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Srivastava S. Root Canal Instrumentation: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Cureus 2024; 16:e58045. [PMID: 38738101 PMCID: PMC11088362 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of root canal instrumentation techniques has significantly impacted the field of endodontics, enhancing both the efficiency and outcomes of treatments. This review outlines the transition from manual to mechanical and rotary instruments, highlighting the role of nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys and smart technologies in advancing procedural precision and reducing patient discomfort. Key historical developments and technological innovations, such as digital imaging and navigation systems, are explored for their contributions to improved clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges presented by the complex anatomy of the root canal system and the advent of current instrumentation techniques. The potential of emerging trends, including artificial intelligence and advances in materials science, is discussed in the context of future endodontic practices. Despite the progress, challenges related to using advanced instrumentation methods, ethical considerations, and the cost factor of new technologies persist. The present review underscores the ongoing need for research and development to further refine root canal instrumentation techniques, ensuring that advancements in endodontic care remain patient-centered and accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Srivastava
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraidah, SAU
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Singh DK, Raj BSH, Soans CR, Elango A, Kamath DG, Nasyam FA, Mishra D. Assessment of the Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Three Different Agents on Periodontally Compromised Tooth: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:156-159. [PMID: 38514413 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the smear layer removal efficacy of three various agents on periodontally compromised tooth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study included 75 molar teeth that were extracted due to periodontal disease. After that, 25 samples were randomly assigned using a simple random technique to the three different agent groups, group A: Scaling and root planing (SRP) and application of SofScale agent, group B: SRP and application of QMix agent, group C: SRP and application of MTAD agent. Using a diamond circular saw, the treated portions were divided into horizontal and vertical halves. All samples were viewed under Scanning Electron Microscope. Every tooth was focused at the coronal third, middle third, and apical third portion with a magnification of 1000×. Data were recorded and statistically analyzed. RESULTS The smear layer removal efficacy was more in the QMix agent (3.06 ± 0.04) group followed by MTAD agent (3.28 ± 0.09) and SofScale agent (4.14 ± 0.10) group on the root surface. On intra group comparison, there was a statistically significant difference found in all the intra group agents with all the three levels. On inter group evaluation, at coronal third, there was no significant difference found between the different agents. There was a significant difference found between the different agents at middle and coronal third. CONCLUSION On conclusion, the current investigation found that, the root surfaces treated with QMix shown a greater ability to remove smear layers compared to tooth surfaces treated with MTAD and SofScale agent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Conventional therapies such as SRP effectively eliminate calculus, plaque, and necrosed cementum; nevertheless, they leave behind a smear layer that could impede normal healing. In an effort to overcome this, root conditioning agents were applied on the root surface to remove the smear layer. The traditional root conditioning agents such as citric acid have certain disadvantages, though, such as an acidic pH that could harm the root surface. As a result, researchers have been looking for biocompatible root conditioning treatments that are more effective. How to cite this article: Singh DK, BS Raj H, Soans CR, et al. Assessment of the Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Three Different Agents on Periodontally Compromised Tooth: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(2):156-159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Periodontology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B S Harsha Raj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 9845004120, e-mail:
| | - Crystal Runa Soans
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshitha Elango
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Nandha Dental College & Hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dinesh G Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Fazil A Nasyam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debasish Mishra
- Department of Periodontology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Hart I, Wells C, Tsigarida A, Bezerra B. Effectiveness of mechanical and chemical decontamination methods for the treatment of dental implant surfaces affected by peri-implantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e839. [PMID: 38345466 PMCID: PMC10847712 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess which decontamination method(s) used for the debridement of titanium surfaces (disks and dental implants) contaminated with bacterial, most efficiently eliminate bacterial biofilms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2022. The search strategy followed the PICOS format and included only in vitro studies completed on either dental implant or titanium disk samples. The assessed outcome variable consisted of the most effective method(s)-chemical or mechanical- removing bacterial biofilm from titanium surfaces. A meta-analysis was conducted, and data was summarized through single- and multi-level random effects model (p < .05). RESULTS The initial search resulted in 5260 articles after the removal of duplicates. After assessment by title, abstract, and full-text review, a total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Different decontamination methods were assessed, including both mechanical and chemical, with the most common method across studies being chlorhexidine (CHX). Significant heterogeneity was noted across the included studies. The meta-analyses only identified a significant difference in biofilm reduction when CHX treatment was compared against PBS. The remaining comparisons did not identify significant differences between the various decontamination methods. CONCLUSIONS The present results do not demonstrate that one method of decontamination is superior in eliminating bacterial biofilm from titanium disk and implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Hart
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Christine Wells
- Statistical Methods and Data AnalyticsUCLA Office of Advanced Research ComputingLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandra Tsigarida
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Beatriz Bezerra
- Section of Periodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive SciencesUCLA School of DentistryLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Sapmaz Ucan C, Dumani A, Unal I, Yilmaz S, Yoldas O. Effect of QMix as final irrigation protocol on periapical healing after single-visit root canal treatment: A randomised controlled clinical trial. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:113-121. [PMID: 36254883 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate radiographic periapical repair after endodontic treatment using QMix or NaOCl irrigation in single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis. In this randomised clinical trial, 60 patients were selected and randomised into two groups (n = 30). After instrumentation of root canals, QMix or NaOCl was used as a final irrigation and the canals obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. All the participants were recalled after 12 months and 15 patients were lost to the study so 45 patients were evaluated radiographically according to periapical index (PAI) scores. A significant decrease was seen in PAI scores after 1 year in all patients (p < 0.001). In the QMix and NaOCl group, absence or reduction of radiolucency was observed in 23 of 25 teeth (92%) and 20 of 20 teeth (100%), respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups according to the decrease in PAI score (p = 0.508). Root canal treatments with or without QMix irrigation contributed equally to periapical healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemre Sapmaz Ucan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Aysin Dumani
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ilker Unal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Yilmaz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Oguz Yoldas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Ballal NV, Narkedamalli R, Gandhi P, Arias-Moliz MT, Baca P, Das S, Varghese J, Gaonkar SL, Rao BSS, Frazier J, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Biological and Chemical Properties of 2-in-1 Calcium-chelating and Antibacterial Root Canal Irrigants. J Dent 2023; 134:104526. [PMID: 37100165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the capacity of canal wall smear layer removal, precipitation caused by irrigant interaction, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of three 2-in-1 root canal irrigating solutions METHODS: Forty single-rooted teeth were mechanically instrumented and irrigated with QMix, SmearOFF, Irritrol or 0.9% saline. Each tooth was evaluated for smear layer removal using scanning electron microscopy. Precipitation after interaction of the irrigating solutions with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was evaluated with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Neutral red and clonogenic assays were performed on Chinese hamster V79 cells to evaluate the short-term and long-term cytotoxicity of the irrigants RESULTS: There was no significant difference between QMix and SmearOFF in eliminating smear layers from the coronal-third and middle-third of the canal spaces. In the apical-third, SmearOFF removed smear layers effectively. Irritrol incompletely removed smear layers from all the canal-thirds. When mixed with NaOCl, precipitation was evident only with Irritrol. QMix demonstrated a higher E. faecalis cell death percentage and a smaller biovolume. SmearOFF exhibited a larger decrease in biovolume compared with Irritrol, although Irritrol had a higher death percentage. Irritrol was more cytotoxic than the other irrigants on a short-term interval. In terms of long-term cytotoxicity, both Irritrol and QMix were cytotoxic CONCLUSION: QMix and SmearOFF performed better in smear layer removal and antimicrobial activity. QMix and Irritrol were cytotoxic when compared to SmearOFF. Irritrol was associated with precipitation after interacting with NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidambur Vasudev Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajkumar Narkedamalli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Poornika Gandhi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Maria Teresa Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Baca
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Stomatology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Shubhankar Das
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jothi Varghese
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Laxman Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Joshua Frazier
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Non-cytotoxic Root Canal Dressing with Improved Antimicrobial Efficacy. J Endod 2023; 49:205-211. [PMID: 36528174 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent endodontic infections are primarily caused by Enterococcus faecalis and are more challenging to treat, compared with primary infection of the root canal system. Calcium hydroxide (CH) is used as an interappointment dressing in endodontics despite its inefficacy against E. faecalis and other pathogens. To improve antimicrobial properties and limit cytotoxicity of CH, we added salicylic acid to CH (CASA) to disinfect the canal. CASA overcomes the main pathogen responsible for recurrent endodontic infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of CASA and its cytotoxicity against dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and its effect on the differentiation potential of DPSCs. METHODS Mature E. faecalis biofilm cultured on dentin chips was exposed to CASA and studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The dose-dependency of CASA was also studied using the liquid suspension test. The cytotoxicity was tested against DPSCs, and its effect on the expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase was studied. RESULTS CASA produced larger zones of inhibition than CH for all species tested and demonstrated superior efficacy than CH against E. faecalis biofilm. Cytotoxicity studies indicated DPSC's high tolerance for CASA; addition of CASA to DPSCs was observed to increase the expression of biological markers related to mineralization. CONCLUSIONS CASA was proved to have superior antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis when compared with CH. It also increased the expression of some DPSC differentiation markers involved in mineralization.
