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Arumugam C, Ashok R, Ramesh SR, Kalaiselvam R, Soundararajan K, Rajendran MR. External Root Surface Temperature Control with 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Intracanal Cryotherapy during Thermoplastic Obturation: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:419-423. [PMID: 37622617 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effectiveness of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE) intracanal cryotherapy for external root surface temperature control during thermoplastic obturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty extracted adult single-rooted mandibular incisors were selected for this study. Endodontic shaping was performed until size X3 Protaper Next Rotary endodontic file. The teeth were divided into three groups: Group I-Control group wherein conventional irrigation was done using physiologic saline stored at room temperature, Group II-Irrigational Cryotherapy group using physiologic saline at 2.5°C, and Group III-Intracanal TFE cryotherapy group with intracanal refrigerant TFE application. Temperatures were recorded in the apical 3 mm before and after completion of each intervention and post thermoplastic obturation using a noncontact digital laser infrared thermometer. RESULTS Intracanal cryotherapy with TFE resulted in a mean decrease of 9.27°C compared with conventional irrigation that exhibited in a mean decrease of 2.13°C. Also, in intracanal cryotherapy group with TFE application, compared with the baseline (24.50°C), no significant differences were observed post obturation (24.61°C) with high-temperature-injectable gutta percha technique indicating good control of temperature rise on the external root surface. CONCLUSION Intracanal cryotherapy with refrigerant TFE was highly effective in controlling temperature rise on the external root surface during injectable thermoplastic obturation technique. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Minimizing deleterious effects due to high temperatures generated during the thermoplastic obturation is critical. Clinically feasible measures to reduce the transmission of heat generated during thermoplastic obturation have been searched since long. In this regard, intracanal cryotherapy with TFE can be effectively used to control the rise of temperature on the external root surface when employing thermoplastic obturation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakravarthy Arumugam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rupa Ashok
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +91 9940072721, e-mail:
| | - Seshan Rakkesh Ramesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajeswari Kalaiselvam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthick Soundararajan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathan Rajan Rajendran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Romeiro K, Brasil SC, Souza TM, Gominho LF, Pérez AR, Perez R, Alves FRF, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Influence of brushing motions on the shaping of oval canals by rotary and reciprocating instruments. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-05022-1. [PMID: 37097436 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of brushing on shaping with three different instruments were assessed in oval canals. DESIGN Mandibular incisors were assigned to 6 groups (n = 12/group) according to the system, each one with or without brushing: Reciproc Blue, VDW.Rotate, and Race EVO. Micro-computed tomography was performed before and after preparation. RESULTS Brushing strokes caused no increase in canal volume, surface area, and structure model index independently of the system (p > 0.05), except for RaCe EVO in the full canal surface area (p < 0.05). Brushing did not increase the prepared areas (p > 0.05), except for Reciproc in the apical canal (p < 0.05). Reciproc with no brushing exhibited less pericervical dentin than with brushing (p < 0.05), while RaCe EVO with brushing resulted in less remaining dentin (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The brushing motion had no effects on the overall shaping performance of the 3 instruments tested. An exception was the increase in prepared surface area in the apical canal segment when the Reciproc instrument was used with brushing strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaline Romeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 25071-202, Brazil
| | - Sabrina C Brasil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 25071-202, Brazil
| | - Thaís M Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 25071-202, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Gominho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alejandro R Pérez
- Department of Endodontics, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Flávio R F Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 25071-202, Brazil.
