1
|
Reynolds‐Hogland M, Ramsey AB, Muench C, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Erba G, Ramsey PW. Integrating video and genetic data to estimate annual age‐structured apparent survival of American black bears. POPUL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reynolds‐Hogland MJ, Ramsey AB, Muench C, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Ramsey PW. Age‐specific, population‐level pedigree of wild black bears provides insights into reproduction, paternity, and maternal effects on offspring apparent survival. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8770. [PMID: 35386864 PMCID: PMC8969918 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife pedigrees provide insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. DNA obtained from noninvasively collected hair is often used to determine individual identities for pedigrees and other genetic analyses. However, detection rates associated with some noninvasive DNA studies can be relatively low, and genetic data do not provide information on individual birth year. Supplementing hair DNA stations with video cameras should increase the individual detection rate, assuming accurate identification of individuals via video data. Video data can also provide birth year information for individuals captured as young of the year, which can enrich population‐level pedigrees. We placed video cameras at hair stations and combined genetic and video data to reconstruct an age‐specific, population‐level pedigree of wild black bears during 2010–2020. Combining individual birth year with mother–offspring relatedness, we also estimated litter size, interlitter interval, primiparity, and fecundity. We used the Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber model in Program Mark to evaluate the effect of maternal identity on offspring apparent survival. We compared model rankings of apparent survival and parameter estimates based on combined genetic and video data with those based on only genetic data. We observed 42 mother–offspring relationships. Of these, 21 (50%) would not have been detected had we used hair DNA alone. Moreover, video data allowed for the cub and yearling age classes to be determined. Mean annual fecundity was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.56). Maternal identity influenced offspring apparent survival, where offspring of one mother experienced significantly lower apparent survival (0.39; SE = 0.15) than that of offspring of four other mothers (0.89–1.00; SE = 0.00–0.06). We video‐documented cub abandonment by the mother whose offspring experienced low apparent survival, indicating individual behaviors (e.g., maternal care) may scale up to affect population‐level parameters (e.g., cub survival). Our findings provide insights into evolutionary processes and are broadly relevant to wildlife ecology and conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Careddu G, Ciucci P, Mondovì S, Calizza E, Rossi L, Costantini ML. Gaining insight into the assimilated diet of small bear populations by stable isotope analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14118. [PMID: 34238974 PMCID: PMC8266819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apennine brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) survive in an isolated and critically endangered population, and their food habits have been studied using traditional scat analysis. To complement current dietary knowledge, we applied Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) to non-invasively collected bear hairs that had been individually recognized through multilocus genotyping. We analysed carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes of hair sections and bear key foods in a Bayesian mixing models framework to reconstruct the assimilated diet on a seasonal basis and to assess gender and management status effects. In total, we analysed 34 different seasonal bear key foods and 35 hair samples belonging to 27 different bears (16 females and 11 males) collected during a population survey in 2014. Most bears showed wide δ15N and δ13C ranges and individual differences in seasonal isotopic patterns. Vegetable matter (herbs, fleshy fruits and hard mast) represented the major component of the assimilated diet across the dietary seasons, whereas vegetable crops were rarely and C4 plants (i.e., corn) never consumed. We confirmed an overall low consumption of large mammals by Apennine bears consistently between sexes, with highest values in spring followed by early summer but null in the other seasons. We also confirmed that consumption of fleshy fruits peaked in late summer, when wild predominated over cultivated fleshy fruits, even though the latter tended to be consumed in higher proportion in autumn. Male bears had higher δ 15N values than females in spring and autumn. Our findings also hint at additional differences in the assimilated diet between sexes, with females likely consuming more herbs during spring, ants during early summer, and hard mast during fall compared to males. In addition, although effect sizes were small and credibility intervals overlapped considerably, management bears on average were 0.9‰ lower in δ 13C and 2.9‰ higher in δ 15N compared to non-management bears, with differences in isotopic values between the two bear categories peaking in autumn. While non-management bears consumed more herbs, wild fleshy fruits, and hard mast, management bears tended to consume higher proportions of cultivated fruits, ants, and large mammals, possibly including livestock. Although multi-year sampling and larger sample sizes are needed to support our findings, our application confirms that SIA can effectively integrate previous knowledge and be efficiently conducted using samples non-invasively collected during population surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Careddu
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stella Mondovì