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Kumar P, Soundharrajan P, Prakash R, Kombade SP, Yadav P, Chugh A, Patnana AK. An in-vitro analysis to evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma jet in Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2193214. [PMID: 37101697 PMCID: PMC10124976 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2193214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma has shown successful antibacterial efficacy in different medical applications which have prompted researchers to explore its possible use in endodontics. The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of CAP Plasma jet with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Qmix in Enterococcus Faecalis infected root canals at different time intervals (2, 5, and 10 min). 210 single-rooted mandibular premolars were chemomechanically prepared and infected with E. faecalis. The test samples were exposed to CAP Plasma jet, 5.25% NaOCl, and Qmix for 2, 5, and 10 min. The residual bacteria from the root canals if any were collected and evaluated for colony-forming units (CFUs) growth. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to evaluate the significant difference between treatment groups. 5.25% NaOCl showed significantly more antibacterial effectiveness (<0.001) when compared with all other test groups except Qmix at 2 and 10 min of exposure time. A minimum contact time of 5 min with 5.25% NaOCl is recommended to get zero bacterial growth in E. faecalis infected root canals. QMix requires a minimum contact time of 10 min to achieve optimal CFUs reduction and CAP plasma jet requires a minimum contact time of 5 min to achieve substantial CFUs reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- CONTACT Pravin Kumar Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005, Rajasthan, India
| | - P. Soundharrajan
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ram Prakash
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ankita Chugh
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Arun Kumar Patnana
- Department of Dentistry, All India Insitute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
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Kermeoglu F, Abduljalil M. Impacts of NaOCl and Irritrol irrigation solutions with/without autoclave sterilisation on the cyclic fatigue resistance of different nickel-titanium files. AUST ENDOD J 2022; 48:392-399. [PMID: 34617638 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the impact of NaOCl and Irritrol solutions with/without autoclave sterilisation on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc NiTi files. Seventy files in every group were separated into seven subgroups (n = 10) according to irrigation solutions and sterilisation procedures. The mean and standard deviations of the time to fracture was calculated for each group, and the data statistical analysis was performed (P ≤ 0.05). Significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance was found in Reciproc files than the other types of files. The differences between the control and other subgroups were found to be statistically insignificant (P > 0.05), except for subgroups 5 and 7 (P ≤ 0.05). Immersing NiTi files in NaOCl or Irritrol with sterilisation for three times considerably reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of these files. Reciproc files exhibited the highest cyclic fatigue resistance in comparison with ProTaper and WaveOne Gold files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kermeoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Mersin10, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Abduljalil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Mersin10, Turkey
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Cîmpean SI, Pop-Ciutrila IS, Matei SR, Colosi IA, Costache C, Nicula GZ, Badea IC, Colceriu Burtea L. Effectiveness of Different Final Irrigation Procedures on Enterococcus faecalis Infected Root Canals: An In Vitro Evaluation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196688. [PMID: 36234029 PMCID: PMC9571448 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of three final irrigation protocols and to compare their ability to remove the smear layer and debris from the root canal. Methods: Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 14 days. The teeth were divided into a positive control group (N = 3) and three treatment groups (N = 20) as follows: final irrigation with saline solution (control group), irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl ultrasonically activated with EndoUltra (EU), standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1 (Qx) and irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl activated using SiroLaser Blue (SB). The bacterial load was evaluated by analyzing the colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Selected specimens were split longitudinally and examined using scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the presence of a smear layer and debris. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal−Wallis rank-sum test. Results: Activation of NaOCl with EndoUltra or SiroLaser Blue was superior at reducing intracanal bacteria relative to standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1 solution (p < 0.05). Even though SiroLaser Blue showed the best results for removing the smear layer and debris, no significant differences were detected between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Final irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl ultrasonically activated using EndoUltra or SiroLaser Blue demonstrated a higher efficacy in bacterial reduction than standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Ileana Cîmpean
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana-Sofia Pop-Ciutrila
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian-Roberto Matei
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Alina Colosi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Costache
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Zsolt Nicula
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Cell and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iulia Clara Badea
- Department of Prevention in Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 31 Avram Iancu Street, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Colceriu Burtea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Scelza MZ, Iorio NLPP, Scelza P, Póvoa HCC, Adeodato CSR, Souza ACN, Batista AC, Tavares S, Alves G. Cytocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of a novel endodontic irrigant combining citric acid and chlorhexidine. J Dent 2022; 125:104278. [PMID: 36058346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility of a new irrigant solution for endodontic treatment composed of 10% citric acid (CA) and 1% chlorhexidine (CHX). METHODS Thirty-five extracted single-canal human teeth were selected and de-crowned. Canal systems (n = 7/group) were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks and subject to irrigation with 1% CHX; 10% CA; irrigating solution 10% CA associated with 1% CHX (CACHX); 2.5% NaOCl or sterile water (control). Microbiological samples were collected immediately and 18 h after irrigation (enriched samples). The canals were filled with culture medium post irrigation to verify the bacterial presence/absence qualitatively and quantitatively through colony counting (log10 CFU/mL). A multiparametric assay was performed after exposure of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLF) to the test solutions. The Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn´s post-test and Fisher's exact test were employed at the 95% confidence level to compare differences among groups. RESULTS All tested solutions were cytocompatible with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. No difference was observed on antibacterial activity between 1% CHX, 10% CA, CACHX and 2.5% NaOCl (p > 0.05). Eighteen hours after irrigation, CACHX samples were the only that did not present E. faecalis in the root canal system. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated good in vitro biocompatibility and elimination of E. faecalis suggest a potential use of 10% CA associated with 1% CHX as a solution for microbiological control during endodontic treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Irrigants play an essential role during endodontic therapy. This irrigating solution, based on the association of 10% citric acid with 1% chlorhexidine, seems viable for clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zaccaro Scelza
- Endodontics Department and Laboratory of Experimental Culture Cell (LECCel), Faculty of Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Natalia L P P Iorio
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pantaleo Scelza
- Geriatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helvécio C C Póvoa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline S R Adeodato
- Post-graduation Program in Dentistry of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina N Souza
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Batista
- Clinical Research Unit of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro Tavares
- Post-graduation Program in Dentistry of Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Clinical Research Unit of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
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İnce Yusufoğlu S, Olcay K. Effect of Qmix 2in1, chlorhexidine gluconate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on postoperative pain after root canal treatment: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2022; 16:70-75. [PMID: 35936934 PMCID: PMC9339748 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2022.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different final irrigation solutions on postoperative pain following root canal treatment.
Methods. Eighty-nine nonvital premolar and molar teeth with periapical lesions (PAI: 3‒4) without any clinical symptoms were included. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups according to the final irrigation solutions used: G1: 2 mL of Qmix (n=29), G2: 2 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (n=30), and G3: 2 mL of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) (n=30). All the patients were prescribed 100 mg of flurbiprofen to use as needed for pain. The patients were asked to rate their pain status according to the verbal rating scale at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and one week. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and chi-squared analysis with Monte Carlo simulation. The significance level was set at P≤0.05.
