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Yang Q, Langston JC, Prosniak R, Pettigrew S, Zhao H, Perez E, Edelmann H, Mansoor N, Merali C, Merali S, Marchetti N, Prabhakarpandian B, Kiani MF, Kilpatrick LE. Distinct functional neutrophil phenotypes in sepsis patients correlate with disease severity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341752. [PMID: 38524125 PMCID: PMC10957777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sepsis is a clinical syndrome defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis is a highly heterogeneous syndrome with distinct phenotypes that impact immune function and response to infection. To develop targeted therapeutics, immunophenotyping is needed to identify distinct functional phenotypes of immune cells. In this study, we utilized our Organ-on-Chip assay to categorize sepsis patients into distinct phenotypes using patient data, neutrophil functional analysis, and proteomics. Methods Following informed consent, neutrophils and plasma were isolated from sepsis patients in the Temple University Hospital ICU (n=45) and healthy control donors (n=7). Human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) were cultured in the Organ-on-Chip and treated with buffer or cytomix ((TNF/IL-1β/IFNγ). Neutrophil adhesion and migration across HLMVEC in the Organ-on-Chip were used to categorize functional neutrophil phenotypes. Quantitative label-free global proteomics was performed on neutrophils to identify differentially expressed proteins. Plasma levels of sepsis biomarkers and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were determined by ELISA. Results We identified three functional phenotypes in critically ill ICU sepsis patients based on ex vivo neutrophil adhesion and migration patterns. The phenotypes were classified as: Hyperimmune characterized by enhanced neutrophil adhesion and migration, Hypoimmune that was unresponsive to stimulation, and Hybrid with increased adhesion but blunted migration. These functional phenotypes were associated with distinct proteomic signatures and differentiated sepsis patients by important clinical parameters related to disease severity. The Hyperimmune group demonstrated higher oxygen requirements, increased mechanical ventilation, and longer ICU length of stay compared to the Hypoimmune and Hybrid groups. Patients with the Hyperimmune neutrophil phenotype had significantly increased circulating neutrophils and elevated plasma levels NETs. Conclusion Neutrophils and NETs play a critical role in vascular barrier dysfunction in sepsis and elevated NETs may be a key biomarker identifying the Hyperimmune group. Our results establish significant associations between specific neutrophil functional phenotypes and disease severity and identify important functional parameters in sepsis pathophysiology that may provide a new approach to classify sepsis patients for specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jordan C. Langston
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roman Prosniak
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samantha Pettigrew
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edwin Perez
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Edelmann
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nadia Mansoor
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carmen Merali
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Salim Merali
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Mohammad F. Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laurie E. Kilpatrick
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Abstract
The remarkable diversity of lymphocytes, essential components of the immune system, serves as an ingenious mechanism for maximizing the efficient utilization of limited host defense resources. While cell adhesion molecules, notably in gut-tropic T cells, play a central role in this mechanism, the counterbalancing molecular details have remained elusive. Conversely, we've uncovered the molecular pathways enabling extracellular vesicles secreted by lymphocytes to reach the gut's mucosal tissues, facilitating immunological regulation. This discovery sheds light on immune fine-tuning, offering insights into immune regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Molecular Framework of Mouse Endothelial Cell Dysfunction during Inflammation: A Proteomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158399. [PMID: 35955534 PMCID: PMC9369400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key aspect of cytokine-induced changes as observed in sepsis is the dysregulated activation of endothelial cells (ECs), initiating a cascade of inflammatory signaling leading to leukocyte adhesion/migration and organ damage. The therapeutic targeting of ECs has been hampered by concerns regarding organ-specific EC heterogeneity and their response to inflammation. Using in vitro and in silico analysis, we present a comprehensive analysis of the proteomic changes in mouse lung, liver and kidney ECs following exposure to a clinically relevant cocktail of proinflammatory cytokines. Mouse lung, liver and kidney ECs were incubated with TNF-α/IL-1β/IFN-γ for 4 or 24 h to model the cytokine-induced changes. Quantitative label-free global proteomics and bioinformatic analysis performed on the ECs provide a molecular framework for the EC response to inflammatory stimuli over time and organ-specific differences. Gene Ontology and PANTHER analysis suggest why some organs are more susceptible to inflammation early on, and show that, as inflammation progresses, some protein expression patterns become more uniform while additional organ-specific proteins are expressed. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular changes involved in the EC response to inflammation and can support the development of drugs targeting ECs within different organs. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (identifier PXD031804).