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Calizza
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Loreto Rossi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Welfelt LS, Beausoleil RA, Wielgus RB. Factors associated with black bear density and implications for management. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Welfelt
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 3860 State Highway 97A Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Richard A. Beausoleil
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 3515 State Highway 97A Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Robert B. Wielgus
- Large Carnivore Conservation LabWashington State University Pullman WA 99163 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karelus DL, McCown JW, Scheick BK, Oli MK. Microhabitat features influencing habitat use by Florida black bears. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.e00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
6
|
|
7
|
Azad S, Wactor T, Jachowski D. Relationship of Acorn Mast Production to Black Bear Population Growth Rates and Human—Bear Interactions in Northwestern South Carolina. SOUTHEAST NAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/058.016.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Azad
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0317
| | - Tammy Wactor
- Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Clemson, SC 29631
| | - David Jachowski
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0317
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tredick CA, Stauffer DF, Kelly MJ, Vaughan MR. Landscape-level habitat use and movement patterns of black bears in northeastern Arizona. SOUTHWEST NAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-62.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean F. Stauffer
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 (DFS, MJK, MRV)
| | - Marcella J. Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 (DFS, MJK, MRV)
| | - Michael R. Vaughan
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 (DFS, MJK, MRV)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karelus DL, McCown JW, Scheick BK, Kerk MVD, Oli MK. Home Ranges and Habitat Selection by Black Bears in a Newly Colonized Population in Florida. SOUTHEAST NAT 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/058.015.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana L. Karelus
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and School of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J. Walter McCown
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601
| | - Brian K. Scheick
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601
| | - Madelon van de Kerk
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Madan K. Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and School of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hanly PJ, Haase AT. The Interactive Role of Immature Stage Competition, Cohort Overlap, and Resource Limitation on the Population Viability of the Treehole Mosquito Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:562-568. [PMID: 27026157 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The size and success of epidemiologically significant adult mosquito populations are inherently tied to the conditions of the aquatic habitat in which juvenile stages grow until eclosion. While resource competition and quality are well-established controls to juvenile growth and survival, the implications to overall population rates of increase are less understood due to the large sample sizes needed to parameterize population models for all five juvenile life stages under multiple environmental and demographic conditions. Here, we present the results of >4,300 trials of wild-caught Aedes triseriatus (Say, 1823) larvae and pupae reared under varying resource quantity crossed by the presence or absence of competition within a single cohort as well as multiple overlapping cohorts. Demographic projection was used to make predictions of the realized growth rates of simulated Ae. triseriatus populations across the range of potential Ae. triseriatus fecundity. Further, to inform control efforts on juvenile habitat, we constructed a stochastic simulation to estimate the rates of successful emergence from habitats under different resource regimes and levels of cohort overlap. We found that while Ae. triseriatus populations were robust to low resource levels and competition within a cohort, the combination of these stressors with multiple cohort overlap led to self-limitation or complete collapse of mosquito populations. Despite this importance of intraspecific competition to population viability, the stochastic simulation revealed only a modest self-limitation of adult emergence, with the clear implication that high-resource habitats are a higher value control target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hanly
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 (; ),
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 (; )
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 (; )
| | - Amanda T Haase
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 (; )
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 (; )
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hiller TL, Belant JL, Beringer J. Sexual size dimorphism mediates effects of spatial resource variability on American black bear space use. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Hiller
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory; Forest and Wildlife Research Center; Mississippi State University; Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - J. L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory; Forest and Wildlife Research Center; Mississippi State University; Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - J. Beringer