Results. No significant differences were observed in postoperative pain rates at 12, 48, and 72 hours and one week (P>0.05). However, in the Qmix group, a significantly lower pain level was observed at 24 hours with EDTA and CHX (P=0.019). The rate of mild pain in the EDTA group at 72 hours (18.8%) was significantly higher in premolar teeth than in molar teeth (P=0.012). The moderate pain level in the EDTA group at 12 hours was significantly higher in those>60 years of age (P=0.008). Conclusion. The use of Qmix as an irrigation solution resulted in lower postoperative pain levels at 24 hours compared to other solutions. Therefore, Qmix can be considered a proper final irrigation solution in endodontic treatment regarding postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen İnce Yusufoğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Keziban Olcay
- Department of Endodontics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Khoshbin E, Najafi R, Farhadian M, Khalili M. Attachment of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to root dentin conditioned with different endodontic irrigants: An experimental study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2022; 16:11-17. [PMID: 35936936 PMCID: PMC9339743 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2022.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Periradicular surgery is the last treatment option for teeth with persistent periradicular endodontic lesions. This study aimed to assess the adhesion of fibroblasts to root dentin conditioned with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), MTAD, and QMix. Methods. Twelve dentin discs were fabricated of 6 human single-rooted teeth. Fibroblasts were isolated from the periodontal ligament (PDL) of a premolar tooth. The teeth were healthy and freshly extracted from the socket. The samples were divided into four groups for surface conditioning with (I) EDTA, (II) MTAD, (III) QMix, and the control group. Fibroblasts were cultured on conditioned dentin discs at 37°C, 95% air, and 5% CO2 for 4 hours and then rinsed with PBS three times to eliminate unattached cells from the surface. The mean counts of attached cells were calculated using a Neubauer chamber. Also, the attachment of fibroblasts was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results. The mean counts of fibroblasts attached to root dentin in EDTA, QMix, MTAD, and control groups were 303±46, 243±41, 213±33, and 347±38, respectively. No significant difference was noted in the number of fibroblasts attached between MTAD, EDTA, and QMix and the control group (P>0.05). Under SEM, the fibroblasts were flat and spindle-shaped, with cytoplasmic processes covering the untreated dentin surface. In the experimental groups, the cells were rounder with fewer processes. All the three groups showed weaker adhesion to dentin compared to the control (untreated dentin) group. Conclusion. Under the limitations of this study, it was concluded that treating the dentin surface with EDTA, MTAD, or QMIX might not be an effective way to improve the adhesion of human PDL fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khoshbin
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Farhadian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khalili
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT. Present status and future directions - irrigants and irrigation methods. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:588-612. [PMID: 35338652 PMCID: PMC9321999 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation needs to overcome, to critically appraise currently used irrigants and irrigation methods, to highlight knowledge gaps and methodological limitations in the available studies and to provide directions for future developments. Organization of bacteria in biofilms located in anatomic intricacies of the root canal system and the difficulty to eliminate them is the main challenge for irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite remains the primary irrigant of choice, but it needs to be supplemented by a chelator. Delivery of the irrigants using a syringe and needle and activation by an ultrasonic file are the most popular irrigation methods. There is no evidence that any adjunct irrigation method, including ultrasonic activation, can improve the long‐term outcome of root canal treatment beyond what can be achieved by instrumentation and syringe irrigation. It is necessary to redefine the research priorities in this field and investigate in greater depth the penetration of the irrigants, their effect on the biofilm and the long‐term treatment outcome. New studies must also focus on clinically relevant comparisons, avoid methodological flaws and have sufficiently large sample sizes to reach reliable conclusions. Future multidisciplinary efforts combining the knowledge from basic sciences such as Chemistry, Microbiology and Fluid Dynamics may lead to more effective antimicrobials and improved activation methods to bring them closer to the residual biofilm in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boutsioukis
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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14
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Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT, Chávez de Paz LE. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study irrigants and irrigation systems. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:295-329. [PMID: 35171506 PMCID: PMC9314845 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation plays an essential role in root canal treatment. The purpose of this narrative review was to critically appraise the experimental methods and models used to study irrigants and irrigation systems and to provide directions for future research. Studies on the antimicrobial effect of irrigants should use mature multispecies biofilms grown on dentine or inside root canals and should combine at least two complementary evaluation methods. Dissolution of pulp tissue remnants should be examined in the presence of dentine and, preferably, inside human root canals. Micro-omputed tomography is currently the method of choice for the assessment of accumulated dentine debris and their removal. A combination of experiments in transparent root canals and numerical modeling is needed to address irrigant penetration. Finally, models to evaluate irrigant extrusion through the apical foramen should simulate the periapical tissues and provide quantitative data on the amount of extruded irrigant. Mimicking the in vivo conditions as close as possible and standardization of the specimens and experimental protocols are universal requirements irrespective of the surrogate endpoint studied. Obsolete and unrealistic models must be abandoned in favour of more appropriate and valid ones that have more direct application and translation to clinical Endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boutsioukis
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Removal of Accumulated Hard Tissue Debris (AHTD) from Root Canals with an Electric Current Device: A MicroCT Preliminary Report. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In modern endodontics, removal of accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD) from root canals is requested. In the last decade, different irrigating solutions and activation methods have been successfully tested. Sonic activation has been shown to be effective in the removal of AHTD. Electric current has been tested before in restorative dentistry, but not in endodontics. An experimental electric current delivering device was compared in the removal of AHTD, using microCT analyses. Fifteen single-rooted teeth were shaped with TruNatomy system endodontic files and divided into three groups: negative control group: specimens underwent no activation; EA group: specimens were activated with EndoActivator (EA); EB group: specimens were activated with ElectroBond (EB). The 2D images, 3D images and morphometric analysis from the microCT showed a statistically significant increased AHTD removal when EB was used. Results of the present preliminary study showed that the irrigant activation with ElectroBond is encouraging when compared to EndoActivator along the entire root canal system. The AHTD was significantly statistically reduced, validating the clinical use of electric fields in endodontics.
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16
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Souza MA, Bischoff KF, Rigo BDC, Piuco L, Didoné AVL, Bertol CD, Rossato-Grando LG, Bervian J, Cecchin D. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of glycolic acid and its effects on root dentin microhardness - An in vitro study. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:423-428. [PMID: 33682987 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different glycolic acid concentrations (GA) and its effects on dentinal microhardness. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after inoculation of test irrigants in the lymphocyte primary culture for 3 min. The tested substances were distilled water(DW); 17% EDTA; QMix; 10% GA; 17% GA; and 25% GA. Counting of total, live and dead cells was performed, obtaining the average percentage of dead cells of each group. For microhardness evaluation, 60 root dentin samples were divided into the same tested groups (n = 10) and immersed in test irrigants for 3 min. Dentin microhardness was evaluated by Vicker test. Specific statistical analysis was made in both tests. Results showed significant lower cytotoxicity for QMix and 10% GA (P < 0.05). Moreover, all test irrigants presented similar values of microhardness than the control group (P > 0.05). In conclusion, lower GA concentration can be an alternative for final irrigation on endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus A Souza
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara D C Rigo
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Piuco
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Ana V L Didoné
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Charise D Bertol
- School of Pharmacy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliane Bervian
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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17
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Kucuk M, Tunca YM, Erdem O, Cetinkaya S, Demirkaya K. Efficacy of preheated chelating agents on calcium ion removal from instrumented root canals. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e1015-e1020. [PMID: 34667497 PMCID: PMC8501862 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The heating of chelating agents such as EDTA increases dentin wettability by decreasing surface tension. However, the calcium ion release effect of preheated chelating agents in instrumented root canals has not yet been mentioned. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the number of calcium ions removed by the pre-heated chelating agents from the root canals.
Material and Methods After 51 bovine teeth were instrumented, three of them were separated as negative controls and the remaining teeth were divided into six groups according to the temperature of the solution (at 22 or 37ºC): EDTA-22, CITRIC-22, QMix-22, EDTA-37, CITRIC-37 and QMix-37. Following irrigation, calcium ion levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in chelating agents collected from the root canals.
Results QMix solution eliminated significantly more calcium ions than other chelating agents at different temperatures (p< 0.05). Regardless of the heating, QMix and 17% EDTA were significantly superior to 40% Citric acid (p< 0.05) while no significant difference was detected between QMix and 17% EDTA groups (p< 0.05). Heating all chelating agents did not significantly increase their ability to remove calcium ions from pre-instrumented root canals (P< 0.05). In the SEM examination, it was observed that the smear layer was removed from the middle third of the roots, except for the negative control group.