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Deng L, Yan J, Xu H, Huang C, Lv Y, Wu Q, Xu Y, Chen X. Prediction of exacerbation frequency of AECOPD based on next-generation sequencing and its relationship with imbalance of lung and gut microbiota: a protocol of a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047202. [PMID: 34475159 PMCID: PMC8413946 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with frequent acute exacerbation phenotype chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) have a higher hospitalisation rate than infrequent exacerbation, the disease progresses quickly and treatment is more difficult. At present, it is impossible to predict patients with COPD with frequent acute exacerbation phenotypes. The composition of the lower respiratory tract flora and the intestinal flora is closely related to AECOPD, but the specific association mechanism between them is not very clear. This study used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology to explore the microbial characteristics of the intestinal tract and airways of patients with COPD, and analyse the correlation between the sequencing results and inflammatory factors, immune factors and nutritional factors. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a prospective cohort study. We intend to recruit 152 patients with stable COPD. In the baseline, we will detect the participants' induced sputum and faecal flora through mNGS, and changes in blood immune levels, and the patient's condition is evaluated. Every 2 months, we will check the number of acute exacerbation through the phone range. After 12 months, we will check again the changes in the blood immune level, evaluate the patient's condition and count the number of episodes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the ethics committee of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number ZF2019-219-03). The results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (ChiCTR2000032870).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huachong Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianxin Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinji Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyin Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Metz JK, Wiegand B, Schnur S, Knoth K, Schneider-Daum N, Groß H, Croston G, Reinheimer TM, Lehr CM, Hittinger M. Modulating the Barrier Function of Human Alveolar Epithelial (hAELVi) Cell Monolayers as a Model of Inflammation. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 48:252-267. [DOI: 10.1177/0261192920983015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains an important problem, particularly in the present time with the Covid-19 pandemic. However, an adequate in vitro test system to monitor the barrier function of the alveolar epithelium during inflammation and for assessing anti-inflammatory drugs is urgently needed. Therefore, we treated human Alveolar Epithelial Lentivirus-immortalised cells (hAELVi cells) with the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (25 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (30 ng/ml), in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone (HC). While TNF-α and IFN-γ are known to reduce epithelial barrier properties, HC could be expected to protect the barrier function and result in an anti-inflammatory effect. We investigated the impact of anti-inflammatory/inflammatory treatment on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the apparent permeability coefficient (P app) of the low permeability marker sodium fluorescein (NaFlu). After incubating hAELVi cells for 48 hours with a combination of TNF-α and IFN-γ, there was a significant decrease in TEER and a significant increase in the P app. The presence of HC maintained the TEER values and barrier properties, so that no significant P app change was observed. By using hAELVi cells to study anti-inflammatory drugs in vitro, the need for animal experiments could be reduced and pulmonary drug development accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Katharina Metz
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Sabrina Schnur
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- 3RProducts Marius Hittinger, Blieskastel, Germany
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Protective Role of Somatostatin in Sepsis-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction through Inhibiting the Activation of NF- κB Pathway. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:2549486. [PMID: 33376482 PMCID: PMC7746440 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2549486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) has a protective role in intestinal injury, inflammatory response, and intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with acute pancreatitis. However, its function in sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction remains largely unknown. A mouse sepsis model was constructed, and SST was injected into the tail vein. Then, hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) was used to detect the intestinal barrier dysfunction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the level of tumor necrosis factor α- (TNF-) α, interleukin- (IL-) 6, and interleukin- (IL-) 10 in the ileum. Expressions of tight junction proteins, zonula occludens- (ZO-) 1 and Claudin-1, and NF-κB p65 in the ileum were detected using western blot and immunohistochemistry as needed. Furthermore, JSH-23 as an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway was injected into sepsis mice with SST or not. Mice with sepsis showed an obvious intestinal barrier dysfunction with decreasing specific somatostatin receptor subtype (SSTRs), and increasing TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in the ileum. SST could relieve the injury, the decrease of SSTRs, and the increase of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by sepsis and also further enhanced the expression of IL-10. Further analysis showed that ZO-1 and Claudin-1 were reduced in the ileum by sepsis but enhanced by SST. NF-κB p65 was promoted in the ileum by sepsis but inhibited by SST. Further experiments confirmed that NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 could repair the intestinal barrier dysfunction and enhance the protective effect of SST on the intestinal barrier. SST, with a protective effect on intestinal barrier dysfunction through suppression of NF-κB, could be a potential therapeutic drug for sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Jiang C, Lin W, Wang L, Lv Y, Song Y, Chen X, Yang H. Fushen Granule, A Traditional Chinese Medicine, ameliorates intestinal mucosal dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis rat model by regulating p38MAPK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 251:112501. [PMID: 31877365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fushen Granule (FSG) is a Chinese medicinal formular prepared in hospital to treat intestinal mucosal dysfunction induced by peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the mechanisms of this formular has not been studied yet. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the effect of FSG against intestinal dysfunction during PD treatment and explore the potential mechanisms using a rat PD model. METHODS AND METHODS In the present study, the effect of FSG on improving intestinal mucosal architecture injury was intuitively shown by hematoxylin-eosin staining, the serum levels of DAO and D-lactate were measured to evaluate the intestinal permeability by the DAO Assay Kit and D-Lactic Acid ELISA Kit. The expression of the intestinal mucosal barrier related inflammation factor by real-time PCR. The main effective constituents of FSG were characterized by UPLC/Q-TOF analysis, and the targets and pathways of the constituents were predicted via TCMSP database and IPA. the activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway by western blotting. RESULTS HE staining results showed that FSG protected against intestinal mucosal injury in pathology in PD rats. FSG decreased the intestinal mucosal permeability by increasing the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) level and decreasing the intestinal clearance of fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) and the level of D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO). FSG significantly decreased the expression of ICAM-1, IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-α, and further inhibited the activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway via down-regulating the expression of P-p38MAPK and up-regulating the expression of DUSP1, occludin, and ZO-1. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that FSG ameliorated intestinal mucosal dysfunction in PD by decreasing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway. The results provide a promising basis for the alternative medicine treatment of intestinal mucosal dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Jia N, Lan M, Du L, Zhao D, He Q. Study of the Safety of Extracorporeal Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy: Observation of the Ultrastructures in Myocardial Cells by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017; 23:79-88. [PMID: 28862043 DOI: 10.1177/1074248417725877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy (CSWT) has been used to treat patients with severe coronary heart disease and cardiac failure with good results; however, the safety of this treatment is still controversial. Its safety in clinical setting and on microstructures has been confirmed, but the influence of shock wave on the ultrastructures of myocardial cells is not clear. In this study, 12 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control (NC) and CSWT therapy (NC+SW) groups. The heart rate, blood pressure, serum troponin I (TNI), and cardiac ultrasound were evaluated, and the myocardial inflammatory responses and fibrosis changes were compared. The samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the changes in myocardial tissue ultrastructure. The CSWT had no significant influence on rat hemodynamics indices and serum TNI, did not affect left ventricular function, and did not cause myocardial inflammatory response and fibrosis changes. The scores of myocardial ultrastructure damage in the NC and NC+SW groups were 1.39 ± 0.982 and 2.42 ± 1.009, respectively ( P = .103). The CSWT did not cause significant additional damage to myocardial ultrastructures. The safety of CWST has been preliminarily proved at the clinical, microstructure, and ultrastructure levels, but its long-term safety needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- 1 Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Jia
- 2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lan
- 2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Du
- 1 Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dachun Zhao
- 4 Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing He
