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Yang L, Liu Y, Donkersley P, Xu P. Up-regulation of cryptochrome 1 gene expression in cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera) during migration over the Bohai Sea. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8071. [PMID: 31741806 PMCID: PMC6859876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins and play a pivotal role in circadian clocks which mediate behavior of organisms such as feeding, mating and migrating navigation. Herein, we identified novel transcripts in Helicoverpa armigera of six isoforms of cry1 and seven isoforms of cry2 by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the transcripts of cry1 and cry2 align closely with other insect crys, indicating within-species divergence of Hacry. A dn/ds analysis revealed that the encoding sequence of the cry1 was under purifying selection by a strong negative selection pressure whereas the cry2 was less constraint and showed a less strong purification selection than cry1. In general, Hacrys were more abundantly transcribed in wild migrating populations than that in laboratory maintained populations, and expression of the cry2 was lower than cry1 in all samples tested. Moreover, when compared with the migrating parental population, offspring reared in laboratory conditions showed a significant reduction on transcription of the cry1 but not cry2. These results strongly suggest that cry1 was more related to the migration behavior of H. armigera than cry2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Yang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | | | - Pengjun Xu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Yan S, Liu YJ, Zhu JL, Cui WN, Zhang XF, Yang YH, Liu XM, Zhang QW, Liu XX. Daily expression of two circadian clock genes in compound eyes of Helicoverpa armigera: evidence for peripheral tissue circadian timing. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:217-228. [PMID: 28940754 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clock genes in peripheral tissues usually play an important role in regulating the circadian rhythms. Light is the most important environmental signal for synchronizing endogenous rhythms with the daily light-dark cycle, and compound eyes are known as the principal circadian photoreceptor for photic entrainment in most moths. However, there is little evidence for circadian timing in compound eyes. In the current study, we isolated the timeless gene, designated Ha-tim (GenBank accession number: KM233162), from the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Ha-tim and period (Ha-per) showed low messenger RNA levels in the compound eyes compared to the other tested adult organs. Ha-tim and Ha-per transcript levels were dependent on an endogenous rhythm that fluctuated over a daily cycle in the compound eyes and heads. The cycles of Ha-tim and Ha-per transcript levels followed similar time courses, and identical expression patterns of the two genes were observed in the compound eyes and heads. Ha-tim and Ha-per were down-regulated in the compound eyes after light exposure, copulation and starvation. These results indicated that Ha-tim and Ha-per transcript levels were regulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Our study helped to improve our understanding of the circadian clock machinery in compound eyes and other peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Zhu
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Na Cui
- Zoucheng Plant Protection Station, Zoucheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin-Fang Zhang
- Changli Institute of Pomology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Changli, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yu-Hui Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Xu J, Gao B, Shi MR, Yu H, Huang LY, Chen P, Li YH. Copulation Exerts Significant Effects on mRNA Expression of Cryptochrome Genes in a Moth. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:3. [PMID: 30817821 PMCID: PMC6394973 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that the behavioral rhythms of organisms are controlled by the circadian clock, while the reverse direction, i.e., whether changes in physiology and behavior react to the internal rhythms, is unclear. Cryptochromes (CRYs) are photolyase-like flavoproteins with blue-light receptor function and other functions on circadian clock and migration in animals. Here, we cloned the full-length cDNA of CRY1 and CRY2 in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sl-CRYs show high similarity to orthologs from other insects, and their conserved regions contain a DNA photolyase domain and a FAD-binding seven domain. The expression levels of both genes were relatively low during the larval stage, which increased during the pupal stage and then peaked at the adult stage. The expression of Sl-CRY1 and Sl-CRY2 showed differences between males and females and between scotophase and photophase. Further, our study demonstrated that copulation has a significant effect on the expression of Sl-CRYs. More interestingly, the changes in the expression of Sl-CRY1 and Sl-CRY2 due to copulation showed the same trend in both sexes, in which the expression levels of both genes in copulated males and females decreased in the subsequent scotophase after copulation and then increased significantly in the following photophase. Considering the nature of the dramatic changes in reproductive behavior and physiology after copulation in S. litura, we propose that the changes in the expression of Sl-CRYs after copulation could have some function in the reproductive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Min-Rui Shi
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling-Yan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-He Li