Conclusions Temperature changes have shown that these agents do not increase the ability of the smear layer to dissolve the inorganic structure. QMix at different temperatures may be recommended to use as the final chelating agent. Key words:EDTA, citric acid, QMix, calcium ions, temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kucuk
- Near East University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Mersin 10 Turkey
| | - Yasar-Meric Tunca
- University of Kyrenia, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Mersin 10 Turkey
| | - Onur Erdem
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Cetinkaya
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Demirkaya
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Afkhami F, Sadegh M, Sooratgar A, Amirmoezi M. Comparison of the effect of QMix and conventional root canal irrigants on push-out bond strength of fiber post to root dentin. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:464-469. [PMID: 34664421 PMCID: PMC8874043 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess the effect of application of QMix and common root canal irrigating solutions on the bond strength of fiber post to root dentin. Material and Methods In this in‐vitro study, 60 extracted incisor teeth were decoronated such that 15 mm of root length remained. The canals were prepared with ProTaper rotary system to F5 and filled with gutta‐percha and AH26 sealer. Prior to post placement, the teeth were divided into four groups based on the type of final irrigating solution namely saline, 5.25% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine, and QMix. The fiber posts were then cemented with Panavia F2 resin cement. The roots were sectioned perpendicular to their longitudinal axis, and four sections with 1 mm thickness were made at the middle and coronal thirds of the roots. The push‐out bond strength of fiber posts was measured by a universal testing machine in megapascals. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results The maximum and minimum bond strength values were noted in QMix and NaOCl groups in both the middle and coronal third of the root, respectively. But, there was no significant difference between the push‐out bond strength in the middle or coronal third of the root (p = 0.054). Adhesive failure was the most common mode of failure in all groups. Conclusion Use of QMix for post space irrigation does not compromise the bond strength of fiber post to root dentin, and can be used for final rinsing of the post space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Afkhami
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadegh
- Endodontist, Private Practice, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aidin Sooratgar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Silva AM, Alencar CDM, Jassé FFDA, Pedrinha VF, Zaniboni JF, Dantas AAR, de Campos EA, Kuga MC. Effect of post-space irrigation with acid solutions on bond strength and dentin penetrability using a self-adhesive cementation system. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e564-e571. [PMID: 34188762 PMCID: PMC8223157 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of surface treatments with 1% peracetic acid (PA), solution containing 17% EDTA (SmearClear, Kerr Endodontics), solution containing a combination of 17% EDTA with 2% chlorhexidine (QMix, Dentsply Sirona) on the post-space root dentin compared to 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on bond strength and resin tags length in dentin.
Material and Methods Forty human-canine roots were endodontically treated and the post space was prepared. The specimens were randomised into four groups (n = 10): control – irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl solution, PA – irrigation with 1% PA, SmearClear – irrigation with SmearClear solution, and QMix – irrigation with QMix solution. The fibre posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin system (Relyx U200, 3M ESPE). After six months, the specimens were cross-sectioned and subjected to push-out and confocal laser microscopy tests. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were used to analyse the data (α= 0.05).
Results PA and QMix presented the highest bond strength values compared to the other groups (p< 0.05). There was no significant difference between the resin tags length in dentin by the groups (p = 0.75).
Conclusions Irrigation of the post space with 1% PA and QMix showed a positive clinical impact on the adhesion between the fiber post and root dentin. However, these materials had no influence on resin tags length in dentin by self-adhesive resin cement. Key words:Fiber post, adhesive cementation, self-adhesive resin cement, root dentin, irrigating solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryvelto-Miranda Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane-de Melo Alencar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Victor-Feliz Pedrinha
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Joissi-Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa-Abi-Rached Dantas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson-Alves de Campos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton-Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Bapat RA, Parolia A, Chaubal T, Dharamadhikari S, Abdulla AM, Sakkir N, Arora S, Bapat P, Sindi AM, Kesharwani P. Recent update on potential cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and preventive measures of biomaterials used in dentistry. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3244-3283. [PMID: 33949464 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental treatment is provided for a wide variety of oral health problems like dental caries, periodontal diseases, periapical infections, replacement of missing teeth and orthodontic problems. Various biomaterials, like composite resins, amalgam, glass ionomer cement, acrylic resins, metal alloys, impression materials, bone grafts, membranes, local anaesthetics, etc., are used for dental applications. The physical and chemical characteristics of these materials influence the outcome of dental treatment. It also impacts on the biological, allergic and toxic potential of biomaterials. With innovations in science and their positive results, there is also a need for awareness about the biological risks of these biomaterials. The aim of dental treatment is to have effective, yet safe, and long-lasting results for the benefit of patients. For this, it is important to have a thorough understanding of biomaterials and their effects on local and systemic health. Materials used in dentistry undergo a series of analyses before their oral applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and original review that discusses the reasons for and studies on the toxicity of commonly used biomaterials for applications in dentistry. It will help clinicians to formulate a methodical approach for the selection of dental biomaterials, thus providing an awareness for forecasting their risk of toxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Ajit Bapat
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanay Chaubal
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Anshad Mohamed Abdulla
- Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasil Sakkir
- Registrar Endodontist, Central Security Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suraj Arora
- Faculty, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prachi Bapat
- Dentist, Modern Dental College, Indore 453112, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amal M Sindi
- Faculty, Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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21
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de Souza Matos F, Rosatto CMPD, Cunha TC, Vidigal MTC, Blumenberg C, Paranhos LR, Moura CCG. Influence of chelating solutions on tubular dentin sealer penetration: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:715-730. [PMID: 33938611 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review assessed the influence of conventional final irrigation with chelating solutions (CS) on tubular dentin sealer penetration (TDSP). The literature search was conducted in eight electronic databases using MeSH, DeCS, EMTREE and free terms. The study protocol followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42020203080). Twelve studies were included, and a qualitative synthesis and network meta-analysis of the data were performed. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed using an adaptation of the JBI Critical Appraisal tool. QMix was the solution with the highest probability of having the highest percentage of TDSP in the apical (34.1%), middle (86.5%) and coronal (97.7%) thirds. Eleven studies presented a moderate risk of bias, whereas one study presented a high risk of bias. In conclusion, CS improves sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules with QMix demonstrating superior results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Souza Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Christina Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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22
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Souza MA, Palhano HS, Macci D, Broch GM, Tissiani L, Rauber BF, Cecchin D, Bervian J, de Almeida Gomes BPF, Gabrielli ES. Influence of ultrasonic activation on antimicrobial activity of a new final irrigant containing glycolic acid: An in vitro study. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:531-537. [PMID: 33901338 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic activation (US) on the antimicrobial activity of a new final irrigant containing glycolic acid (GA). Extracted teeth were used, being 70 to counting of colony-forming units (CFUs) and 35 to confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 7 groups: distilled water + US; 17% EDTA; Qmix; 17% GA; 17% EDTA + US; QMix + US; and 17% GA + US and kept in contact with test solution for 1 min in the groups with or no US. In the CFUs, the highest bacterial reduction was observed in QMix + US group, followed by QMix and GA + US. In the confocal evaluation, the lowest number of viable cells was observed in EDTA + US, with no statistical difference from QMix, QMix + US and GA + US (P > 0.05). The use of US improves the antimicrobial activity of EDTA and GA, being statistically different from the isolated use of these final irrigants in both evaluation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dierro Macci
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luanda Tissiani
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Bervian
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ezequiel Santin Gabrielli
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.,School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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23
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Saricam E, Küçük M, Akyol M. Evaluation of EDTA, QMix, and Irritrol solutions activated with Er,Cr:YSGG and diode lasers on the push-out bond strength of filling material. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:584-591. [PMID: 33044039 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Irritrol, and QMix solutions used with manual irrigation and diode and erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser activation on the bonding ability of sealer to the intraradicular dentin. The root canals of 90 mandibular incisors were instrumented, and the teeth were allocated randomly to nine groups (n = 10/group) receiving final irrigation with different irrigation solutions (EDTA, Irritrol, and QMix) and irrigant activation techniques (manual, diode laser, and Er,Cr:YSGG laser). Following endodontic filling, three sections of 1-mm thickness were obtained from the middle third of each root. The root filling was subjected to a push-out test to examine the bond strength of the sealer to dentin. The test data were examined using analysis of variance with a significance level of ɑ < .05. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscopy, and the surface characteristics of dentin were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Irritrol showed less push-out bond strength than did the other solutions in the Er,Cr:YSGG laser groups (p < .05). In the diode laser groups, QMix provided greater adhesion than did Irritrol (p < .05). The activation of QMix with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser increased the bond strength more than did manual irrigation (p < .05). No other significant difference was observed between other comparison pairs (p > .05). QMix provided adhesion superior to that of Irritrol when activated with diode and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers. Er,Cr:YSGG laser activation increased the adhesion of filling material with QMix irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Saricam
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Küçük
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meltem Akyol
