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Kschonsek J, Dietz A, Wiegand C, Hipler UC, Böhm V. Allergenicity of apple allergen Mal d 1 as effected by polyphenols and polyphenol oxidase due to enzymatic browning. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Paris R, Pagliarani G, Savazzini F, Aloisi I, Iorio RA, Tartarini S, Ricci G, Del Duca S. Comparative analysis of allergen genes and pro-inflammatory factors in pollen and fruit of apple varieties. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:57-68. [PMID: 28969803 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergy to freshly consumed apple fruits is often associated to pollinosis and manifested as oral allergy syndrome (OAS). The allergenic properties of apple varieties differ greatly, spanning from low allergenic to high allergenic varieties. The knowledge of the genetic determinants for allergenicity has been of great interest in scientific community for several years, but the molecular mechanisms involved are still little understood. Here, factors putatively involved in allergenicity were investigated at biochemical and molecular level in pollen and in fruits of apple varieties differing in their allergenic potential. Among putative sensitizing factors, transglutaminase (TGase) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were considered together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and known apple allergen genes, with particular attention devoted to the Mal d 1 gene family, the most important one in sensitization. We found that the expression of some allergen genes and the activities of TGase, PLA2 and ROS producing enzyme are lower in the hypo-allergenic variety 'Durello di Forlì' in comparison with the high-allergenic genotypes 'Gala' and 'Florina'. These results highlight correlations among allergen expressions, enzymatic activities and apple cultivars; these data underline the possibility that some of them could be used in the future as markers for allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Paris
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella, 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Pagliarani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savazzini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Iorio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Vegro M, Eccher G, Populin F, Sorgato C, Savazzini F, Pagliarani G, Tartarini S, Pasini G, Curioni A, Antico A, Botton A. Old Apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh) Varieties with Hypoallergenic Properties: An Integrated Approach for Studying Apple Allergenicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9224-9236. [PMID: 27933989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshly consumed apples (Malus domestica L. Borkh) can cause allergic reactions because of the presence of four classes of allergens. Knowledge of the genetic factors affecting the allergenic potential of apples would provide important information for the selection of hypoallergenic genotypes, which can be combined with the adoption of new agronomical practices to produce fruits with a reduced amount of allergens. In the present research, a multiple analytical approach was adopted to characterize the allergenic potential of 24 apple varieties released at different ages (pre- and post-green revolution). A specific workflow was set up including protein quantification by means of polyclonal antibodies, immunological analyses with sera of allergic subjects, enzymatic assays, clinical assessments on allergic patients, and gene expression assays on fruit samples. Taken as a whole, the results indicate that most of the less allergenic genotypes were found among those deriving from selection processes carried out prior to the so-called "green revolution".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Vegro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Giulia Eccher
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Francesca Populin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Chiara Sorgato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Federica Savazzini
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Pagliarani
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna , Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Curioni
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Andrea Antico
- Allergy Unit, Ospedale Civile Srl , Via Guido Tonello 5, 46049 Volta Mantovana (Mantova), Italy
| | - Alessandro Botton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment - DAFNAE - Agripolis, University of Padova , Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Pagliarani G, Paris R, Arens P, Tartarini S, Ricci G, Smulders MMJ, van de Weg WE. A qRT-PCR assay for the expression of all Mal d 1 isoallergen genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:51. [PMID: 23522122 PMCID: PMC3616815 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable number of individuals suffer from oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to apple, resulting in the avoidance of apple consumption. Apple cultivars differ greatly in their allergenic properties, but knowledge of the causes for such differences is incomplete. Mal d 1 is considered the major apple allergen. For Mal d 1, a wide range of isoallergens and variants exist, and they are encoded by a large gene family. To identify the specific proteins/genes that are potentially involved in the allergy, we developed a PCR assay to monitor the expression of each individual Mal d 1 gene. Gene-specific primer pairs were designed for the exploitation of sequence differences among Mal d 1 genes. The specificity of these primers was validated using both in silico and in vitro techniques. Subsequently, this assay was applied to the peel and flesh of fruits from the two cultivars 'Florina' and 'Gala'. RESULTS We successfully developed gene-specific primer pairs for each of the 31 Mal d 1 genes and incorporated them into a qRT-PCR assay. The results from the application of the assay showed that 11 genes were not expressed in fruit. In addition, differential expression was observed among the Mal d 1 genes that were expressed in the fruit. Moreover, the expression levels were tissue and cultivar dependent. CONCLUSION The assay developed in this study facilitated the first characterisation of the expression levels of all known Mal d 1 genes in a gene-specific manner. Using this assay on different fruit tissues and cultivars, we obtained knowledge concerning gene relevance in allergenicity. This study provides new perspectives for research on both plant breeding and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliarani
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
- Present address: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali, via di Corticella 133, Bologna, 40128, Italy
| | - Paul Arens
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Marinus MJ Smulders
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
| | - W Eric van de Weg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
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Pagliarani G, Paris R, Iorio AR, Tartarini S, Del Duca S, Arens P, Peters S, van de Weg E. Genomic organisation of the Mal d 1 gene cluster on linkage group 16 in apple. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2012; 29:759-778. [PMID: 22408383 PMCID: PMC3285766 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-011-9588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
European populations exhibit progressive sensitisation to food allergens, and apples are one of the foods for which sensitisation is observed most frequently. Apple cultivars vary greatly in their allergenic characteristics, and a better understanding of the genetic basis of low allergenicity may therefore allow allergic individuals to increase their fruit intake. Mal d 1 is considered to be a major apple allergen, and this protein is encoded by the most complex allergen gene family. Not all Mal d 1 members are likely to be involved in allergenicity. Therefore, additional knowledge about the existence and characteristics of the different Mal d 1 genes is required. In the present study, we investigated the genomic organisation of the Mal d 1 gene cluster in linkage group 16 of apple through the sequencing of two bacterial artificial chromosome clones. The results provided new information on the composition of this family with respect to the number and orientation of functional and pseudogenes and their physical distances. The results were compared with the apple and peach genome sequences that have recently been made available. A broad analysis of the whole apple genome revealed the presence of new genes in this family, and a complete list of the observed Mal d 1 genes is supplied. Thus, this study provides an important contribution towards a better understanding of the genetics of the Mal d 1 family and establishes the basis for further research on allelic diversity among cultivars in relation to variation in allergenicity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-011-9588-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliarani
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Paris
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Iorio
- Department of Biology es, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biology es, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul Arens
- Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Peters
- Greenomics, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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