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Chang H, Guo JL, Fu XW, Wang ML, Hou YM, Wu KM. Molecular Characterization and Expression Profiles of Cryptochrome Genes in a Long-Distance Migrant, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5299137. [PMID: 30690535 PMCID: PMC6342827 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes act as photoreceptors or integral components of the circadian clock that involved in the regulation of circadian clock and regulation of migratory activity in many animals, and they may also act as magnetoreceptors that sensed the direction of the Earth's magnetic field for the purpose of navigation during animals' migration. Light is a major environmental signal for insect circadian rhythms, and it is also necessary for magnetic orientation. We identified the full-length cDNA encoding As-CRY1 and As-CRY2 in Agrotis segetum Denis and Schiffermaller (turnip moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)). The DNA photolyase domain and flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain were found in both cry genes, and multiple alignments showed that those domains that are important for the circadian clock and magnetosensing were highly conserved among different animals. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that cry genes were expressed in all examined body parts, with higher expression in adults during the developmental stages of the moths. Under a 14:10 (L:D) h cycle, the expression of cry genes showed a daily biological rhythm, and light can affect the expression levels of As-cry genes. The expression levels of cry genes were higher in the migratory population than in the reared population and higher in the emigration population than in the immigration population. These findings suggest that the two cryptochrome genes characterized in the turnip moth might be associated with the circadian clock and magnetosensing. Their functions deserve further study, especially for potential control of the turnip moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Meng-Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Evidence for discrete solar and lunar orientation mechanisms in the beach amphipod, Talitrus saltator Montagu (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Sci Rep 2016; 6:35575. [PMID: 27759059 PMCID: PMC5069674 DOI: 10.1038/srep35575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals that use astronomical cues to orientate must make continuous adjustment to account for temporal changes in azimuth caused by Earth’s rotation. For example, the Monarch butterfly possesses a time-compensated sun compass dependent upon a circadian clock in the antennae. The amphipod Talitrus saltator possesses both a sun compass and a moon compass. We reasoned that the time-compensated compass mechanism that enables solar orientation of T. saltator is located in the antennae, as is the case for Monarch butterflies. We examined activity rhythms and orientation of sandhoppers with antennae surgically removed, or unilaterally occluded with black paint. Removing or painting the antennae did not affect daily activity rhythms or competence to orientate using the sun. However, when tested at night these animals were unable to orientate correctly to the moon. We subsequently measured circadian gene expression in the antennae and brain of T. saltator and show the clock genes period and cryptochrome 2 are rhythmically expressed in both tissues, reminiscent of other arthropods known to possess antennal clocks. Together, our behavioural and molecular data suggest that, T. saltator has anatomically discrete lunar and solar orientation apparatus; a sun compass, likely located in the brain and a moon compass in the antennae.
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Gadenne C, Barrozo RB, Anton S. Plasticity in Insect Olfaction: To Smell or Not to Smell? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:317-333. [PMID: 26982441 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In insects, olfaction plays a crucial role in many behavioral contexts, such as locating food, sexual partners, and oviposition sites. To successfully perform such behaviors, insects must respond to chemical stimuli at the right moment. Insects modulate their olfactory system according to their physiological state upon interaction with their environment. Here, we review the plasticity of behavioral responses to different odor types according to age, feeding state, circadian rhythm, and mating status. We also summarize what is known about the underlying neural and endocrinological mechanisms, from peripheral detection to central nervous integration, and cover neuromodulation from the molecular to the behavioral level. We describe forms of olfactory plasticity that have contributed to the evolutionary success of insects and have provided them with remarkable tools to adapt to their ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gadenne
- Neuroéthologie-RCIM, INRA-Université d'Angers, UPRES EA 2647 USC INRA 1330, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France; ,
| | - Romina B Barrozo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, DBBE, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Sylvia Anton
- Neuroéthologie-RCIM, INRA-Université d'Angers, UPRES EA 2647 USC INRA 1330, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France; ,
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Bloch G, Hazan E, Rafaeli A. Circadian rhythms and endocrine functions in adult insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:56-69. [PMID: 23103982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many behavioral and physiological processes in adult insects are influenced by both the endocrine and circadian systems, suggesting that these two key physiological systems interact. We reviewed the literature and found that experiments explicitly testing these interactions in adult insects have only been conducted for a few species. There is a shortage of measurements of hormone titers throughout the day under constant conditions even for the juvenile hormones (JHs) and ecdysteroids, the best studied insect hormones. Nevertheless, the available measurements of hormone titers coupled with indirect evidence for circadian modulation of hormone biosynthesis rate, and the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in hormone biosynthesis, binding or degradation are consistent with the hypothesis that the circulating levels of many insect hormones are influenced by the circadian system. Whole genome microarray studies suggest that the modulation of farnesol oxidase levels is important for the circadian regulation of JH biosynthesis in honey bees, mosquitoes, and fruit flies. Several studies have begun to address the functional significance of circadian oscillations in endocrine signaling. The best understood system is the circadian regulation of Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide (PBAN) titers which is important for the temporal organization of sexual behavior in female moths. The evidence that the circadian and endocrine systems interact has important implications for studies of insect physiology and behavior. Additional studies on diverse species and physiological processes are needed for identifying basic principles underlying the interactions between the circadian and endocrine systems in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bloch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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8