- Tepebasi Oral and Dental Health Education Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pradhan PK, Dipallini S, Sahoo KC, Patri G, Lata S. Effect of temperature and activation techniques of irrigating solutions on push-out bond strength of fiber post. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:295-298. [PMID: 33551603 PMCID: PMC7861073 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_384_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study evaluated the effect of preheated irrigants (EDTA, QMix), then use of various activation techniques such as ultrasonic system and laser on push-out bond strength (POBS) of fiber posts to root dentin. Methodology: One hundred and twenty extracted human teeth were decoronated below the cementoenamel junction. All the root canals were instrumented, irrigated using sodium hypochlorite and normal saline, dried with paper points, and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Post spaces were prepared. The irrigating solutions QMix and EDTA were heated to 60°C. Normal QMix and EDTA served as control. The irrigants were activated with Laser and Ultrasonic system. Then, the fiber posts were cemented, roots were sliced to thickness of 2 mm and mounted for measurement of POBS. Results: Preheated irrigants group showed maximum POBS as compared to Normal irrigants. QMix group showed better results as compared to EDTA. Irrigants when activated with laser and ultrasonics showed comparable results. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that preheated irrigants(QMix, EDTA) increase the POBS of fiber post to root dentin. Both laser and ultrasonic are equally effective for increasing the POBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanti Kumari Pradhan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sradhashree Dipallini
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kanhu Charan Sahoo
- Department of Dentistry, Sahid Laxman Nayak Medical College, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | - Gaurav Patri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S Lata
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Alsayed Tolibah Y, Kouchaji C, Lazkani T, Abbara MT, Jbara S, Baghdadi ZD. Dental Care for a Child with Congenital Hydrocephalus: A Case Report with 12-Month Follow-Up. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1209. [PMID: 33572890 PMCID: PMC7908211 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus affects the central nervous system as a result of progressive ventricular dilatation from the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain's lateral ventricles. This paper reports on the oral characteristics of a child with congenital hydrocephalus, discusses her complex dental care needs, and presents dental management of this case. Despite the complex and challenging dental needs, this child received dental treatment in a chairside approach without general anesthesia. A thorough knowledge of the patient's medical condition, together with expert clinical skills, was indispensable for managing the child and improving the quality and length of her life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Alsayed Tolibah
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Damascus University, Al-Mazzeh St., Damascus P.O. Box 3062, Syria; (Y.A.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Chaza Kouchaji
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Damascus University, Al-Mazzeh St., Damascus P.O. Box 3062, Syria; (Y.A.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Thuraya Lazkani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Damascus University, Al-Mazzeh St., Damascus P.O. Box 3062, Syria; (T.L.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Mohammad Tamer Abbara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Damascus University, Al-Mazzeh St., Damascus P.O. Box 3062, Syria; (T.L.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Saffana Jbara
- Department of Preventive Dental Science Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada;
| | - Ziad D. Baghdadi
- Department of Preventive Dental Science Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada;
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Agrawal A, Mittal A, Dadu S, Dhaundiyal A, Tyagi N. Effect of root canal irrigants on calcium silicate cements: An In vitro study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijds.ijds_188_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Effects of Osmotic Stress and Sodium Hypochlorite on Endodontic Microbiota: An In-Vitro Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:242-247. [PMID: 33353919 PMCID: PMC7881376 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.70883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effect of osmotic stress on various bacteria in a planktonic milieu and the effect of exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the microbial cells previously subjected to osmotic stress. Methods: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were suspended as follows: Iso-osmotic group 0.9% NaCl; Hypo-osmotic group “ultrapure water”; Hyper-osmotic group 9% NaCl solution for 120 hours before exposure to 0.0001% NaOCl for 10 minutes. Quantitative analyses of viable cells were performed at 0 and 120 hours and after exposure to NaOCl to obtain colony forming units (CFU/mL). A linear mixed-effects model was used to find the association between mean CFU/mL (logarithmic transformation) and the interaction of solution Group and Time (P<0.001). Results: F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia did not survive after 24 hours in any of the solutions and were excluded from further testing. For S. sanguinis there were significant differences at each time interval, when holding solution group constant. After 120 hours, the Hyper-osmotic group presented with the highest CFU/mL and was significantly different to the Iso-osmotic group (P<0.001). For E. Faecalis, there was a significant difference for each pairwise comparison of time (P<0.001) in mean CFU/mL between 0 hours and 120 hours for the Iso-osmotic and Hyper-osmotic groups. At 120 hours, no significant differences were found between the three groups. Significant differences were also found between 0 hours and Post-NaOCl administration, and between 120 hours and Post-NaOCl administration for all three groups (P<0.001). Exposure to NaOCl after hypo-osmotic stress was associated with significantly less CFU/mL for S. sanguinis compared to hyperosmosis and iso-osmosis (P<0.001) and for E. Faecalis only compared to hyperosmosis (P<0.001). Conclusion: S. sanguinis and E. faecalis were able to withstand osmotic stress for 120 hours. Hypo-osmotic stress before contact with NaOCl was associated with lower viable bacterial numbers, when compared to the other media for the above species. Hyper-osmotic stress was associated with higher viable bacterial numbers after NaOCl exposure for E. faecalis.
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Souza MA, Trentini BM, Parizotto TF, Vanin GN, da Silva Piuco L, Ricci R, Bischoff KF, Dias CT, Pecho OE, Bervian J, Cecchin D. Influence of a glycolic acid-based final irrigant for photosensitizer removal of photodynamic therapy on the microhardness and colour change of the dentin structure. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102151. [PMID: 33346059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the influence of glycolic acid-based final irrigant for photosensitizer removal of photodynamic therapy on the microhardness and colour change of the dentin structure. METHODS Eighty extracted single-rooted human incisors were used. Sample preparation and root split resulted in 160 samples, 80 samples being used for microhardness and 80 samples for colour change evaluation. In the first, PDT protocol was performed and 80 samples were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 20), according to the final irrigation protocol: distilled water (DW); 17 % ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); QMix; 17 % glycolic acid (GA). Microhardness was evaluated using the Vicker tester, before and after, PDT and final irrigation protocols, calculating the percentage of microhardness reduction. In the second evaluation, PDT and final irrigation protocols were performed in the same way. Colour change was evaluated using digital spectrophotometer before and after these protocols, calculating the ΔE colour change using the CIELAB system (L*a*b* values). Specific statistical analysis was performed for both evaluations (α = 5%). RESULTS The highest percentage of microhardness reduction was observed in 17 % EDTA, QMix and 17 % GA groups, with no significant difference among them (p > 0.05). Furthermore, none of these protocols was effective in photosensitizer removal, and all final irrigation protocols were statically similar to control group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS GA promotes microhardness reduction and also contributes to the colourization of dentin structure during the photosensitizer removal process, followingPDT .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafaela Ricci
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Emilio Pecho
- School of Dentistry, University Centre Institute for Educational Development of Alto Uruguai, Getulio Vargas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Bervian
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Tuncer S, Tekçe N, Demirci M, Kara Tuncer A, Baydemir C. Does Q-MIX pretreatment improve the dentin bond durability of a two-step self-etch adhesive? Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:804-813. [PMID: 33179843 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze and assess the effects of three particular dentin pretreatment solutions on the bond durability of a two-step self-etch adhesive (Optibond XTR) applied to dentin after ageing for 2 years. Thirty-five third molars which were extracted (n = 5 for μTBS, n = 2 for nanoleakage) were divided into five groups: Group 1:Control (no pretreatment), Group 2:17% EDTA, Group 3:2% CHX, Group 4:17% EDTA plus 2% CHX, Group 5: Q-Mix. After the pretreatments of dentin, the dentin adhesive was applied as per the guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Half of the specimens were subjected to μTBS tests for 24 hr, while the remaining half were subjected to the tests after being kept for 2 years in water storage. Also, nanoleakage was evaluated with FE-SEM by examining silver nitrate deposits. The data obtained were evaluated using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey Post Hoc test. The dentin pretreatments did not affect the 24 hr and 2 years μTBS values for OptiBond XTR. At 24 hr, the EDTA + CHX group (50.3 ± 4.9) showed that the highest μTBS value was obtained. Water ageing significantly reduced the μTBS results and after 2 years the highest μTBS value was obtained from the Q-Mix group (37.7 ± 5.2). Different dentin pretreatments do not alter the 24-hr μTBS and were not able to preserve the bond strength after 2 years of ageing. Q-Mix was able to slow down the regression in the strength of the dentin bond as well as nanoleakage over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Tuncer
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Tekçe
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Demirci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Canan Baydemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Aspesi M, Kopper PMP, de Carvalho Deluca MC, Matte BF, Brand LM, Grecca FS, Casagrande L, Scarparo RK. Cytotoxic, migration, and angiogenic effects of intracanal irrigants on cells involved in revascularization of immature teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104980. [PMID: 33217606 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate protocols of root canal irrigation and dentin pretreatment in a cell culture model simulating immature teeth. Cytotoxic, migration, and angiogenic effects of Sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTA (NaOCl/EDTA), NaOCl associated with Smear Clear (NaOCl/SC), and QMix were compared. DESIGN Three roots of mandibular first premolars had their length and root canal diameter standardized. Root canals were irrigated, and the resulting solutions were diluted in culture medium. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was performed with apical papilla cells and with endothelial cells (HUVECs) to assess cytotoxicity. Polarity index and migration assays of apical papilla cells and sprouting of HUVECs were evaluated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < .05). RESULTS In apical papilla cells, NaOCl/SC and QMix promoted higher cytotoxicity, decreased fraction of elongated cells, and had lower migration speed and shorter migration distance of cells compared to NaOCl/EDTA. Also, HUVECs treated with NaOCl/SC and QMix showed decreased tubule formation in comparison with NaOCl/EDTA. CONCLUSIONS NaOCl/SC and QMix showed unfavorable biological responses of cells involved in revascularization in comparison to NaOCl/EDTA. Further studies with other intracanal irrigants should be performed to improve the balance of root canal disinfection with biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aspesi
