received all 3 scheduled DC vaccines. Significant CD8+ and/or CD4+ MART-1-specific T-cell responses were observed in 6/11 and 2/4 patients evaluated, respectively, indicating that the E1-deleted adenovirus encoding the cDNA for MART-1/Melan-A (AdVMART1)/DC vaccine activated both helper and killer T cells in vivo. Responses in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to additional antigens were noted in 2 patients. The AdVMART1-transduced DC vaccine was safe and immunogenic in patients with metastatic melanoma.
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12
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Chhabra A, Chakraborty NG, Mukherji B. Silencing of endogenous IL-10 in human dendritic cells leads to the generation of an improved CTL response against human melanoma associated antigenic epitope, MART-1 27-35. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:251-9. [PMID: 18249038 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) present antigenic epitopes to and activate T cells. They also polarize the ensuing T cell response to Th1 or Th2 type response, depending on their cytokine production profile. For example, IL-12 producing DC generate Th1 type T cell response whereas IL-10 producing DC is usually tolerogenic. Different strategies--such as the use of cytokines and anti-cytokine antibodies, dominant negative forms of protein, anti-sense RNA etc.--have been employed to influence the cytokine synthetic profile of DC as well as to make DC more immunogenic. Utilizing GFP expressing recombinant adenoviruses in association with lipid-mediated transfection of siRNA, we have silenced the endogenous IL-10 gene in DC. We show that IL-10 gene silenced DC produces more IL-12 and also generates a better cytolytic T cell response against the human melanoma associated epitope, MART-1(27-35), in vitro. We also show that the GFP expressing adenoviral vector can be used to optimize the parameters for siRNA delivery in primary cells and show that RNA interference methodology can efficiently knock down virus encoded genes transcribed at very high multiplicity of infection in DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Chhabra
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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13
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Evdokimova VN, Liu Y, Potter DM, Butterfield LH. AFP-specific CD4+ helper T-cell responses in healthy donors and HCC patients. J Immunother 2007; 30:425-37. [PMID: 17457217 PMCID: PMC3612834 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31802fd8e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. We have investigated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a tumor-associated antigen for HCC. We identified major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted peptide epitopes derived from AFP and studied CD8 T-cell responses in vivo and in vitro in ongoing immunotherapy studies. Helper T cells are of critical importance in shaping the immune response; therefore, we investigated the frequency and function of AFP-specific CD4 T cells in the general population and among HCC patients. CD4 T-cell responses were assessed by direct ex vivo multicytokine enzyme-linked immunospot assay and by measurement of cytokine levels using a multicytokine assay. Our analysis indicates that healthy donors have very low frequencies of AFP-specific CD4 T-cell responses, which are of TH1 type, detectable ex vivo. In contrast, these T cells were either reduced or eliminated in HCC patients at advanced stages of disease. To better activate these cells, we compared the stimulatory capacity of both AFP protein-fed and AdVhAFP-engineered dendritic cells (DC). Healthy donors have CD4 T-cell responses, which were activated in response to AFP protein-fed DC whereas HCC patients do not demonstrate significant responses to AFP protein. AdVhAFP-transduced DC were capable of activating higher frequency TH1 CD4 responses to AFP in both healthy donors and AFP-positive HCC patients. Importantly, CD4 T-cell cytokine expression profiles were skewed towards interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production when activated by adenovirally engineered DC, which has therapeutic implications for vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria N. Evdokimova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Douglas M. Potter
- Biostatistics Department, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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Guinn BA, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Norris JS, Deisseroth AB. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1065-71. [PMID: 17375068 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in animal studies, where the cure of the majority of mice with pre-established (albeit early-stage) tumors has become almost standard, human clinical trials have been much less successful. Here we describe some of the most recent advances in the specialist field of tumor immunology and immunotherapy, highlighting salient work to identify key problem areas and potential solutions. We make particular note of recent developments in adoptive therapy; whole-cell, DNA, and peptide vaccines; and antibody therapy. We also describe the revival of interest in regulatory T cells and conclude by detailing the need for clinical trial read-out autonomy and methods to predict which patients will respond to a particular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne, Institute, London, UK.
