Influence of Selenium-Supplemented Torula Yeast Diets on Liver-Mediated Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1

Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and recent advances in Eugenol's potential benefits against natural and chemical noxious agents: A mechanistic review

The active biological phytochemicals, crucial compounds employed in creating hundreds of medications, are derived from valuable and medicinally significant plants. These phytochemicals offer excellent protection from various illnesses, including inflammatory disorders and chronic conditions caused by oxidative stress. A phenolic monoterpenoid known as eugenol (EUG), it is typically found in the essential oils of many plant species from the Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae families. One of the main ingredients of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Myrtaceae), it has several applications in industry, including flavoring food, pharmaceutics, dentistry, agriculture, and cosmeceuticals. Due to its excellent potential for avoiding many chronic illnesses, it has lately attracted attention. EUG has been classified as a nonmutant, generally acknowledged as a safe (GRAS) chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the existing research, EUG possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and apoptosis-promoting properties, which have lately gained attention for its ability to control chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial malfunction and dramatically impact human wellness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence from the most significant research studies that have been published regarding the protective role and detoxifying effects of EUG against a wide range of toxins, including biological and chemical toxins, as well as different drugs and pesticides that produce a variety of toxicities, throughout view of the possible advantages of EUG.

Effect of dietary selenium on the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in turkeys

To investigate the biochemical mechanism of the previously reported protective effect of dietary selenium against aflatoxin toxicity, the hepatic metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults was examined at various dietary selenium concentrations. Diets were supplemented with 0.2, 2.0 or 4.0 ppm selenium (as sodium selenite) and 500 ng aflatoxin B1/g diet in an 18-day trial. Free and conjugated aflatoxin and metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The proportion of liver aflatoxins in conjugated forms increased and the ratio of free aflatoxin B1/M1 decreased with increasing dietary selenium concentrations. These in vivo results provide evidence of selenium-induced enhancement of aflatoxin detoxification processes. In a similar experiment using 2.0 ppm selenium and 750 ng aflatoxin B1/g diet, the concentration of hepatic reduced glutathione, cytochrome P-450 and the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and glutathione were determined. Although the selenium supplement increased glutathione peroxidase activity, dietary selenium had no effect on reduced glutathione or cytochrome P-450 concentrations or on the activities of glutathione transferase E, glucuronyl transferase and cytochrome c reductase. These data indicate that the protective action of selenium is not mediated by an increase in glutathione availability for aflatoxin conjugation or by effects on the activities of these enzymes as measured in vitro.