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Peripheral circadian rhythms and their regulatory mechanism in insects and some other arthropods: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:729-40. [PMID: 22327195 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many physiological functions of insects show a rhythmic change to adapt to daily environmental cycles. These rhythms are controlled by a multi-clock system. A principal clock located in the brain usually organizes the overall behavioral rhythms, so that it is called the "central clock". However, the rhythms observed in a variety of peripheral tissues are often driven by clocks that reside in those tissues. Such autonomous rhythms can be found in sensory organs, digestive and reproductive systems. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, researchers have revealed that the peripheral clocks are self-sustained oscillators with a molecular machinery slightly different from that of the central clock. However, individual clocks normally run in harmony with each other to keep a coordinated temporal structure within an animal. How can this be achieved? What is the molecular mechanism underlying the oscillation? Also how are the peripheral clocks entrained by light-dark cycles? There are still many questions remaining in this research field. In the last several years, molecular techniques have become available in non-model insects so that the molecular oscillatory mechanisms are comparatively investigated among different insects, which give us more hints to understand the essential regulatory mechanism of the multi-oscillatory system across insects and other arthropods. Here we review current knowledge on arthropod's peripheral clocks and discuss their physiological roles and molecular mechanisms.
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Abstract
Calling female moths attract their mates late at night with intermittent release of a species-specific sex-pheromone blend. Mean frequency of pheromone filaments encodes distance to the calling female. In their zig-zagging upwind search male moths encounter turbulent pheromone blend filaments at highly variable concentrations and frequencies. The male moth antennae are delicately designed to detect and distinguish even traces of these sex pheromones amongst the abundance of other odors. Its olfactory receptor neurons sense even single pheromone molecules and track intermittent pheromone filaments of highly variable frequencies up to about 30 Hz over a wide concentration range. In the hawkmoth Manduca sexta brief, weak pheromone stimuli as encountered during flight are detected via a metabotropic PLCβ-dependent signal transduction cascade which leads to transient changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Strong or long pheromone stimuli, which are possibly perceived in direct contact with the female, activate receptor-guanylyl cyclases causing long-term adaptation. In addition, depending on endogenous rhythms of the moth's physiological state, hormones such as the stress hormone octopamine modulate second messenger levels in sensory neurons. High octopamine levels during the activity phase maximize temporal resolution cAMP-dependently as a prerequisite to mate location. Thus, I suggest that sliding adjustment of odor response threshold and kinetics is based upon relative concentration ratios of intracellular Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotide levels which gate different ion channels synergistically. In addition, I propose a new hypothesis for the cyclic nucleotide-dependent ion channel formed by insect olfactory receptor/coreceptor complexes. Instead of being employed for an ionotropic mechanism of odor detection it is proposed to control subthreshold membrane potential oscillation of sensory neurons, as a basis for temporal encoding of odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stengl
- FB 10, Biology, Animal Physiology, University of Kassel Kassel, Germany
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10
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Tomioka K, Matsumoto A. A comparative view of insect circadian clock systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1397-406. [PMID: 20035363 PMCID: PMC11115600 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the neuronal network controlling overt rhythms shows striking similarity in various insect orders. The pigment-dispersing factor seems commonly involved in regulating locomotor activity. However, there are considerable variations in the molecular oscillatory mechanism, and input and output pathways among insects. In Drosophila, autoregulatory negative feedback loops that consist of clock genes, such as period and timeless are believed to create 24-h rhythmicity. Although similar clock genes have been found in some insects, the behavior of their product proteins shows considerable differences from that of Drosophila. In other insects, mammalian-type cryptochrome (cry2) seems to work as a transcriptional repressor in the feedback loop. For photic entrainment, Drosophila type cryptochrome (cry1) plays the major role in Drosophila while the compound eyes are the major photoreceptor in others. Further comparative study will be necessary to understand how this variety of clock mechanisms derived from an ancestral one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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11