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Maria Poli Kopper
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Castello de Carvalho Deluca
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Bibiana Franzen Matte
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Meurer Brand
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Casagrande
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Kochenborger Scarparo
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Chan W, Chowdhury NR, Sharma G, Zilm P, Rossi-Fedele G. Comparison of the Biocidal Efficacy of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicaments over a 7-Day Contact Time: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2020; 46:1273-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mobaraki B, Yeşildal Yeter K. Quantitative analysis of SmearOFF and different irrigation activation techniques on removal of smear layer: A scanning electron microscope study. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1480-1486. [PMID: 32671904 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SmearOFF solution on smear layer removal by using different irrigation activation techniques. One hundred and twenty mandibular premolars were decoronated, and instrumented with Reciproc up to size 50. Then, the specimens were divided into 6 groups according to the final irrigation activation technique: Group 1: SmearOFF + Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI); Group 2: SmearOFF + Sonic activation (SA); Group 3: SmearOFF + Passive ultrasonic activation (PUA); Group 4:17% EDTA + CSI; Group 5:17% EDTA + SA, and Group 6:17% EDTA + PUA. Teeth were split longitudinally, and specimens were observed under scanning electron microscope. Images were taken from the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the teeth with 1,000× magnification and analyzed using ImageJ program to calculate total open dentinal tubule areas. Three-way ANOVA test was applied to reveal any significant differences among solutions, activation techniques and root thirds. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of irrigation solutions (p > .05). There was a statistically significant difference between PUA and CSI groups (p < .05). However, no significant difference was observed between PUA and SA, or between SA and CSI (p > .05). All experimental procedures were most effective in the middle region of the root, followed by cervical and apical thirds (p < .05). PUA showed higher efficacy in smear layer removal compared with CSI. SmearOFF and 17% EDTA showed similar results. The best results in removing smear layer were obtained in the middle region of the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Mobaraki
- Department of Endodontics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Kübra Yeşildal Yeter
- Department of Endodontics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Matos FDS, da Silva FR, Paranhos LR, Moura CCG, Bresciani E, Valera MC. The effect of 17% EDTA and QMiX ultrasonic activation on smear layer removal and sealer penetration: ex vivo study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10311. [PMID: 32587397 PMCID: PMC7316761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of conventional irrigation (CI) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) with 17% EDTA and QMiX on the maximum depth and percentage of sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and to describe the cleaning of root canal walls by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Eighty single-rooted human mandibular premolars were instrumented and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 20): EDTA + CI, QMiX + CI, EDTA + PUI, and QMiX + PUI. Ten samples from each group were examined by SEM (2,000×) and the remaining 40 roots were filled with a single gutta-percha cone and AH Plus sealer mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B for analysis by CLSM (10×). Images were assessed at distances of 2 mm (apical), 5 mm (middle), and 8 mm (coronal) from the apex with the Leica Application Suite V4.10 software. The EDTA + PUI and QMiX + PUI protocols presented higher rates of debris/smear layer removal in the apical and middle thirds. The PUI was superior to CI in the maximum depth of sealer penetration at the middle third. The QMiX + PUI group had a higher percentage of sealer penetration at the apical third. The PUI and QMiX protocol improved debris/smear layer removal and tubular dentin sealer penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Souza Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Rutz da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Bresciani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Lim BSH, Parolia A, Chia MSY, Jayaraman J, Nagendrababu V. Antimicrobial efficacy of QMix on Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e23. [PMID: 32483540 PMCID: PMC7239686 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to summarize the outcome of in vitro studies comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of QMix with other irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods The research question was developed by using population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design framework. The literature search was performed using 3 electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost until October 2019. The additional hand search was performed from the reference list of the eligible studies. The risk of bias of the studies was independently appraised using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0). Results Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review. The overall risk of bias for the selected studies was moderate. QMix was found to have a higher antimicrobial activity compared to 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), mixture of tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), 0.2% Cetrimide, SilverSol/H2O2, HYBENX, and grape seed extract (GSE). QMix had higher antibacterial efficacy compared to NaOCl, only when used for a longer time (10 minutes) and with higher volume (above 3 mL). Conclusions QMix has higher antibacterial activity than 17% EDTA, 2% CHX, MTAD, 0.2% Cetrimide, SilverSol/H2O2, HYBENX, GSE and NaOCl with lower concentration. To improve the effectiveness, QMix is to use for a longer time and at a higher volume. Trial Registration PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews Identifier: CRD42018096763
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jayakumar Jayaraman
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health School of Dentistry, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chia MSY, Parolia A, Lim BSH, Jayaraman J, Porto ICCDM. Effect of QMix irrigant in removal of smear layer in root canal system: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e28. [PMID: 32839709 PMCID: PMC7431937 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the outcome of in vitro studies comparing the effectiveness of QMix irrigant in removing the smear layer in the root canal system compared with other irrigants. Materials and Methods The research question was developed by using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design framework. Literature search was performed using 3 electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost until October 2019. Two reviewers were independently involved in the selection of the articles and data extraction process. Risk of bias of the studies was independently appraised using revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) based on 5 domains. Results Thirteen studies fulfilled the selection criteria. The overall risk of bias was moderate. QMix was found to have better smear layer removal ability than mixture of tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and phytic acid. The efficacy was less effective than 7% maleic acid and 10% citric acid. No conclusive results could be drawn between QMix and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid due to conflicting results. QMix was more effective when used for 3 minutes than 1 minute. Conclusions QMix has better smear layer removal ability compared to MTAD, NaOCl, Tubulicid Plus, and Phytic acid. In order to remove the smear layer more effectively with QMix, it is recommended to use it for a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jayakumar Jayaraman
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health School of Dentistry, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Kour G, Masih U, Dhindsa A, Gojanur S, Gupta SK, Singh B. Comparative Clinical and Microbial Evaluation of Two Endodontic File Systems and Irrigating Solutions in Pediatric Patients. Contemp Clin Dent 2019; 9:637-643. [PMID: 31772477 PMCID: PMC6868636 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_543_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of the study was to determine the best combination for chemomechanical preparation in primary teeth using two endo file systems (hand and rotary) along with two different irrigants. Materials and Methods Sixty primary molars indicated for pulpectomy, underwent chemomechanical preparation using endo files (H hand files and rotary Protaper files) and root canal irrigating solutions (Smearclear and QMiX). Samples from root canals were collected before and after the chemomechanical preparation of the canal and were cultured for microbial analysis of Enterococcus faecalis. Results Endodontic irrigating solutions showed significant differences of effectiveness on the growth inhibition of bacterial strain. The present study confirmed that the in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of QMiX solution was statistically significant when compared to the Smearclear solution. Conclusion Based on the antimicrobial efficacy observed in the present study, it may be concluded that QMiX has a great potential than Smearclear as an intracanal irrigation solution in primary teeth and rotary preparation may be considered as more efficient and time-saving mechanical preparatory technique in primary molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kour
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Updesh Masih
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K D Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Dhindsa
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Sushma Gojanur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K D Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K D Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Biant Singh
- Department of Surgery, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Souza MA, Bonacina LV, Ricci R, Padilha Rauber MG, Zuchi N, Hoffmann IP, Bischoff KF, Engelmann JL, Palhano HS, Cecchin D. Influence of final irrigation protocols and type of resin cement on bond strength of glass fiber posts in root dentin previously treated with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:224-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Influence of final irrigation protocols and endodontic sealer on bond strength of root filling material with root dentin previously treated with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:137-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Matos FDS, Khoury RD, Carvalho CAT, Martinho FC, Bresciani E, Valera MC. Effect of EDTA and QMIX Ultrasonic Activation on the Reduction of Microorganisms and Endotoxins in Ex Vivo Human Root Canals. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:220-226. [PMID: 31166400 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of QMiX and 17% EDTA associated to passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or manual agitation (MA) on the reduction of E. faecalis, E. coli and LPS from root canals. Forty single rooted human teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=10), according to the final irrigation protocol: EDTA+MA, QMiX+MA, EDTA+PUI, QMiX+PUI. Sample collections were obtained from the root canal content immediately before preparation (baseline-S1), after instrumentation (S2), after final irrigation protocol (S3) and 7 days after instrumentation and final irrigation (S4). The antimicrobial effectivity and on endotoxin content were analyzed by culture procedure (CFU/mL) and LAL assay (EU/mL), respectively. The results were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman test (α=5%). QMiX+MA and QMiX+PUI reduced 100% of E. coli and E. faecalis bacteria and also prevented E. faecalisregrowth at S4. EDTA significantly reduced E. coli, but it was not effective in reducing E. faecalis. All protocols reduced EU/mL when compared to S1, however at S4 there was a significant reduction of EU/mL only in the QMiX+MA and QMiX+PUI groups in relation to S3 and S2, respectively. Final irrigation with QMiX associated with MA or PUI had superior antibacterial efficacy compared to EDTA, eliminating 100% of E. coli and E. faecalis strains. In addition, QMiX+PUI reduced 97.61% of the initial content of LPS.