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 25071-202, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 25071-202, Brazil
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Kumar RS, Ankola AV, Sankeshwari RM, Hebbal M, Hampiholi V, Kumar S L, Deshpande AP, Choudhury AR, Pai Khot AJ. Effectiveness of various irrigant activation techniques on the penetration of sodium hypochlorite into lateral canals of mature permanent teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:1-23. [PMID: 36817024 PMCID: PMC9931519 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This review aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of various irrigant activation techniques (IATs) on the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) into the lateral canals of mature permanent teeth. Methods Electronic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify laboratory studies evaluating the penetration of NaOCl into lateral canals following the use of apical negative pressure irrigation (ANP), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), sonic irrigation (SI), and/or manual dynamic activation (MDA) techniques. Meta-analysis was performed for individual IATs in comparison with CNI into the lateral canals of both straight and curved root canals. On the basis of the previous literature and parameters, the risk of bias of the selected studies was evaluated with the help of a customized tool. Results Of the 983 records screened, 12 studies were selected to include in the systematic review, and 10 studies were selected for the meta-analysis. The total quality assessment across the included studies indicated a high quality (83.3%). Overall, the meta-analysis demonstrated IATs had significant improvement in the penetration of NaOCl into the lateral canals of straight canals (34.3%) over CNI. The subgroup analysis of individual IATs demonstrated PUI (60.9%) to be superior in the penetration into lateral canals of straight canals. Conclusions IATs improved the irrigant penetration into lateral canals and therefore their use during routine endodontic practice is recommended. In straight canals, PUI is the most effective IAT followed by ANP, SI, and MDA techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Surath Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Anil V. Ankola
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Roopali M. Sankeshwari
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Mamata Hebbal
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author at: Division of Community Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vinuta Hampiholi
- Department of Periodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar S
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Apurva Prashant Deshpande
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Abhra Roy Choudhury
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Atrey J. Pai Khot
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, India
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Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT. Present status and future directions - irrigants and irrigation methods. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:588-612. [PMID: 35338652 PMCID: PMC9321999 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation needs to overcome, to critically appraise currently used irrigants and irrigation methods, to highlight knowledge gaps and methodological limitations in the available studies and to provide directions for future developments. Organization of bacteria in biofilms located in anatomic intricacies of the root canal system and the difficulty to eliminate them is the main challenge for irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite remains the primary irrigant of choice, but it needs to be supplemented by a chelator. Delivery of the irrigants using a syringe and needle and activation by an ultrasonic file are the most popular irrigation methods. There is no evidence that any adjunct irrigation method, including ultrasonic activation, can improve the long‐term outcome of root canal treatment beyond what can be achieved by instrumentation and syringe irrigation. It is necessary to redefine the research priorities in this field and investigate in greater depth the penetration of the irrigants, their effect on the biofilm and the long‐term treatment outcome. New studies must also focus on clinically relevant comparisons, avoid methodological flaws and have sufficiently large sample sizes to reach reliable conclusions. Future multidisciplinary efforts combining the knowledge from basic sciences such as Chemistry, Microbiology and Fluid Dynamics may lead to more effective antimicrobials and improved activation methods to bring them closer to the residual biofilm in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boutsioukis
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Papic M, Papic M, Zivanovic S, Vuletic M, Zdravkovic D, Misic A, Miletic Kovacevic M, Popovic M. The prevalence of oval-shaped root canals: A morphometric study using cone-beam computed tomography and image analysis software. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:158-169. [PMID: 34363716 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oval-shaped root canals at the apical, medial and coronal cross sections of all tooth groups using CBCT and image analysis software. Based on the diameter values, the long/short diameter ratio was calculated and each root canal was classified regarding its shape. Oval-shaped canals were present in 45% at the apical, 50% at the medial and 56% at the coronal level of all teeth. The mandibular central incisors presented oval canals in 24%, long oval in 28% and flat in 2% at the apical level. Mandibular molars showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the distribution of oval-shaped canals between cross-sectional levels. Analysis of CBCT scans with an image analysis software could be a reliable and reproducible method and a valuable tool for objective determination of root canal shape in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Papic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milos Papic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suzana Zivanovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miona Vuletic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Zdravkovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Misic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Miletic Kovacevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milica Popovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Moreno D, Conde AJ, Loroño G, Adorno CG, Estevez R, Cisneros R. Comparison of the Volume of Root Canal Irrigant Collected by 2 Negative Pressure Needles at Different Flow Rates of Delivery. J Endod 2018; 44:838-841. [PMID: 29571908 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A greater irrigant volume improves the effectiveness of root canal irrigation. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 negative pressure systems regarding the volume of irrigant collected from the apical area in moderately curved canals at 3 different flow rates of delivery in vitro. METHODS The mesiobuccal canals of 30 molars with a curvature between 20° and 40° were prepared to size #40.04 taper. A closed system was created. The canals were irrigated at 3, 6, and 12 mL/min for 30 seconds using EndoVac (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) and the INP needle (Mixnus Fine Engineering Co Ltd, Nagano, Japan) (both independent variables). A recovery trap was used to collect the irrigant aspirated by the negative pressure needles. Irrigant volume (dependent variable) was measured in milliliters. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. RESULTS There was a statistically significant interaction between the negative pressure system and the irrigant volume collected (P < .0005). The mean irrigant volume collected by the different negative pressure systems was greater for INP at 3 (P < .001), 6 (P < .001), and 12 mL/min (P < .001) flow rate. Both negative pressure needles showed statistically significant differences (P < .001) between mean irrigant volume collected at different flow rates. CONCLUSIONS A greater volume was collected by increasing the flow rate of irrigant delivery for both EndoVac and INP. The INP needle could collect a greater volume of irrigant from the apical third compared with EndoVac at all 3 different flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreno
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Conde
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaizka Loroño
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos G Adorno
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Roberto Estevez
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Cisneros
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Virdee SS, Seymour DW, Farnell D, Bhamra G, Bhakta S. Efficacy of irrigant activation techniques in removing intracanal smear layer and debris from mature permanent teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2017; 51:605-621. [PMID: 29178166 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish whether irrigant activation techniques (IATs) result in greater intracanal smear layer and debris removal than conventional needle irrigation (CNI). METHODOLOGY Six electronic databases were searched to identify scanning electron microscopy studies evaluating smear layer and/or debris removal following the use of manual dynamic activation (MDA), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), sonic irrigation (SI) or apical negative pressure (ANP) IATs in mature permanent teeth. Meta-analyses were performed for each canal segment (coronal, middle, apical and apical 1 mm) in addition to subgroup analyses for individual IATs with respect to CNI. Outcomes were presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) alongside 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and chi-squared analysis. RESULTS From 252 citations, 16 studies were identified. The meta-analyses demonstrated significant improvements in coronal (SMD: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.72-1.57 / SMD: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29-0.80), middle (SMD: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.59-2.53 / SMD: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.58-1.13) and apical thirds (SMD: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.83-1.62 / SMD: 1.86, 95% CI: 0.76-2.96) for smear layer and debris removal, respectively. In the apical 1 mm IATs improved cleanliness; however, differences were insignificant (SMD: 1.15, 95% CI: -0.47-2.77). Chi-squared analysis revealed heterogeneity scores of 79.3-92.8% and 0.0-93.5% for smear layer and debris removal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS IATs improve intracanal cleanliness across a substantial portion of the canal, and therefore, their use is recommended throughout root canal preparation. However, current data is too heterogeneous to compare and identify superiority of an individual technique highlighting the need to standardize experimental protocols and develop a more representative research model to investigate the in vivo impact of IATs on clinical outcomes and periapical healing following root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Virdee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Birmingham Dental Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - D W Seymour
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, York Hospital, York, UK
| | - D Farnell
- Department of Dentistry, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff, UK
| | - G Bhamra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Cardiff University Dental Hospital, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Bhakta
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, UK
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Yuan K, Niu C, Xie Q, Jiang W, Gao L, Ma R, Huang Z. Apical stress distribution under vertical compaction of gutta-percha and occlusal loads in canals with varying apical sizes: a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Int Endod J 2017; 51:233-239. [PMID: 28746745 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate and compare the effects of two apical canal instrumentation protocols on apical stress distribution at the root apex under vertical compaction of gutta-percha and occlusal loads using finite element analysis. METHODOLOGY Three finite element analysis models of a mandibular first premolar were reconstructed: an original canal model, a size 35, .04 taper apical canal enlargement model and a Lightspeed size 60 apical canal enlargement model. A 15 N compaction force was applied vertically to the gutta-percha 5 mm from the apex. A 175 N occlusal load in two directions (vertical and 45° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth) was simulated. Stresses in the apical 2 mm of the root were calculated and compared among the three models. RESULTS Under vertical compaction, stresses in the apical canal instrumented by Lightspeed size 60 (maximal 3.3 MPa) were higher than that of the size 35, .04 taper model (maximal 1.3 MPa). In the case of the two occlusal forces, the Lightspeed size 60 apical enlargement was associated with the greatest stress distribution in the apical region. The greatest stress and the most obvious stress difference between the models appeared at the tip of the root when occlusal and vertical compaction loads were applied. CONCLUSIONS Apical enlargement caused stress distribution changes in the apical region of roots. The larger apical size led to higher stress concentration at the root apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Xie