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Merlin C, Gegear RJ, Reppert SM. Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies. Science 2009; 325:1700-4. [PMID: 19779201 DOI: 10.1126/science.1176221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During their fall migration, Eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated Sun compass to aid navigation to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico. It has been assumed that the circadian clock that provides time compensation resides in the brain, although this assumption has never been examined directly. Here, we show that the antennae are necessary for proper time-compensated Sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies, that antennal clocks exist in monarchs, and that they likely provide the primary timing mechanism for Sun compass orientation. These unexpected findings pose a novel function for the antennae and open a new line of investigation into clock-compass connections that may extend widely to other insects that use this orientation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Merlin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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PAGE TL. Circadian regulation of olfaction and olfactory learning in the cockroachLeucophaea maderae. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2009.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Flecke C, Stengl M. Octopamine and tyramine modulate pheromone-sensitive olfactory sensilla of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta in a time-dependent manner. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2009; 195:529-45. [PMID: 19301013 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-009-0429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In moths octopamine improved pheromone-dependent mate search time dependently. In the nocturnal hawkmoth Manduca sexta long-term tip recordings of trichoid sensilla were performed to investigate whether biogenic amines modulate pheromone transduction time dependently. At three Zeitgebertimes octopamine, tyramine and the octopamine antagonist epinastine were applied during non-adapting pheromone-stimulation. At ZT 8-11, during the photophase, when sensilla were adapted, octopamine and to a lesser extent tyramine increased the bombykal-dependent sensillar potential amplitude and initial action potential (AP) frequency. In addition, during the photophase, when sensilla are less able to resolve pheromone pulses, octopamine rendered pheromone responses more phasic and sensitive, and raised the spontaneous AP frequency. During the late scotophase, at ZT 22-1, when the antenna appeared maximally sensitized for pheromone pulse detection and endogenous octopamine levels are high, exogenously applied octopamine was ineffective. Epinastine blocked the pheromone-dependent AP response at ZT 8-11 and slightly affected it at ZT 22-1, while it had no effect on the sensillar potential amplitude. Epinastine decreased the spontaneous AP activity during photophase and scotophase and rendered pheromone responses more tonic in the scotophase. We hypothesize that the presence of octopamine in the antenna is obligatory for the detection of intermittent pheromone pulses at all Zeitgebertimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Flecke
- Biologie, Tierphysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
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Cho S, Kim D, Eom K, Bae K. Identification of a PAS domain‐containing protein in a mammalian hibernator,Murina leucogaster. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2009.9647202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Merlin C, Lucas P, Rochat D, François MC, Maïbèche-Coisne M, Jacquin-Joly E. An antennal circadian clock and circadian rhythms in peripheral pheromone reception in the moth Spodoptera littoralis. J Biol Rhythms 2008; 22:502-14. [PMID: 18057325 DOI: 10.1177/0748730407307737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are observed in mating behaviors in moths: females emit sex pheromones and males are attracted by these pheromones in rhythmic fashions. In the moth Spodoptera littoralis, we demonstrated the occurrence of a circadian oscillator in the antenna, the peripheral olfactory organ. We identified different clock genes, period (per), cryptochrome1 (cry1) and cryptochrome2 (cry2), in this organ. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we found that their corresponding transcripts cycled circadianly in the antenna as well as in the brain. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings over 24 h demonstrated for the first time a circadian rhythm in antennal responses of a moth to sex pheromone. qPCR showed that out of one pheromone-binding protein (PBP), one olfactory receptor (OR), and one odorant-degrading enzyme (ODE), all putatively involved in the pheromone reception, only the ODE transcript presented a circadian rhythm that may be related to rhythms in olfactory signal resolution. Peripheral or central circadian clock control of olfaction is then discussed in light of recent data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Merlin
- UMR 1272 INRA-UPMC-AgroParisTech "Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication," INRA Centre de Versailles, Versailles cedex, France
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Schuckel J, Siwicki KK, Stengl M. Putative circadian pacemaker cells in the antenna of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 330:271-8. [PMID: 17786482 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antennal sensory neurons in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster express circadian rhythms in the clock gene PERIOD (PER) and appear to be sufficient and necessary for circadian rhythms in olfactory responses. Given recent evidence for daily rhythms of pheromone responses in the antenna of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, we examined whether a peripheral PER-based circadian clock might be present in this species. Several different cell types in the moth antenna were recognized by monoclonal antibodies against Manduca sexta PER. In addition to PER-like staining of pheromone-sensitive olfactory receptor neurons and supporting cells, immunoreactivity was detected in beaded branches contacting the pheromone-sensitive sensilla. The nuclei of apparently all sensory receptor neurons, of sensilla supporting cells, of epithelial cells, and of antennal nerve glial cells were PER-immunoreactive. Expression of per mRNA in antennae was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction, which showed stronger expression at Zeitgeber-time 15 compared with Zeitgeber-time 3. This evidence for the expression of per gene products suggests that the antenna of the hawkmoth contains endogenous circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schuckel
- Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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