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Jeyaraman M, Eltzov E. Enhancing food safety: A low-cost biosensor for Bacillus licheniformis detection in food products. Talanta 2024; 276:126152. [PMID: 38718642 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
To enhance food safety, the need for swift and precise detection of B. licheniformis, a bacterium prevalent in various environments, including soil and food products, is paramount. This study presents an innovative and cost-effective bioassay designed to specifically identify the foodborne pathogen, B. licheniformis, utilizing a colorimetric signal approach. The biosensor, featuring a 3D-printed architecture, incorporates a casein-based liquid-proof gelatine film, selectively liquefying in response to the caseinolytic/proteolytic activity of external enzymes from the pathogen. As the sample liquefies, it progresses through a color layer, causing the migration of dye to an absorbent layer, resulting in a distinct positive signal. This bioassay exhibits exceptional sensitivity, detecting concentrations as low as 1 CFU/mL within a 9.3-h assay duration. Notably, this cost-efficient bioassay outperforms conventional methods in terms of efficacy and cost-effectiveness, offering a straightforward solution for promptly detecting B. licheniformis in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareeswaran Jeyaraman
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Agro-Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Center, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Agro-Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Center, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Autocatalytic activation of a thermostable glutamyl endopeptidase capable of hydrolyzing proteins at high temperatures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10429-10441. [PMID: 27377749 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutamyl endopeptidases (GSEs) specifically hydrolyze peptide bonds formed by α-carboxyl groups of Glu and Asp residues. We cloned the gene for a thermophilic GSE (designated TS-GSE) from Thermoactinomyces sp. CDF. A proform of TS-GSE that contained a 61-amino acid N-terminal propeptide and a 218-amino acid mature domain was produced in Escherichia coli. We found that the proform possessed two processing sites and was capable of autocatalytic activation via multiple pathways. The N-terminal propeptide could be autoprocessed at the Glu-1-Ser1 bond to directly generate the mature enzyme. It could also be autoprocessed at the Glu-12-Lys-11 bond to yield an intermediate, which was then converted into the mature form after removal of the remaining part of the propeptide. The segment surrounding the two processing sites was flexible, which allowed the proform and the intermediate form to be trans-processed into the mature form by either active TS-GSE or heterogeneous proteases. Deletion analysis revealed that the N-terminal propeptide is important for the correct folding and maturation of TS-GSE. The propeptide, even its last 11-amino acid peptide segment, could inhibit the activity of its cognate mature domain. The mature TS-GSE displayed a temperature optimum of 85 °C and retained approximately 90 % of its original activity after incubation at 70 °C for 6 h, representing the most thermostable GSE reported to date. Mutational analysis suggested that the disulfide bonds Cys32-Cys48 and Cys180-Cys183 cumulatively contributed to the thermostability of TS-GSE.
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Geng XL, Bjerrum MJ, Arleth L, Otte J, Ipsen R. Formation of nanotubes and gels at a broad pH range upon partial hydrolysis of bovine α-lactalbumin. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhu YS, Kalyankar P, FitzGerald RJ. Quantitative analysis of bovine β-casein hydrolysates obtained using glutamyl endopeptidase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Butré CI, Sforza S, Wierenga PA, Gruppen H. Determination of the influence of the pH of hydrolysis on enzyme selectivity of Bacillus licheniformis protease towards whey protein isolate. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhu YS, Kalyankar P, FitzGerald RJ. Relative quantitation analysis of the substrate specificity of glutamyl endopeptidase with bovine α-caseins. Food Chem 2015; 167:463-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kalyankar P, Zhu Y, O’ Keeffe M, O’ Cuinn G, FitzGerald RJ. Substrate specificity of glutamyl endopeptidase (GE): Hydrolysis studies with a bovine α-casein preparation. Food Chem 2013; 136:501-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yomantas YA, Abalakina EG, Golubeva LI, Gorbacheva LY, Mashko SV. Overproduction of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular glutamyl-endopeptidase as a result of ectopic multi-copy insertion of an efficiently-expressed mpr gene into the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:64. [PMID: 21819557 PMCID: PMC3166918 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmid-less, engineered Bacillus strains have several advantages over plasmid-carrier variants. Specifically, their stability and potential ecological safety make them of use in industrial applications. As a rule, however, it is necessary to incorporate many copies of a key gene into a chromosome to achieve strain performance that is comparable to that of cells carrying multiple copies of a recombinant plasmid. Results A plasmid-less B. subtilis JE852-based strain secreting glutamyl-specific protease (GSP-the protein product of the mpr gene from B. amyloliquefaciens) was constructed that exhibits decreased levels of other extracellular proteases. Ten copies of an mprB.amy cassette in which the GSP gene was placed between the promoter of the B. amyloliquefaciens rplU-rpmA genes and the Rho-independent transcription terminator were ectopically inserted into designated (3 copies) and random (7 copies) points in the recipient chromosome. The resulting strain produced approximately 0.5 g/L of secreted GSP after bacterial cultivation in flasks with starch-containing media, and its performance was comparable to an analogous strain in which the mprB.amy cassette was carried on a multi-copy plasmid. Conclusion A novel strategy for ectopically integrating a cassette into multiple random locations in the B. subtilis chromosome was developed. This new method is based on the construction of DNA fragments in which the desired gene, marked by antibiotic resistance, is sandwiched between "front" and "back" portions of random chromosomal DNA restriction fragments. These fragments were subsequently inserted into the targeted sites of the chromosome using double-cross recombination. The construction of a marker-free strain was achieved by gene conversion between the integrated marked gene and a marker-less variant carried by plasmid DNA, which was later removed from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurgis Av Yomantas