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15
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Mehrotra S, Zaidi N, Chakraborty NG, Mukherji B. Macrophages as stimulators of MART-1 27-35 epitope-specific human cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. Pathobiology 2007; 73:238-43. [PMID: 17314494 DOI: 10.1159/000098209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation and expansion of antigen-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) require epitope presented by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Presently, dendritic cells (DC) are viewed as the most efficient APC. Since the recognition of DCs as the professional APC, the paradigm has emerged that macrophage (MPhi) are scavengers and are incapable of activating T cells. METHOD The melanoma-associated MART-1(27-35) peptide-loaded MPhi from HLA-A2-positive donors were used to activate MART-1(27-35) epitope-specific CTL in vitro. RESULTS We show that peptide-pulsed MPhi stimulate MART-1(27-35) epitope-specific precursors to proliferate and to express effector functions. We also show that upon restimulation with the peptide pulsed MPhi, a fraction of the epitope-specific CTLs undergoes activation-induced cell death. The activation-induced cell death is induced in an epitope-specific manner and through apoptosis. CONCLUSION MPhi can function as APC and are also capable of modulating expansion and contraction of CTL response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Gene-based modulation of immune functions is a promising means of eliciting protective immunity and induction of tolerance. Novel viral and non-viral DNA delivery systems are being investigated to achieve efficient gene transfer into mammalian cells. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in particular dendritic cells, are crucial targets in this context due to their capacity to initiate and direct effector functions. The increasing relevance of APCs as targets of DNA vectors calls for an assessment of vector-driven activation of these cells. For viral vectors, a putative pathway of APC activation would be Toll-like receptor signalling for certain RNA genome viruses. On the other hand, non-viral vectors appear to mature APCs by interaction of polymeric particulates or bioactive lipids with cellular mechanisms. The rational design of DNA-based therapies is possible only when the intrinsic effects of the vector and immune modulation originating from the DNA are delineated. This paper will summarise recent reports of adjuvant properties of viral and non-viral delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson S Meng
- Duquesne University, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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17
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Escobar A, López M, Serrano A, Ramirez M, Pérez C, Aguirre A, González R, Alfaro J, Larrondo M, Fodor M, Ferrada C, Salazar-Onfray F. Dendritic cell immunizations alone or combined with low doses of interleukin-2 induce specific immune responses in melanoma patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 142:555-68. [PMID: 16297169 PMCID: PMC1809550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based therapy has proved to be effective in patients with a variety of malignancies. However, an optimal immunization protocol using DCs and the best means for delivering antigens has not yet been described. In this study, 20 patients with malignant melanoma in stages III or IV were vaccinated with autologous DCs pulsed with a melanoma cell lysate, alone (n = 13) or in combination with low doses of subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin (IL)-2 injections (n = 7), to assess toxicity, immunological and clinical responses. Monocyte-derived DCs were morphological, phenotypic and functionally characterized in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), harvested from patients either prior to and after the treatment, were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT). After vaccination, 50% of the patients tested (seven of 13) from the first group and (three of seven) from the second, showed an increase in interferon (IFN)-gamma production in response to allogeneic melanoma cell lines but not to controls. Four of five tested human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2(+) patients with anti-melanoma activity also showed specific T cell responses against peptides derived from melanoma-associated antigens. Delayed type IV hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) against melanoma cell lysate was observed in six of 13 patients from the group treated with DC vaccines only and four of seven from the group treated with the combination of DCs and IL-2. Significant correlations were found between DTH-positive responses against tumour lysate and both disease stability and post-vaccination survival on the stage IV patients. There were no toxicities associated with the vaccines or evidence of autoimmunity including vitiligo. Furthermore, no significant enhancement was observed as a result of combining DC vaccination with IL-2. Our data suggest that autologous DCs pulsed with tumour lysate may provide a standardized and widely applicable source of melanoma specific antigens for clinical use. It is safe and causes no significant side effects and has been demonstrated to be partially efficient at triggering effective anti-melanoma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Escobar
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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