- Department of Endodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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Differences in disinfection protocols for root canal treatments between general dentists and endodontists: A Web-based survey. J Am Dent Assoc 2017; 146:536-43. [PMID: 26113101 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences exist in disinfection protocols between endodontists and general dentists. METHODS The authors sent an invitation to participate in a Web-based survey to 950 dentists affiliated with the Spanish Board of Dentistry. Participants responded to 9 questions about irrigation protocols and other factors related to disinfection during root canal therapy. RESULTS A total of 238 (25.05%) study participants successfully completed and returned the surveys. Among these participants, 50% were general dentists and 50% were endodontists. The authors found no statistically significant differences in respondents' first choice of an irrigant solution (that is, sodium hypochlorite), but they noted statistically significant differences in the protocols used by general dentists and by endodontists in relation to the concentration of sodium hypochlorite (P = .0003), the use and type of irrigant used to remove the smear layer (P = 5.39 × 10(-10)), the use of adjuncts to irrigation (P = 5.98 × 10(-8)), the enlargement of the apical preparation when shaping a necrotic tooth (P = .001), and the maintenance of apical patency throughout the debridement and shaping procedure (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS General dentists and endodontists embrace different disinfection protocols. The results of the survey demonstrated that endodontists keep up to date with protocols published in the literature, whereas general dentists use protocols learned during their dental training. Both groups of clinicians should be aware of the importance of disinfection techniques and their relationship to treatment outcomes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Controlling microorganisms during a root canal treatment, especially in cases with necrotic pulp, is essential to improve treatment outcomes. Clinicians should update their protocols and also consider referring patients to a specialist when their protocols are based on traditional techniques, especially in those cases with necrotic pulp.
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Lorencetti KT, Silva-Sousa YTC, Nascimento GED, Messias DCF, Colucci V, Abi Rached-Junior F, Silva SRC. Influence of apical enlargement in cleaning of curved canals using negative pressure system. Braz Dent J 2016; 25:430-4. [PMID: 25517780 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the cleaning of canal walls with moderate curvature subjected to biomechanical preparation with different final diameters using apical negative pressure irrigation. Thirty-two mesiobuccal roots of molars were divided into 4 groups (n=8) according to the instrument's final diameter: GI: 30.02, GII: 35.02, GIII: 40.02 and GIV: 45.02. Irrigating procedure was performed at each change of instrument with 1% NaOCl using the Endovac system. Final irrigation was conducted with 17% EDTA for 5 min. The SEM photomicrographs were evaluated under 35× and 1000× magnification, by three calibrated examiners, in a double-blind design. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests (α=0.05). Canals instrumented with 30.02 and 35.02 final diameters showed more debris, statistically different from the other groups (p<0.05). Comparing each root canal third, for the cervical and apical portions no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was found among the four groups. Regarding the presence of smear layer, canals with 30.02 final diameter showed the highest scores, statistically different from the 45.02 group (p<0.05) and similar to the 35.02 and the 40.02 groups (p>0.05). Although none of the studied diameters completely removed debris and smear layer, it may be concluded that instrumentation with higher final diameters was more effective in cleaning the root canals with moderate curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vivian Colucci
- Dental School, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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11
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Plotino G, Cortese T, Grande NM, Leonardi DP, Di Giorgio G, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. New Technologies to Improve Root Canal Disinfection. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:3-8. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Effective irrigant delivery and agitation are prerequisites to promote root canal disinfection and debris removal and improve successful endodontic treatment. This paper presents an overview of the currently available technologies to improve the cleaning of the endodontic space and their debridement efficacy. A PubMed electronic search was conducted with appropriate key words to identify the relevant literature on this topic. After retrieving the full-text articles, all the articles were reviewed and the most appropriate were included in this review. Several different systems of mechanical activation of irrigants to improve endodontic disinfection were analysed: manual agitation with gutta-percha cones, endodontic instruments or special brushes, vibrating systems activated by low-speed hand-pieces or by sonic or subsonic energy, use of ultrasonic or laser energy to mechanically activate the irrigants and apical negative pressure irrigation systems. Furthermore, this review aims to describe systems designed to improve the intracanal bacterial decontamination by a specific chemical action, such as ozone, direct laser action or light-activated disinfection. The ultrasonic activation of root canal irrigants and of sodium hypochlorite in particular still remains the gold standard to which all other systems of mechanical agitation analyzed in this article were compared. From this overview, it is evident that the use of different irrigation systems can provide several advantages in the clinical endodontic outcome and that integration of new technologies, coupled with enhanced techniques and materials, may help everyday clinical practice.