- Ajinomoto-Genetika Research Institute, 117545 Moscow, Russian Federation
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NOUANI A, BELHAMICHE N, SLAMANI R, BELBRAOUET S, FAZOUANE F, BELLAL MM. Extracellular protease fromMucor pusillus: purification and characterization. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Food proteins play important roles in food functionality, nutrition, and human health. For these reasons, new analytical methods are continually being developed to separate and characterize these important proteins. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is one of the latest analytical methods to be applied to the separation of food proteins. This review covers methods and applications for the separation of three major groups of food proteins, meat, dairy, and cereal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bean
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
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Abstract
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become an analytical technique with many applications in the study of food proteins and peptides. This review describes the existing CE methods of analysis of milk, egg, meat and fish proteins and peptides. The major developments in the application of CE to solve different problems in food technology, such as the assessment of technological processes, quality, and authenticity control of animal foods, are considered. A section dealing with future directions on the analysis of food proteins by CE is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Recio
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Pantako OT, Lemieux L, Amiot J. The effects of α-lactabumin and whey protein concentrate on dry matter recovery, TCA soluble protein levels, and peptide distribution in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two dietary proteins on dry matter recovery, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble protein concentration, and peptide distribution in gastrointestinal contents were investigated in rats trained to consume, in a single 2-hour daily meal, diets containing α-lactalbumin (α-LA) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) for two weeks. Compared with the WPC diet, the α-LA diet emptied faster from the stomach. Dry matter recovery was higher in the stomach contents of rats fed the WPC diet than in those given the α-LA diet, but dry matter content in the small intestine was comparable. TCA soluble protein levels in the stomach and the small intestinal contents were also significantly (P < 0.001) higher in rats fed the WPC diet. The concentration of peptides having molecular weights (MW) ranging from 12 50030 000 daltons (Da) was higher in the stomach contents of rats fed the WPC diet. Conversely, the level of peptides ranging from 500012 500 Da was higher in the stomach contents of rats fed the α-LA diet. For both diets, the small intestinal contents were characterized by high levels of amino acids and small peptides. These results suggest that the hydrolysis and absorption of α-LA is faster than that of WPC.Key words: In vivo protein digestion, peptides absorption, whey protein concentrate, α-lactalbumin, stomach emptying.
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Otte J, Schumacher E, Ipsen R, Ju Z, Qvist K. Protease-induced gelation of unheated and heated whey proteins: effects of pH, temperature, and concentrations of protein, enzyme and salts. Int Dairy J 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(99)00151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) offers the analyst a number of key advantages for the analysis of the components of foods. CE offers better resolution than, say, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and is more adept at the simultaneous separation of a number of components of different chemistries within a single matrix. In addition, CE requires less rigorous sample cleanup procedures than HPLC, while offering the same degree of automation. However, despite these advantages, CE remains under-utilized by food analysts. Therefore, this review consolidates and discusses the currently reported applications of CE that are relevant to the analysis of foods. Some discussion is also devoted to the development of these reported methods and to the advantages/disadvantages compared with the more usual methods for each particular analysis. It is the aim of this review to give practicing food analysts an overview of the current scope of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Frazier
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK.
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Matta H, Punj V. Isolation and partial characterization of a thermostable extracellular protease of Bacillus polymyxa B-17. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 42:139-45. [PMID: 9728684 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus polymyxa B-17, a sporeforming psychrotroph produced a thermostable protease. The protease was purified to homogeneity from cell free broth culture by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The enzyme had a temperature optimum at 50 degrees C and shared significant activity at 70 degrees C. The protease was also active over a wide range of pH, 5.5 to 10.0, and had optimum activity at pH 7.5. It was inhibited by metal chelating agents and has a molecular weight of 30 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matta
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
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