- 1 Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xu B, Li YL, Xu M, Yu CC, Lian MQ, Tang ZY, Li CX, Lin Y. Geniposide ameliorates TNBS-induced experimental colitis in rats via reducing inflammatory cytokine release and restoring impaired intestinal barrier function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:688-698. [PMID: 28260798 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geniposide is an iridoid glycosides purified from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which is known to have antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activities. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of geniposide on experimental rat colitis and to reveal the related mechanisms. Experimental rat colitis was induced by rectal administration of a TNBS solution. The rats were treated with geniposide (25, 50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) or with sulfasalazine (SASP, 100 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) as positive control for 14 consecutive days. A Caco-2 cell monolayer exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was used as an epithelial barrier dysfunction model. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured to evaluate intestinal barrier function. In rats with TNBS-induced colitis, administration of geniposide or SASP significantly increased the TNBS-decreased body weight and ameliorated TNBS-induced experimental colitis and related symptoms. Geniposide or SASP suppressed inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) release and neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) in the colon. In Caco-2 cells, geniposide (25-100 μg/mL) ameliorated LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction via dose-dependently increasing transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The results from both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that geniposide down-regulated NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS and MLCK protein expression, up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1), and facilitated AMPK phosphorylation. Both AMPK siRNA transfection and AMPK overexpression abrogated the geniposide-reduced MLCK protein expression, suggesting that geniposide ameliorated barrier dysfunction via AMPK-mediated inhibition of the MLCK pathway. In conclusion, geniposide ameliorated TNBS-induced experimental rat colitis by both reducing inflammation and modulating the disrupted epithelial barrier function via activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Li MX, Liu JF, Lu JD, Zhu Y, Kuang DW, Xiang JB, Sun P, Wang W, Xue J, Gu Y, Hao CM. Plasmadiafiltration ameliorating gut mucosal barrier dysfunction and improving survival in porcine sepsis models. Intensive Care Med Exp 2016; 4:31. [PMID: 27682607 PMCID: PMC5040657 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The object of this study is to explore whether the plasmadiafiltration (PDF) is more effective in improving the intestinal mucosal barrier function by removing more key large molecular inflammatory mediators and then prolonging the survival time. METHODS Totally, 24 porcine sepsis models induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation were randomly divided into three groups: PDF group, high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) group, and control group, and received 8 h treatment, respectively. The expression of ZO-1 and occludin in intestinal mucosal epithelial cells were detected by immunohistochemistry, and apoptotic protein caspase-3-positive lymphocytes were signed in mesenteric lymph nodes by TUNEL staining. The hemodynamic parameters were measured by invasive cavity detection. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) were tested by ELISA method. And then, the survival curves with all-cause death were compared with three groups. RESULTS PDF led to a superior reversal of sepsis-related hemodynamic impairment and serum biochemistry abnormalities and resulted in longer survival time compared with HVHF and control (p < 0.01). Definitive protection from excessive TNF-α and HMGB1 response were only achieved by PDF. A more regular distribution pattern of ZO-1 and occludin along the epithelium was found in PDF animals (p < 0.01). The presence of apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the PDF animals (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PDF can effectively eliminate more pivotal inflammatory mediators of TNFα and HMGB1 and reduce the inflammation damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier and apoptosis of lymphocyte then improve the circulation function and prolong the survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jun Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian Da Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ding Wei Kuang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian Bing Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chuan Ming Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Williams JM, Duckworth CA, Burkitt MD, Watson AJM, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. Epithelial cell shedding and barrier function: a matter of life and death at the small intestinal villus tip. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:445-55. [PMID: 25428410 PMCID: PMC4441880 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814559404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a critical component of the gut barrier. Composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, this delicate structure prevents the transfer of harmful microorganisms, antigens, and toxins from the gut lumen into the circulation. The equilibrium between the rate of apoptosis and shedding of senescent epithelial cells at the villus tip, and the generation of new cells in the crypt, is key to maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, in both localized and systemic inflammation, this balance may be disturbed as a result of pathological IEC shedding. Shedding of IECs from the epithelial monolayer may cause transient gaps or microerosions in the epithelial barrier, resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been observed in mouse models of inflammation and human intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. This process may also be an important contributor to systemic and intestinal inflammatory diseases and gut barrier dysfunction in domestic animal species. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about intestinal epithelial cell shedding, its significance in gut barrier dysfunction and host-microbial interactions, and where research in this field is directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C A Duckworth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M D Burkitt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A J M Watson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - B J Campbell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D M Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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12