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, Versiani MA, Moldauer BI, Topham G, Gutmann JL, Nuñez A, Duarte MAH, Abella F. Comparative accuracy of the Clearing Technique, CBCT and Micro-CT methods in studying the mesial root canal configuration of mandibular first molars. Int Endod J 2016; 50:90-96. [PMID: 26659613 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the accuracy of the clearing technique and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the assessment of root canal configurations using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging system as the reference standard. METHODOLOGY Thirty-two mesial roots of mandibular first molars, selected on the basis of micro-CT scans (voxel size: 19.6 μm) and presenting several canal configurations, were evaluated using 2 CBCT scanners (voxels sizes: 120 μm and 150 μm) followed by the clearing technique. Two examiners analysed the data from each method and classified the anatomical configuration of the mesial canal according to Vertucci's system. Data were compared using Fisher's exact and chi-square tests. Reliability for each assessment was verified by the kappa test, and significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Kappa value indicated a high level of agreement between the examiners. Detection of type I configurations was significantly lower in cleared teeth (P < 0.05), whilst type II root canals were detected in all specimens by both tests (P > 0.05). In mesial roots with variable anatomical configurations, CBCT and the clearing method were significantly less accurate than the reference standard (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Within the tooth population studied, accuracy of identifying mesial root canal configuration was influenced greatly by the evaluation method and the type of anatomy. Detection of type I configurations in cleared teeth was significantly lower, whilst type II configurations were detected in all specimens by both methods. In mesial roots with variable anatomical configurations, neither CBCT nor clearing methods were accurate for detecting the actual root canal anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ordinola-Zapata
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.,Advanced Education in General Dentistry Program, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C M Bramante
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - M A Versiani
- Department of Endodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - B I Moldauer
- Advanced Education in General Dentistry Program, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - G Topham
- Department of Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Gutmann
- Department of Endodontics, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Nuñez
- Department of Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - F Abella
- Department of Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
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Charara K, Friedman S, Sherman A, Kishen A, Malkhassian G, Khakpour M, Basrani B. Assessment of Apical Extrusion during Root Canal Irrigation with the Novel GentleWave System in a Simulated Apical Environment. J Endod 2016; 42:135-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vera J, Ochoa-Rivera J, Vazquez-Carcaño M, Romero M, Arias A, Sleiman P. Effect of Intracanal Cryotherapy on Reducing Root Surface Temperature. J Endod 2015; 41:1884-7. [PMID: 26433855 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The positive effect of cryotherapy has been widely described in medicine. The aim of the present study was to validate a new methodology to reduce and maintain external root surface temperature for at least 4 minutes. METHODS Twenty extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented to size 35/.06 and subjected to 2 different irrigation interventions with a repeated-measures design using 5% sodium hypochlorite first (control) and 2.5°C cold saline solution later (experimental). In both, 20 mL of the irrigant solution was delivered for a total time of 5 minutes with a microcannula attached to the EndoVac system (Kerr Endo, Orange County, CA) inserted to the working length. The initial and lowest temperatures were recorded in the apical 4 mm with a digital thermometer for both irrigants. Data were analyzed with the repeated measure analysis of variance (Greenhouse-Geisser correction) and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Differences in maintaining a -10°C temperature reduction over 4 minutes were assessed with the Fisher exact test. RESULTS Although significant differences were found between the initial and lowest temperatures in both the control and experimental irrigation procedures (P < .001), the experimental intervention reduced it almost 10 times that of the control. When maintaining a -10°C temperature reduction over 4 minutes, the teeth in the experimental group also sustained significantly better results (P = 3.047 × 10(-10)). CONCLUSIONS Using cold saline solution as the final irrigant reduced the external root surface temperature more than 10°C and maintained it for 4 minutes, which may be enough to produce a local anti-inflammatory effect in the periradicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vera
