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Sharafi T, Ghaemi EA, Rafiee M, Ardebili A. Combination antimicrobial therapy: in vitro synergistic effect of anti-staphylococcal drug oxacillin with antimicrobial peptide nisin against Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:7. [PMID: 38245727 PMCID: PMC10800071 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus to form strong biofilm on plastic devices makes them the major pathogens associated with device-related infections (DRIs). Biofilm-embedded bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics, making biofilm infections very difficult to effectively treat. Here, we evaluate the in vitro activities of anti-staphylococcal drug oxacillin and antimicrobial peptide nisin, alone and in combination, against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) clinical isolates and the methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43,300. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) of oxacillin and nisin were determined using the microbroth dilution method. The anti-biofilm activities of oxacillin and nisin, alone or in combination, were evaluated. In addition, the effects of antimicrobial agents on the expression of icaA gene were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. MIC values for oxacillin and nisin ranged 4-8 µg/mL and 64-128 µg/mL, respectively. Oxacillin and nisin reduced biofilm biomass in all bacteria in a dose-dependent manner and this inhibitory effect was enhanced with combinatorial treatment. MBEC ranges for oxacillin and nisin were 2048-8192 µg/mL and 2048-4096 µg/mL, respectively. The addition of nisin significantly decreased the oxacillin MBECs from 8- to 32-fold in all bacteria. At the 1× MIC and 1/2× MIC, both oxacillin and nisin decreased significantly the expression of icaA gene in comparison with untreated control. When two antimicrobial agents were combined at 1/2× MIC concentration, the expression of icaA were significantly lower than when were used alone. Nisin/conventional oxacillin combination showed considerable anti-biofilm effects, including inhibition of biofilm formation, eradication of mature biofilm, and down-regulation of biofilm-related genes, proposing its applications for treating or preventing staphylococcal biofilm-associated infections, including device-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Sharafi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Rafiee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Ardebili
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Dorick JM, Macarisin D, Dunn L, Dev Kumar G. Effect of aquaponic water and substratum material on biofilm formation by Aeromonas hydrophila. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 404:110316. [PMID: 37499272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a zoonotic pathogen causing illness in fish and susceptible humans. This emerging pathogen has been isolated within aquaponic systems and could cause disease in fish and a hazard to humans consuming aquaponic produce. This study determined whether A. hydrophila from an aquaponic farm could form biofilms in aquaponic water and on materials used in these systems. A. hydrophila biofilm biomass and cell density in aquaponic water were evaluated by crystal violet staining and culture-based enumeration. Biofilm biomass and biofilm cell density were affected by the water source and A. hydrophila isolate (P < 0.05). A. hydrophila formed the most biomass from the beginning of deep-water culture (BDWC) water (OD570 0.202 ± 0.066) and the least from the end of deep-water culture (EDWC) water (OD570 0.140 ± 0.036; P < 0.05). Enumerated A. hydrophila from the biofilm varied among water sources; the fish tank water supported the greatest cell density (7.04 ± 0.71 log CFU/mL) while the EDWC supported the lowest cell density (6.76 ± 0.83 log CFU/mL). Biofilm formation was also evaluated on aquaponic materials such as nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene liner, bead filter, and foam. Biofilm formation on the liner had the greatest population (2.39 ± 0.022 log CFU/cm2), and the bead had the least (0.64 ± 0.039 log CFU/cm2; P < 0.05). Pathogenic organisms, such as A. hydrophila, may pose a greater risk to produce harvested from the BDWC and MDWC due to greater biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dorick
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Laurel Dunn