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Williams JM, Duckworth CA, Watson AJM, Frey MR, Miguel JC, Burkitt MD, Sutton R, Hughes KR, Hall LJ, Caamaño JH, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1388-99. [PMID: 24046352 PMCID: PMC3820262 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier, composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, prevents the entrance of harmful microorganisms, antigens and toxins from the gut lumen into the blood. Small intestinal homeostasis is normally maintained by the rate of shedding of senescent enterocytes from the villus tip exactly matching the rate of generation of new cells in the crypt. However, in various localized and systemic inflammatory conditions, intestinal homeostasis can be disturbed as a result of increased IEC shedding. Such pathological IEC shedding can cause transient gaps to develop in the epithelial barrier and result in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. We have therefore developed a murine model to study this phenomenon, because IEC shedding in this species is morphologically analogous to humans. IEC shedding was induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in mice deficient in TNF-receptor 1 (Tnfr1−/−), Tnfr2 (Tnfr2−/−), nuclear factor kappa B1 (Nfκb1−/−) or Nfĸb2 (Nfĸb2−/−). Apoptosis and cell shedding was quantified using immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3, and gut-to-circulation permeability was assessed by measuring plasma fluorescence following fluorescein-isothiocyanate–dextran gavage. LPS, at doses ≥0.125 mg/kg body weight, induced rapid villus IEC apoptosis, with peak cell shedding occurring at 1.5 hours after treatment. This coincided with significant villus shortening, fluid exudation into the gut lumen and diarrhea. A significant increase in gut-to-circulation permeability was observed at 5 hours. TNFR1 was essential for LPS-induced IEC apoptosis and shedding, and the fate of the IECs was also dependent on NFκB, with signaling via NFκB1 favoring cell survival and via NFκB2 favoring apoptosis. This model will enable investigation of the importance and regulation of pathological IEC apoptosis and cell shedding in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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Takasu O, Gaut JP, Watanabe E, To K, Fagley RE, Sato B, Jarman S, Efimov IR, Janks DL, Srivastava A, Bhayani SB, Drewry A, Swanson PE, Hotchkiss RS. Mechanisms of cardiac and renal dysfunction in patients dying of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:509-17. [PMID: 23348975 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201211-1983oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanistic basis for cardiac and renal dysfunction in sepsis is unknown. In particular, the degree and type of cell death is undefined. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the degree of sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte and renal tubular cell injury and death. METHODS Light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for markers of cellular injury and stress, including connexin-43 and kidney-injury-molecule-1 (Kim-1), were used in this study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Rapid postmortem cardiac and renal harvest was performed in 44 septic patients. Control hearts were obtained from 12 transplant and 13 brain-dead patients. Control kidneys were obtained from 20 trauma patients and eight patients with cancer. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated low levels of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (<1-2 cells per thousand) in septic and control subjects and revealed redistribution of connexin-43 to lateral membranes in sepsis (P < 0.020). Electron microscopy showed hydropic mitochondria only in septic specimens, whereas mitochondrial membrane injury and autophagolysosomes were present equally in control and septic specimens. Control kidneys appeared relatively normal by light microscopy; 3 of 20 specimens showed focal injury in approximately 1% of renal cortical tubules. Conversely, focal acute tubular injury was present in 78% of septic kidneys, occurring in 10.3 ± 9.5% and 32.3 ± 17.8% of corticomedullary-junction tubules by conventional light microscopy and Kim-1 immunostains, respectively (P < 0.01). Electron microscopy revealed increased tubular injury in sepsis, including hydropic mitochondria and increased autophagosomes. CONCLUSIONS Cell death is rare in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, but cardiomyocyte injury occurs. Renal tubular injury is common in sepsis but presents focally; most renal tubular cells appear normal. The degree of cell injury and death does not account for severity of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takasu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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