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Vilela Teixeira AB, de Carvalho Honorato Silva C, Alves OL, Cândido dos Reis A. Endodontic Sealers Modified with Silver Vanadate: Antibacterial, Compositional, and Setting Time Evaluation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4676354. [PMID: 31211137 PMCID: PMC6532301 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4676354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of nanoparticles into endodontic sealers aims at increasing antimicrobial activity of the original material. Aim. The aim of this study is to incorporate the nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3, at 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) into three endodontic sealers and evaluate the antibacterial activity of freshly sealers, surface topography and chemical composition, and setting time. Material and Methods. The AgVO3 was incorporated into AH Plus, Sealer 26, and Endomethasone N at concentrations 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (in mass). The antibacterial activity of freshly sealers was assessed by direct contact with Enterococcus faecalis and CFU/mL count (n=10), surface topography, and chemical composition were measured by SEM/EDS, and the setting time was measured by Gillmore needle (n=10). The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests were applied (α=0.05). Results. All groups of sealers evaluated inhibited E. faecalis (p>0.05). The incorporation of AgVO3 altered the atomic proportions between components of the endodontic sealers, and the percentage of silver (Ag) and vanadium (V) increased proportionally to the concentrations of AgVO3. Topography analysis showed differences in components distribution on the surface of the specimens. The sealers incorporated with AgVO3 of AH Plus presented a lower setting time than the control group (p<0.05). For Sealer 26 and Endomethasone N, the incorporation of AgVO3 increased the setting time in relation to control group (p<0.05). Conclusions. The modification of endodontic sealers by AgVO3 increased the atomic percentage of Ag and V proportionally to the concentration of the nanomaterial and changed the atomic percentage of the sealer components and setting times. It cannot be affirmed that the AgVO3 promote differences in the antimicrobial activity of freshly sealers, and further investigations of the antimicrobial activity of the set sealers should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Vilela Teixeira
- Dental Materials and Prosthesis Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Carvalho Honorato Silva
- Dental Materials and Prosthesis Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Luiz Alves
- Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cândido dos Reis
- Dental Materials and Prosthesis Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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The effects of QMix and EndoActivator on postoperative pain in mandibular molars with nonvital pulps: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:4173-4180. [PMID: 30815731 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different irrigation solutions when used EndoActivator on postoperative pain. METHODOLOGY A total of 104 subjects with nonvital pulps were selected and randomly assigned to four experimental groups; (G) 1 (n = 26) 2.5% NaOCl + conventional endodontic syringe, (G) 2 (n = 26) 2.5% NaOCl + EndoActivator, (G) 3 (n = 26) 2.5% NaOCl + QMix + conventional endodontic syringe, (G) 4 (n = 26) 2.5% NaOCl + QMix + EndoActivator. All the patients were prescribed ibuprofen 400 mg to be taken every 8 h in case of pain. The patients were asked to rate the severity of the postoperative pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) for 8th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours after the visit. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Chi-Square tests. RESULTS G4 resulted in lesser postoperative pain levels on 8th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours than the G2, G3, and G1 did. There was no significant difference between G4 and G2 and between G3 and G1 in terms of the postoperative pain levels at any time interval (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION It was determined that the postoperative values of the groups, in which EA was used, were statistically significantly lower than in the other groups. The combined use of QMix and EA provided the most significant decrease in the postoperative pain values. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Successful management of postoperative pain is an important issue for the clinician. The combined use of Qmix and EA can be recommended to the clinicians.
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Nogo‐Živanović D, Kanjevac T, Bjelović L, Ristić V, Tanasković I. The effect of final irrigation with MTAD, QMix, and EDTA on smear layer removal and mineral content of root canal dentin. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:923-930. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Nogo‐Živanović
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Bjelović
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vladimir Ristić
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Irena Tanasković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
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Gündoğar M, Sezgin GP, Erkan E, Özyılmaz ÖY. The influence of the irrigant QMix on the push-out bond strength of a bioceramic endodontic sealer. Eur Oral Res 2019; 52:64-68. [PMID: 30775704 DOI: 10.26650/eor.2018.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercially available irrigant, the Qmix 2 in 1, on the push out bond strength of Endosequence BC which is a bioceramic based root canal sealer. Material and methods Sixty extracted maxillary central incisors were prepared with Protaper Next rotary instrument up to X4 (# 40). The specimens were randomly divided into four groups of equal sample size (n=15), according to the final irrigation regimen as follows: Group 1: 2.5% sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) (control), Group 2: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group 3: 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), Group 4: QMix 2 in 1. After rinsing, teeth were obturated using gutta-percha with Endosequence BC sealer. Slices were obtained from coronal, middle, and an apical section of the root canal. Push-out test was performed to evaluate the bond strength between the root canal dentin and the sealer. Data was statistically analyzed. Results The push-out bond strength of the root canal sealer was significantly affected by the type of irrigation solution. Highest bond strengths were found in canals irrigated with Qmix solution, and these results were regardless of anatomical section of the root canal (p< 0.05). Conclusion Final irrigation of the root canals with QMix had a positive effect on the bond strength of Endosequence BC sealer throughout the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics, Medipol University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Güzide Pelin Sezgin
- Department of Endodontics, Biruni University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erhan Erkan
- Department of Endodontics, Medipol University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgün Yusuf Özyılmaz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medipol University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
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Tunç H, Islam A, Kabadayı H, Vatansever HS, Çetiner S, Yilmaz HG. Evaluation of low-level diode laser irradiation and various irrigant solutions on the biological response of stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 191:156-163. [PMID: 30640142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate cytotoxic effects and the apoptosis of Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser irradiation, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ozonated water and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Cells were exposed to EDTA (5%, 8.5%, 17%), NaOCl (1%, 2.5%, 5%) ozonated water (5, 10, 20 μg/ml) and GaAlAs diode laser irradiation (energy densities of 0.5, 1, 1.5 j/cm2). Culture medium included D-MEM, supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum, 1% l-glutamine, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, 1% gentamycin, amphotericin-B and served as control group. The prepared irrigants were added to the relevant wells and incubated with the cells at 37 °C for 5, 10 and 15 min. The cells in the laser group were also incubated at 37 °C for 5, 10 and 15 min after the laser application. Cell viability and proliferation were analysed with the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The percentage of cell viability showed a significant reduction in all concentrations of the EDTA and NaOCl groups when compared to the control group, diode laser irradiation and ozonated water groups at 5th, 10th and 15th minutes respectively but high cytotoxic effects of all EDTA and NaOCl groups with decreased over 50% of cell viability were observed at the 15th minute. Also EDTA group with 17% concentration (17%E) presented the lowest survival rate on SHEDs with mean of 21.67% ± 6.101 at this time interval. The lowest toxic effects were observed at the 5th minutes compared to other time periods at experimental groups. For detection of apoptotic cells, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) method was performed. According to the MTT results, doses showed the highest toxicity (cell survival decreased over 50%) in each group were selected for TUNEL assay (17% EDTA; 1% NaOCl; 10 μg/ml Ozonated water; 1.5 j/cm2 diode laser irradiation). The significantly lowest percentages of TUNEL-positive cells were detected in ozonated water (10.67% ± 2.93) and diode laser irradiation (13.24% ± 7.61) compared to EDTA (39.89% ± 11.54) and NaOCl (31.15% ± 10.64) respectively. Also the difference between percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in EDTA and NaOCl groups was not significant. Synergistic combination of ozonated water and diode laser irradiation may be used in the disinfection step of necrotic root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Tunç
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Lefkosa, Mersin10, Turkey
| | - Aylin Islam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Lefkosa, Mersin10, Turkey
| | - Hilal Kabadayı
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Campus, 45140 Manisa, Turkey
| | - Hafize Seda Vatansever
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, Celal Bayar University, Experimental Health Science Research Center, Near East University, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Campus, 45140 Manisa, Turkey
| | - Serap Çetiner
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Kyrenia University, Lefkosa, Mersin10, Turkey
| | - Hasan Guney Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Lefkosa, Mersin10, Turkey.