- Department of Postgraduate Endodontics, University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Private Practice, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Ochoa-Rivera
- Department of Postgraduate Endodontics, University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Private Practice, Jalapa, Mexico
| | - Marino Vazquez-Carcaño
- Department of Postgraduate Endodontics, University of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Private Practice, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Monica Romero
- Private Practice, Puebla, Mexico; Department of Endodontics, Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ana Arias
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California
| | - Philippe Sleiman
- Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lebanese University Dental School, Beirut, Lebanon
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Plotino G, Grande N. Nuove tecnologie per il miglioramento della disinfezione canalare. DENTAL CADMOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(15)30079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Adorno CG, Fretes VR, Ortiz CP, Mereles R, Sosa V, Yubero MF, Escobar PM, Heilborn C. Comparison of two negative pressure systems and syringe irrigation for root canal irrigation: anex vivostudy. Int Endod J 2015; 49:174-83. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Adorno
- Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Asunción Paraguay
| | - V. R. Fretes
- Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Asunción Paraguay
| | - C. P. Ortiz
- Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Asunción Paraguay
| | - R. Mereles
- Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Asunción Paraguay
| | - V. Sosa
- Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Asunción Paraguay
| | - M. F. Yubero
- Departamento de Físico-Química; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Asunción Paraguay
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Rossi-Fedele G, Guastalli AR. Effect of an alcohol-based caries detector on the surface tension of sodium hypochlorite preparations. Braz Dent J 2015; 26:66-8. [PMID: 25672387 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201300172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an alcohol-based caries detector (Kurakay) on the surface tension of a conventional sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) preparation, and a product containing a surface-active agent (Chlor-XTRA). The surface tensions of the following solutions were tested: NaOCl, a mixture of NaOCl and Kurakay 9:1 w/w, Chlor-XTRA, a mixture of Chlor-XTRA and Kurakay 9:1 w/w. Ten measurements per test solution were made at 20°C, using an optical method called the "Pendant drop method", with a commercially available apparatus. The addition of Kurakay reduced the surface tension for NaOCl (p<0.05) whilst no significant difference was detected for Chlor-XTRA (p>0.05). Statistically significant differences between the NaOCl and Chlor-XTRA groups were found (p<0.05). The addition of an alcohol-based caries detector resulted in a reduction of the original surface tension values for NaOCl only. Taking into account the fact that mixtures of NaOCl and Kurakay have been used to assess the penetration of root canal irrigants in vitro, the related changes in surface tension are a possible source of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea R Guastalli
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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da Frota MF, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Bagnato VS, Espir CG, Berbert FLCV. Photodynamic therapy in root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis using curcumin as photosensitizer. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:1867-72. [PMID: 25502831 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect on root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis using a light emitting diode (LED) light and a curcumin solution (CUR) as photosensitizer (PS). Eighty root canals from uniradicular human teeth were prepared with Protaper Universal rotary system and contaminated with E. faecalis for 21 days. They were divided as: GIa-PDT (CUR, pre-irradiation for 5 + 5 min of irradiation); GIb-PDT (CUR, pre-irradiation for 5 + 10 min of irradiation); GIIa-(CUR, pre-irradiation for 5 + 5 min without irradiation); GIIb-(CUR pre-irradiation for 5 + 10 min of irradiation); GIIIa-(physiological solution and irradiation for 5 min); and GIIIb-(physiological solution and irradiation for 10 min); positive and negative control groups. Collections from root canals were made at time intervals of 21 days after contamination, immediately after treatment, and 7 days after treatment, and submitted to colony forming units per milliter (CFU mL(-1)) counts. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests, at a level of significance of 5 %. In the immediate post-treatment collection, group GIa showed greater bacterial reduction in comparison with GIIa, GIIb, GIIIa, GIIIb, and positive control (P < 0.05). At 7 days post-treatment, GIa showed significant bacterial reduction only in comparison with GIIIa (P < 0.05). Curcumin as sensitizer was effective by 5 min LED irradiation but not by 10 min irradiation PDT using LED light, and curcumin as PS was not effective in eliminating E. faecalis. No difference was observed for periods of irradiation.