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Singh D, Anand S. Efficacy of a typical clean-in-place protocol against in vitro membrane biofilms. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9417-9425. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lin Z, Chen T, Zhou L, Yang H. Effect of chlorine sanitizer on metabolic responses of Escherichia coli biofilms "big six" during cross-contamination from abiotic surface to sponge cake. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111361. [PMID: 35761623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chlorine on Escherichia coli biofilm O157:H7 are well established; however, the effect on biofilm adhesion to food as well as the six emerging E. coli serotypes ("big six") have not been fully understood. Chlorine sanitization with 1-min 100 mg/L was applied against seven pathogenic E. coli (O111, O121:H19, O45:H2, O26:H11, O103:H11, O145, and O157:H7) biofilms on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and stainless steel (SS) coupons, respectively. Using sponge cake as a food model, the adhesion behavior was evaluated by comparison of bacteria transfer rate before and after treatment. Besides, the metabolic profiles of biofilms were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. A significant decrease in transfer rate (79% decline on SS and 33% decline on HDPE) was recorded as well as the distinctive pattern between SS and HDPE coupons was also noticed, with a low population (6-7 log CFU/coupon) attached and low survivals (0-3 log CFU/coupon) upon chlorine on SS, while high population (7-8 log CFU/coupon) attached and high survivals (5-7 log CFU/coupon) on HDPE. Moreover, O121:H19 and O26:H11 demonstrated the highest resistance to chlorine with the least metabolic status and pathways affected. O103:H11, O145, and O111 followed similar metabolic patterns on both surfaces. Distinct metabolic patterns were found in O45:H2 and O157:H7, where the former had more affected metabolic status and pathways on SS but less on HDPE, whereas the latter showed an opposite trend. Overall, a potential contamination source of STEC infection in flour products was demonstrated and metabolic changes induced by chlorine were revealed by NMR-based metabolomics, which provides insights to avoid "big six" biofilms contamination in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejia Lin
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Lehao Zhou
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Hongshun Yang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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Arellano-Ayala K, Ascencio-Valle FJ, Gutiérrez-González P, Estrada-Girón Y, Torres-Vitela MR, Macías-Rodríguez ME. Hydrophobic and adhesive patterns of lactic acid bacteria and their antagonism against foodborne pathogens on tomato surface (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:876-891. [PMID: 32320113 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate tomato epiphyte lactic acid bacteria (LAB) hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation as an indicator of bacteria adhesion to tomato. Likewise, use LAB adhesion and co-aggregation as mechanisms to antagonize pathogen attachment. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-four LAB were screened to evaluate their hydrophobic, auto- and co-aggregative properties against Salmonella Typhimurium, Saintpaul, Montevideo and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Subsequently, tomato adhesion of Enterococcus faecium Col1-1C, Weisella cibaria 11-E-2 and W. confusa Col 1-13 with high, medium and low hydrophobicity and high co-aggregation was investigated as well as their pathogen antagonism. Results indicate that bacteria hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation correspond to LAB adhesion to tomato. Enterococcus faecium Col1-1C interfered in most of the pathogen adhesion and micrographs revealed that such effect could be related to the inhibition of structures-type biofilm on E. coli O157:H7 and the aggregate formation on Salmonella. CONCLUSIONS Lactic acid bacteria hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation can estimate bacteria adhesion to tomato and adhesive and co-aggregative properties could serve as a tool to antagonize foodborne pathogens under specific conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study evidence the interference of Ent. faecium Col1-1C in E. coli O157:H7 biofilm formation and Salmonella colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arellano-Ayala
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Institute (AGEE), Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, South Korea.,Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - F J Ascencio-Valle
- Center for Biological Research of the Northwest, CIBNOR, Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, La Paz, BCS, Mexico
| | - P Gutiérrez-González
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Y Estrada-Girón
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - M R Torres-Vitela
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - M E Macías-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Kim H, Moon MJ, Kim CY, Ryu K. Efficacy of chemical sanitizers against Bacillus cereus on food contact surfaces with scratch and biofilm. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:581-590. [PMID: 30956871 PMCID: PMC6431354 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of chemical sanitizers (viz., chlorine, chlorine dioxide, alcohol, and quaternary ammonium compound) against Bacillus cereus on five food contact materials under different conditions (smooth vs. scratched and with vs. without biofilms). After incubating materials in B. cereus suspension, cell adhesion on a smooth surface (10 cm2) was in the following ascending order: stainless steel (7.36 ± 0.08 log CFU), glass (7.51 ± 0.26 log CFU), polyethylene (7.66 ± 0.30 log CFU), polypropylene (7.76 ± 0.30 log CFU), and wood (8.02 ± 0.33 log CFU). The efficacy of sanitizers was dramatically reduced in the presence of a biofilm on all materials. Among four different chemical sanitizers, chlorine showed the best bactericidal activity against B. cereus on the surface with scratch and biofilm. Selection of adequate materials, maintenance of a smooth surface, and inhibition of biofilm formation are good practices for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyochin Kim