- Missouri Department of Conservation; 3500 East Gans Road Columbia MO 65202 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ciucci P, Tosoni E, Di Domenico G, Quattrociocchi F, Boitani L. Seasonal and annual variation in the food habits of Apennine brown bears, central Italy. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
13
|
Abstract
Conservation of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) is often controversial and the disagreement often is focused on the estimates of density used to calculate allowable kill. Many recent estimates of grizzly bear density are now available but field-based estimates will never be available for more than a small portion of hunted populations. Current methods of predicting density in areas of management interest are subjective and untested. Objective methods have been proposed, but these statistical models are so dependent on results from individual study areas that the models do not generalize well. We built regression models to relate grizzly bear density to ultimate measures of ecosystem productivity and mortality for interior and coastal ecosystems in North America. We used 90 measures of grizzly bear density in interior ecosystems, of which 14 were currently known to be unoccupied by grizzly bears. In coastal areas, we used 17 measures of density including 2 unoccupied areas. Our best model for coastal areas included a negative relationship with tree cover and positive relationships with the proportion of salmon in the diet and topographic ruggedness, which was correlated with precipitation. Our best interior model included 3 variables that indexed terrestrial productivity, 1 describing vegetation cover, 2 indices of human use of the landscape and, an index of topographic ruggedness. We used our models to predict current population sizes across Canada and present these as alternatives to current population estimates. Our models predict fewer grizzly bears in British Columbia but more bears in Canada than in the latest status review. These predictions can be used to assess population status, set limits for total human-caused mortality, and for conservation planning, but because our predictions are static, they cannot be used to assess population trend.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Greenberg CH, Levey DJ, Kwit C, Mccarty JP, Pearson SF, Sargent S, Kilgo J. Long-term patterns of fruit production in five forest types of the South Carolina upper coastal plain. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
Mitchell MS, Pacifici LB, Grand JB, Powell RA. Contributions of vital rates to growth of a protected population of American black bears. URSUS 2009. [DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176-20.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Brodeur V, Ouellet JP, Courtois R, Fortin D. Habitat selection by black bears in an intensively logged boreal forest. CAN J ZOOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/z08-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive logging of the boreal forest rejuvenates landscapes once dominated by old-growth stands. As black bear ( Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) fitness and behavior are known to be primarily related to the abundance of shade-intolerant soft mast species in northern forests, we hypothesized that logging will influence habitat and space use patterns of black bears. We used VHF telemetry on 12 female black bears in the Réserve faunique des Laurentides (Quebec, Canada) to investigate seasonal patterns of habitat selection in an exploited heterogeneous boreal landscape at different spatial scales. Habitat characterization based on seven forest cover types allowed us to compare the productivity of key forage species in various post-logging age classes. Regenerating stands (6–20 years old) had the uppermost ground vegetation cover, providing both the highest density and a high biomass of berries. Black bears preferred regenerating stands (6–20 years old) and avoided mature coniferous forests inside their home range. Home-range size was inversely related to the proportion of regenerating stands (6–20 years old). Intensive logging influenced black bear habitat and space use patterns, and presumably their population dynamics. An increase in the habitat quality of an opportunistic predator poses great concern for conservation, especially for forest-dwelling woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Brodeur
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie et Centre d’études nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Direction de l’expertise sur la faune et ses habitats, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 880 chemin Ste-Foy, deuxième étage, Québec, QC G1S 4X4, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Ouellet
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie et Centre d’études nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Direction de l’expertise sur la faune et ses habitats, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 880 chemin Ste-Foy, deuxième étage, Québec, QC G1S 4X4, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Réhaume Courtois
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie et Centre d’études nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Direction de l’expertise sur la faune et ses habitats, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 880 chemin Ste-Foy, deuxième étage, Québec, QC G1S 4X4, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Daniel Fortin
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Département de Biologie, de Chimie et de Géographie et Centre d’études nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Direction de l’expertise sur la faune et ses habitats, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 880 chemin Ste-Foy, deuxième étage, Québec, QC G1S 4X4, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|