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Sáinz-Pardo M, Estevez R, Pablo ÓVD, Rossi-Fedele G, Cisneros R. Root Canal Penetration of a Sodium Hypochlorite Mixture Using Sonic or Ultrasonic Activation. Braz Dent J 2014; 25:489-93. [PMID: 25590194 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this ex vivo study was to determine, in "open" and "closed" systems, whether the design has an influence on the penetration length of sodium hypochlorite mixed with a radiopaque contrast medium, measured in millimeters, when delivered using positive pressure (PP) and using sonic (SI) or passive ultrasonic (PUI) activation. Sixty single-rooted teeth were divided into two groups: open and closed systems (n=30). Root canal shaping was performed to a working length of 17 mm. The samples were divided into three sub-groups (n=10) according to irrigant delivery and activation: PP, and SI or PUI activation. By using radiographs, penetration length was measured, and vapor lock was assessed. For the closed group, the penetration distance means were: PP 15.715 (±0.898) mm, SI 16.299 (±0.738) mm and PUI 16.813 (±0.465) mm, with vapor lock occurring in 53.3% of the specimens. In the open group, penetration to 17 mm occurred in 97.6% of the samples, and no vapor lock occurred. Irrigant penetration and distribution evaluation using open and closed systems provide significantly different results. For closed systems, PUI is the most effective in delivering the irrigant to working length, followed by SI.
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Thomas AR, Velmurugan N, Smita S, Jothilatha S. Comparative Evaluation of Canal Isthmus Debridement Efficacy of Modified EndoVac Technique with Different Irrigation Systems. J Endod 2014; 40:1676-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Metzger Z, Solomonov M, Kfir A. The role of mechanical instrumentation in the cleaning of root canals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Licata ME, Albanese A, Campisi G, Geraci DM, Russo R, Gallina G. Effectiveness of a new method of disinfecting the root canal, using Er, Cr:YSGG laser to kill Enterococcus faecalis in an infected tooth model. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 30:707-12. [PMID: 23917414 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shen Y, Gao Y, Lin J, Ma J, Wang Z, Haapasalo M. Methods and models to study irrigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Spoorthy E, Velmurugan N, Ballal S, Nandini S. Comparison of irrigant penetration up to working length and into simulated lateral canals using various irrigating techniques. Int Endod J 2013; 46:815-22. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Spoorthy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital; Meenakshi University; Chennai; India
| | - N. Velmurugan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital; Meenakshi University; Chennai; India
| | - S. Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital; Meenakshi University; Chennai; India
| | - S. Nandini
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital; Meenakshi University; Chennai; India
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de Gregorio C, Arias A, Navarrete N, Del Rio V, Oltra E, Cohenca N. Effect of apical size and taper on volume of irrigant delivered at working length with apical negative pressure at different root curvatures. J Endod 2012; 39:119-24. [PMID: 23228270 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect that apical preparation size and preparation taper have on the volume of irrigant delivered at the working length for different canal curvatures using apical negative pressure irrigation. METHODS One hundred fifty-five human teeth (55 maxillary canines and 100 mandibular molars) were used in this study. Root canals were prepared with rotary instruments to a size 35.04 and separated into 3 experimental groups according to their degree of curvature: group A (n = 50) included canal curvatures ranging from 0° to 10°, group B (n = 50) from 11° to 30°, and group C (n = 50) from 31° to 65°. Samples of each curvature group were further randomized to experimental subgroups according to the apical size and taper as follow: 35.06, 40.04, 40.06, 45.04, and 45.06. The apical third was irrigated using a microcannula and the volume of NaOCl suctioned at the working length under negative pressure was measured over a period of 30 seconds using a fluid recovery trap. Positive controls consisted of measuring the maximum volume of 5.25% NaOCl capable of being suctioned by the microcannula from an open glass vial over 30 seconds. Negative control was the volume of irrigant aspirated by the microcannula with a preparation size of 25.04 over 30 seconds. RESULTS The volume of irrigant was significantly greater when the apical preparation size increased from 35.06 to 40.04. As the apical preparation taper increased further from 40.04 to 40.06, the volume of irrigant significantly improved in group B, but it was not significant in group A. Apical preparation sizes greater than 40.06 did not show an increase of the volume of irrigant aspirated. CONCLUSIONS The degree of root canal curvature decreased the volume of irrigant at the working length for a given apical size and taper. An apical preparation of 40.06 significantly increased the volume and exchange of irrigant at the working length regardless of curvature.
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