- Imported Food Analysis Division, Seoul Regional Office, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Yangchun-Gu, Seoul, 07978 South Korea
| | - Min Ji Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 South Korea
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 South Korea
| | - Kyung Ryu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 South Korea
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Kim H, Moon MJ, Kim CY, Ryu K. Efficacy of chemical sanitizers against Bacillus cereus on food contact surfaces with scratch and biofilm. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018. [PMID: 30956871 PMCID: PMC6431354 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0074-5, 10.1007/s10068-018-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of chemical sanitizers (viz., chlorine, chlorine dioxide, alcohol, and quaternary ammonium compound) against Bacillus cereus on five food contact materials under different conditions (smooth vs. scratched and with vs. without biofilms). After incubating materials in B. cereus suspension, cell adhesion on a smooth surface (10 cm2) was in the following ascending order: stainless steel (7.36 ± 0.08 log CFU), glass (7.51 ± 0.26 log CFU), polyethylene (7.66 ± 0.30 log CFU), polypropylene (7.76 ± 0.30 log CFU), and wood (8.02 ± 0.33 log CFU). The efficacy of sanitizers was dramatically reduced in the presence of a biofilm on all materials. Among four different chemical sanitizers, chlorine showed the best bactericidal activity against B. cereus on the surface with scratch and biofilm. Selection of adequate materials, maintenance of a smooth surface, and inhibition of biofilm formation are good practices for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyochin Kim
- Imported Food Analysis Division, Seoul Regional Office, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Yangchun-Gu, Seoul, 07978 South Korea
| | - Min Ji Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 South Korea
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 South Korea
| | - Kyung Ryu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 South Korea
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Removal of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis and Escherichia coli from green peppers and melons by ultrasound and organic acids. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 190:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bovicin HC5 and nisin reduce Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to polystyrene and change the hydrophobicity profile and Gibbs free energy of adhesion. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 190:1-8. [PMID: 25173449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen often multidrug-resistant that not only causes a variety of human diseases, but also is able to survive on biotic and abiotic surfaces through biofilm communities. The best way to inhibit biofilm establishment is to prevent cell adhesion. In the present study, subinhibitory concentrations of the bacteriocins bovicin HC5 and nisin were tested for their capability to interfere with the adhesion of S. aureus to polystyrene. Subinhibitory dosages of the bacteriocins reduced cell adhesion and this occurred probably due to changes in the hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell and polystyrene surfaces. After treatment with bovicin HC5 and nisin, the surfaces became more hydrophilic and the free energy of adhesion (∆G(adhesion)) between bacteria and the polystyrene surface was unfavorable. The transcriptional level of selected genes was assessed by RT-qPCR approach, revealing that the bacteriocins affected the expression of some important biofilm associated genes (icaD, fnbA, and clfB) and rnaIII, which is involved in the quorum sensing mechanism. The conditioning of food-contact surfaces with bacteriocins can be an innovative and powerful strategy to prevent biofilms in the food industry. The results are relevant for food safety as they indicate that bovicin HC5 and nisin can inhibit bacterial adhesion and consequent biofilm establishment, since cell adhesion precedes biofilm formation.
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Influence of the hydrophobicity and surface roughness of mangoes and tomatoes on the adhesion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and evaluation of cleaning procedures using surfactin. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effect of Cleaning Treatment on Adhesion of Streptococcus agalactiae to Milking Machine Surfaces. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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