1
|
Giusti A, Ricci E, Guarducci M, Gasperetti L, Davidovich N, Guidi A, Armani A. Emerging risks in the European seafood chain: Molecular identification of toxic Lagocephalus spp. in fresh and processed products. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
2
|
Chen TY, Hsieh CH, Hwang DF. Development of standardized methodology for identifying toxins in clinical samples and fish species associated with tetrodotoxin-borne poisoning incidents. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:9-14. [PMID: 28911413 PMCID: PMC9345434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring toxin in food, especially in puffer fish. TTX poisoning is observed frequently in South East Asian regions. In TTX-derived food poisoning outbreaks, the amount of TTX recovered from suspicious fish samples or leftovers, and residual levels from biological fluids of victims are typically trace. However, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methods have been demonstrated to qualitatively and quantitatively determine TTX in clinical samples from victims. Identification and validation of the TTX-originating seafood species responsible for a food poisoning incident is needed. A polymerase chain reaction-based method on mitochondrial DNA analysis is useful for identification of fish species. This review aims to collect pertinent information available on TTX-borne food poisoning incidents with a special emphasis on the analytical methods employed for TTX detection in clinical laboratories as well as for the identification of TTX-bearing species.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu YJ, Lin CL, Chen CH, Hsieh CH, Jen HC, Jian SJ, Hwang DF. Toxin and species identification of toxic octopus implicated into food poisoning in Taiwan. Toxicon 2014; 91:96-102. [PMID: 25286395 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A food poisoning incident due to ingestion of unknown octopus occurred in Taipei in December, 2010. The serum and urine from victims (male 38 and 43 years old) were collected, determined the toxicity, and identified tetrodotoxin (TTX) by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It was found that only urine contained the trace of TTX. Then, two retained specimen (one without blue ring in the skin and another with small blue ring in the skin) were collected from victims and examined for the toxicity and toxin. Meanwhile, 6 specimens of octopus without blue ring in the skin and 4 specimens of octopus with blue ring in the skin were re-collected from the market. Both retained octopus samples were found to contain TTX. However, re-collected market's octopus without blue ring in the skin did not show to contain TTX the and was identified as Octopus aegina by using the analysis of cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Only octopus with blue ring in the skin contained TTX and was identified as Hapalochlaena fasciata by using the analysis of Cyt b and COI. Therefore, this octopus food poisoning was caused by toxic octopus H. fasciata and the causative agent was TTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jung Wu
- Department of Food Technology and Marketing Management, Taipei College of Maritime Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lan Lin
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hong Hsieh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chin Jen
- Department of Food Technology and Marketing Management, Taipei College of Maritime Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Jie Jian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Fwu Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Analytical challenges: determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and plasma by LC-MS/MS. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2291-2303. [PMID: 22163187 PMCID: PMC3229236 DOI: 10.3390/md9112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a powerful sodium channel blocker found in puffer fish and some marine animals. Cases of TTX poisoning most often result from puffer fish ingestion. Diagnosis is mainly from patient’s signs and symptoms or the detection of TTX in the leftover food. If leftover food is unavailable, the determination of TTX in the patient’s urine and/or plasma is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Although various methods for the determination of TTX have been published, most of them are for food tissue samples. Dealing with human urine and blood samples is much more challenging. Unlike in food, the amount of toxin in the urine and blood of a patient is generally extremely low; therefore a very sensitive method is required to detect it. In this regard, mass spectrometry (MS) methods are the best choice. Since TTX is a very polar compound, there will be lack of retention on conventional reverse-phase columns; use of ion pair reagent or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) can help solve this problem. The problem of ion suppression is another challenge in analyzing polar compound in biological samples. This review will discuss different MS methods and their pros and cons.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu YJ, Cheng YJ, Jen HC, Pan CH, Lin TC, Lin SJ, Hwang DF. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of the toxicity and identification of fish species in a suspected tetrodotoxin fish poisoning. J Food Prot 2011; 74:789-95. [PMID: 21549050 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Suspected tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning was associated with eating unknown fish in April 2009 in Taiwan. After ingestion of the fish, symptoms of the victim included perioral paresthesia, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, weakness of all limbs, respiration failure, and death within several hours. The toxicity in the remaining fish was determined, with the mice exhibiting symptoms of neurotoxin poisoning. The implicated fish and deceased victim tissues were analyzed for TTX by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The urine, bile, cerebrospinal fluid (spinal cord), pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion of the victim contained TTX. In addition, the partial cytochrome b gene of the implicated fish was determined by PCR. The DNA sequence in the partial 465-bp cytochrome b gene identified the implicated fish as Chelonodon patoca (puffer fish). These results indicate that people should avoid eating unknown fish species from fish markets where harvested fish may include toxic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jung Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang KM, Liu SM, Chen YJ, Huang YW, Deng JF, Hwang DF. Identification of causative agents and species in shrimp implicated in a food poisoning case in Taiwan. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2250-5. [PMID: 21219744 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The possible causative agent and shrimp species involved in a bait shrimp poisoning case that occurred in northern Taiwan was determined. Because the patient's symptoms were similar to those caused by boric acid and slightly similar to those caused by sulfite, the concentrations of boric acid and sulfite (as sulfur dioxide) in the patient's vomitus and in shrimp collected from bait stores and markets were analyzed. The concentration of boric acid was 36.8 to 37.1 mg/g in the patient's vomitus, 1.4 to 3.8 mg/g in shrimp meats obtained from bait stores, and not detectable (less than 0.001 mg/g) in shrimp meat obtained from commercial markets. No significant differences in sulfur dioxide concentrations (0.067 to 0.088 mg/g) were found in patient's vomitus and the shrimp meat from both bait stores and commercial markets. A fragment of the cytochrome b gene (∼406 bp) was amplified by PCR using a pair of primers (UCYTB151F and UCYTB270R) from shrimp meat of two species and the vomitus. The vomited shrimp was identified as Parapenaeus fissuroides on the basis of gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns after treatment with endonuclease Alu I. Based on the patient's symptoms and analytical data, we concluded that boric acid at toxic levels had been illegally added to the bait shrimp P. fissuroides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Men Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsieh CH, Chang WT, Chang HC, Hsieh HS, Chung YL, Hwang DF. Puffer fish-based commercial fraud identification in a segment of cytochrome b region by PCR–RFLP analysis. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication. Mar Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.3390/md6020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
10
|
Lin WF, Hwang DF. Application of species-specific PCR for the identification of dried bonito product (Katsuobushi). Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent and oldest known neurotoxins. The poisoning cases due to ingestion of TTX-containing marine animals, especially for puffer, have frequently occurred in Asia since a long time ago. This chapter describes various topics on TTX poisoning including the tendency of poisoning incidents, typical case report, treatment and prevention, biology distribution, original source, infestation mechanism, detection methods, characteristics of chemistry and pharmacology, and therapeutic application. Furthermore, the protocols for how to make puffer safe to eat and how to prevent puffer products made from toxic puffers have been suggested. Finally, the biological significance and neurophysiological role of TTX have been elucidated and TTX may act as an important drug like anesthetic in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fwu Hwang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University Taiwan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsai YH, Hwang DF, Cheng CA, Hwang CC, Deng JF. Determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and blood using C18 cartridge column, ultrafiltration and LC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 832:75-80. [PMID: 16439187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Six fishermen were victims (including one death) of food poisoning from unknown fish on their boat in central Taiwan Strait, in April 2001. The symptoms were like those of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning. As there was no remaining fish, a new protocol was developed to determine TTX in the urine and blood of the victims. The urine and blood samples were cleansed using a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge column, and the toxin was extracted by methanol. The eluate was filtered through a microcentrifuge filter. The filtrate was freeze-dried, dissolved in distilled water, and determined by LC-MS. The recovery was more than 88.9%. The detection limit was 15.6 nM. A linear relationship between response and concentration was obtained between 93.75 and 9375 nM of TTX. It was shown that the urine and blood of the victims contained TTX. The range of TTX was 4.5-40.6 nM in blood and 47-344 nM in urine. Judging from the symptoms of the victims and the experimental data, the causative agent of the food poisoning was identified as TTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular identification of pufferfish species using PCR amplification and restriction analysis of a segment of the 16S rRNA gene. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2005; 1:139-44. [PMID: 20483244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study amplified the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a template of total DNA from muscle tissues of nine pufferfish species collected from the coastal area of Okinawa Islands in Japan: Pleuranacanthus sceleratus, Triodon macropterus, Chelonodon patoca, Sphoeroides pachygaster, Arothron hispidus, A. stellatus, A. manilensis, A. mappa, and A. nigropunctatus. Then nucleotide sequence encoding a partial region of the 16S rRNA gene was compared among species. The sequenced fragment was also used to select restriction enzymes, yielding species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). The sequence of the segment of the 16S rRNA gene consisted of about 615 nucleotides and showed interspecies variations in the targeted region. After calculation of corresponding RFLP-patterns of nine species investigated with suitable restriction enzymes, three restriction enzymes - BanII, DdeI, and NlaIII - were found to be sufficient for identification of all nine species. Successful testing of this methodology in frozen and heated food samples suggests its utility for pufferfish species authentication in food products.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Hsieh Y, Hwang P, Pan H, Chen J, Hwang D. Identification of Tetrodotoxin and Fish Species in an Adulterated Dried Mullet Roe Implicated in Food Poisoning. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb14130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|