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Cardoso LR, Baldasso FER, Delai D, Montagner F, Kopper PMP. Effect of EDTA, sodium, and calcium hypochlorite on the inorganic component of root canal dentin: A SEM analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:128-133. [PMID: 30582246 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of canal irrigation protocols with 5.25% calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2 ], 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA solution on the inorganic component of root canal dentin. Sixty roots were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10): Saline solution (SS) (control); Saline solution (SSE) +17% EDTA; CH - 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 ; CHE - 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 + 17% EDTA; SH - 5.25% NaOCl; SHE - 5.25% NaOCl +17% EDTA. After canal irrigation, the specimens were longitudinally split and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dentinal tubules were observed in transverse (middle and apical thirds) direction. The images were classified in scores, according to smear layer removal and peritubular dentin alteration, and data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis's test, followed by Dunn's test (α = 0.05). In the middle third, all groups with EDTA presented better removal of the smear layer with higher peritubular dentin alteration (p < .05). In the apical third, this happened only in SHE (p < .05). Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl exhibit similar performance to remove smear layer and alteration of the inorganic component in the middle third. In the apical third, NaOCl associated with EDTA showed better performance in smear layer removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Roleto Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Delai
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Batinić M, Ročan M, Budimir A, Anić I, Bago I. Comparison of final disinfection protocols using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and different irrigants after single-file reciprocating instrumentation against intracanal bacterial biofilm - An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:153-157. [PMID: 30308309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with irrigation protocols that include sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA) or QMiX (combined irrigant: EDTA, chlorhexidine, detergent) solution after single-file reciprocating root canal instrumentation. METHODS The study sample included 68 extracted mandibular human single canal teeth. The canals were inoculated with bacterial suspension made of wild strain of Enterococcus faecalis. After 17 days of incubation, the samples were assigned to experimental groups according to the final disinfection protocol and a control group. The root canals in all groups were, firstly, instrumented with Wave One Gold reciprocating system. Then the canals were disinfected as follows: Group 1. 2.5% NaOCl and EDTA followed by the application of the aPDT; Group 2. 2.5% NaOCl, EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl; Group 3. 2.5% NaOCl and QMIX solution; Group 4. 2.5% NaOCl and EDTA. In the control group, the canals were irrigated with saline solution. Microbiological samples were collected at baseline, after single-file instrumentation and after the final disinfection protocols. The samples were plated onto Mitis Salivarius agar plates for incubation. The colony forming units (CFUs) were counted, and the final number was determined based on the dilution factor. RESULTS Reciprocating single-file instrumentation reduced CFUs significantly in all groups (p<0.05). No significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 was observed (p=0.178). Irrigation with the QMiX was more efficient than the aPDT (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The aPDT used after irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA demonstrated similar antimicrobial efficacy as conventional irrigation with NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Batinić
- School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mia Ročan
- School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Budimir
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Anić
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivona Bago
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ye WH, Fan B, Purcell W, Meghil MM, Cutler CW, Bergeron BE, Ma JZ, Tay FR, Niu LN. Anti-biofilm efficacy of root canal irrigants against in-situ Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in root canals, isthmuses and dentinal tubules. J Dent 2018; 79:68-76. [PMID: 30296552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of root canal irrigants in canal spaces, isthmi and dentinal tubules of root canals ex vivo. METHODS Fifty-one single-rooted premolars, each containing an isthmus, were instrumented, autoclaved and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. One specimen was sectioned for bacteria-specific staining to confirm the presence of biofilms using light microscopiy. The remaining specimens were randomly divided to five groups: (1) 0.9% NaCl, (2) SilverSol/H2O2, (3) HYBENX, (4) QMix 2 in1, (5) 6% NaOCl. Bacterial sampling was performed before (S1) and after (S2) canal irrigation. Diluted bacteria suspension was cultured for 48 h for counting the colony forming units (CFU). Percentages of dead bacteria and biofilm thickness were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Metabolic activity, lactic acid and polysaccharide synthesis of E. faecalis derived from S2 samples were analysed. RESULTS The percentages of dead bacteria were significantly affected by the factor "irrigant" (p < 0.001) and the factor "location" (p = 0.017). The percentages of dead bacteria in the isthmi and canals were both in the ordor: NaCl < SilverSol/H2O2 < HYBENX < QMix 2 in1 < NaOCl (p < 0.05). Only 6% NaOCl disrupted biofilms and significantly reduced their thickness. The CFU, metabolic activity, polysaccharide and lactic acid production of E. faecalis were all reduced by the disinfecting solutions. CONCLUSIONS SilverSol/H2O2 and HYBENX were less adept than QMix 2 in1 at killing biofilm bacteria in root canals. None of these antibacterial irrigants were effective, compared with 6% NaOCl, in disrupting biofilms. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE There is advantage in using HYBENX or QMix 2 in1 to kill intratubular bacteria biofilms because of their capability in removing the inorganic component of the smear layer. SilverSol/H2O2 requires extra time to eradicate intratubular biofilms upon removal of the organic and inorganic components of the smear layer by other root canal irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hu Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wiley Purcell
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Meghil
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brian E Bergeron
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Hena, China.
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48
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Souza MA, Hoffmann IP, Menchik VHS, Zandoná J, Dias CT, Palhano HS, Bertol CD, Rossato‐Grando LG. Influence of ultrasonic activation using different final irrigants on antimicrobial activity, smear layer removal and bond strength of filling material. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:209-215. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Zandoná
- School of Dentistry University of Passo Fundo Passo Fundo Brazil
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49
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Küçük M, Kermeoğlu F. Efficacy of different irrigation methods on dentinal tubule penetration of Chlorhexidine, QMix and Irritrol: A confocal laser scanning microscopy study. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:202-208. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Küçük
- Faculty of Dentistry Department of Endodontics Near East University Mersin Turkey
| | - Fatma Kermeoğlu
- Faculty of Dentistry Department of Endodontics Near East University Mersin Turkey
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50
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Wang D, Shen Y, Hancock REW, Ma J, Haapasalo M. Antimicrobial Effect of Peptide DJK-5 Used Alone or Mixed with EDTA on Mono- and Multispecies Biofilms in Dentin Canals. J Endod 2018; 44:1709-1713. [PMID: 30243660 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of a new peptide, DJK-5, used alone or mixed together with EDTA on mono- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals covered by a smear layer with or without preceding sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation. METHODS One hundred twelve dentin blocks (224 final specimens) were prepared and divided into 56 groups, and Enterococcus faecalis or multispecies bacteria were introduced into dentinal tubules by centrifugation. After 1 week of cultivation, a uniform smear layer was created on the surface of the dentin blocks, and the samples were exposed to sterile water, 17% EDTA, 2% or 6% NaOCl, 10 μg/mL DJK-5, or a mixture of 8.5% EDTA +10 μg/mL DJK-5 or were combined treated with the solution in the following sequence: 2% or 6% NaOCl +10 μg/mL DJK-5, 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA +10 μg/mL DJK-5, 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA + 10 μg/mL DJK-5. Specimens without a smear layer treated by 6% NaOCl or 10 μg/mL DJK-5 served as the positive control. The irrigant exposure time was 3 or 10 minutes. The antibacterial efficacy was determined by live/dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS The smear layer reduced the antibacterial capacity of 6% NaOCl and 10 μg/mL DJK-5. The efficacy of 2% or 6% NaOCl followed by 10 μg/mL DJK-5 was superior to 10 μg/mL DJK-5 alone (P < .05) but inferior to 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA + 10 μg/mL DJK-5 and 2% or 6% NaOCl + 8.5% EDTA + 10 μg/mL DJK-5 (P < .05). The mixture of 8.5% EDTA and 10 μg/mL DJK-5 had the same disinfection effectiveness as 10 μg/mL DJK-5 used alone (P < .05). Using 2% or 6% NaOCl before EDTA + peptide always resulted in the highest killing (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The smear layer inhibits the disinfectant effect in dentin. Peptide DJK-5 showed a strong antibacterial effect against mono- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals. The highest killing was measured when 6% NaOCl was followed by a mixture of EDTA and peptide DJK-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ya Shen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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