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The wide-spectrum antimicrobial effect of novel N-alkyl monoquaternary ammonium salts and their mixtures; the QSAR study against bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112584. [PMID: 32853858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) have been widely used for disinfection purposes because of their low price, high efficacy and low human toxicity for decades. However, precise mechanisms of action nor the powerful versatile agent against all antimicrobial species are known. In this study we have prepared 43 novel N-alkyl monoquaternary ammonium salts including 7 N,N-dialkyl monoquaternary ammonium salts differing bearing alkyl chain either of 12, 14 or 16 carbons. Together with 15 already published QASs we have studied the antimicrobial efficacy of all water-soluble compounds together with standard benzalkonium salts against Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria, anaerobic spore-forming Cl. difficile, yeasts, filamentous fungi and enveloped Varicella zoster virus (VZV). To address the mechanism of action, lipophilicity seems to be a key parameter which determines antimicrobial efficacy, however, exceptions are likely to occur and therefore QSAR analysis on the efficacy against G+ and G- bacteria was applied. We showed that antibacterial activity is higher when the molecule is larger, more lipophilic, less polar, and contains fewer oxygen atoms, fewer methyl groups bound to heteroatoms or fewer hydrogen atoms bound to polarized carbon atoms. In addition, from an application point of view, we have formulated mixtures, on the basis of obtained efficiency of individual compounds, in order to receive wide-spectrum agent. All formulated mixtures completely eradicated tested G+ and G- strains, including the multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa as well as in case of yeasts. However, effect on A. fumigatus, Cl. difficile and VZV the exposition towards mixture resulted in significant reduction only. Finally, 3 out of 4 formulated mixtures were safer than reference commercial agent based on benzalkonium salts only in the skin irritation test using reconstructed human epidermidis.
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Distribution of biocide resistant genes and biocides susceptibility in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii - A first report from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:812-816. [PMID: 29907439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of biocide resistant genes, qacA, qacE and cepA in multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii and to correlate the presence or absence of resistant genes with biocides susceptibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 44 MDR K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii microorganisms. The bacteria were screened for the presence of biocide resistant genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The test organisms were isolated from various clinical specimens in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. The in vitro susceptibility tests of the three biocides (benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide and chlorhexidine gluconate) were studied against the test isolates by broth microdilution method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. RESULTS With the distribution of biocide resistant genes in K. pneumoniae, all 9 isolates (100%) possessed cepA; 4 (44.4%) and 1 (11.1%) isolate contained qacA and qacE genes respectively. Among 24 isolates of A. baumannii tested, cepA, qacA and qacE genes were found in 54.2%, 16.7% and 33.3% of isolates respectively. Among 11 P. aeruginosa isolates, 63.6% contained cepA gene, 18.2% contained qacE genes, and none of the isolates harboured qacA gene. There was no significant correlation between presence or absence of biocide resistant genes and high MIC values of the test isolates (p≥0.2). CONCLUSION Our observations imply that there was no significant correlation between presence or absence of biocide resistant genes and MICs observed in MDR K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Further studies are required to find to confirm the trend of reduced susceptibility to biocides of problematic nosocomial pathogens.
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Kim E, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Kwon OP, Yoon H. New antibacterial-core structures based on styryl quinolinium. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:521-529. [PMID: 30263574 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary quinolinium salts have been widely used as alternative antimicrobial agents. In an effort to improve the current quinolinium compounds and determine the relation between antibacterial activity and substituted functional groups, 10 different styryl quinolinium derivatives with various quaternary ammonium electron acceptors, electron donors, and counter anions were rationally designed. Among the 10 styryl quinoliniums, six compounds exhibited bactericidal effects against Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2.4-37.5 μg/mL. In addition, two compounds, namely DA-DMQ1,4-T and DA-DMQ1,4-TMS, showed low MICs of 18.75-75 μg/mL with Gram-negative bacteria. In general, compounds possessing electron acceptor groups with a strong electron-withdrawing ability exhibited high bactericidal activity against diverse bacterial species. Co-administration of quinolinium (1.17-9.36 μg/mL) and broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin (0.02-2.34 μg/mL) showed synergistic bactericidal effects on both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. This study provides guidelines for the development of new quinolinium salts with a prominent antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsuk Kim
- 1Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea
| | - Seung-Heon Lee
- 1Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Lee
- 1Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea
| | - O-Pil Kwon
- 1Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea.,2Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- 1Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea.,2Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499 Korea
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Dolezal R, Soukup O, Malinak D, Savedra RML, Marek J, Dolezalova M, Pasdiorova M, Salajkova S, Korabecny J, Honegr J, Ramalho TC, Kuca K. Towards understanding the mechanism of action of antibacterial N-alkyl-3-hydroxypyridinium salts: Biological activities, molecular modeling and QSAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:699-711. [PMID: 27341309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have carried out a combined experimental and computational investigation to elucidate several bred-in-the-bone ideas standing out in rational design of novel cationic surfactants as antibacterial agents. Five 3-hydroxypyridinium salts differing in the length of N-alkyl side chain have been synthesized, analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, tested for in vitro activity against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, computationally modeled in water by a SCRF B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method, and evaluated by a systematic QSAR analysis. Given the results of this work, the hypothesis suggesting that higher positive charge of the quaternary nitrogen should increase antimicrobial efficacy can be rejected since 3-hydroxyl group does increase the positive charge on the nitrogen but, simultaneously, it significantly derogates the antimicrobial activity by lowering the lipophilicity and by escalating the desolvation energy of the compounds in comparison with non-hydroxylated analogues. Herein, the majority of the prepared 3-hydroxylated substances showed notably lower potency than the parent pyridinium structures, although compound 8 with C12 alkyl chain proved a distinctly better antimicrobial activity in submicromolar range. Focusing on this anomaly, we have made an effort to reveal the reason of the observed activity through a molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between the bacterial membrane and compound 8 in GROMACS software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ranylson M L Savedra
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Jan Marek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Dolezalova
- Institute of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pasdiorova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Salajkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Honegr
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Czech Republic.
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Soukup O, Dolezal R, Malinak D, Marek J, Salajkova S, Pasdiorova M, Honegr J, Korabecny J, Nachtigal P, Nachon F, Jun D, Kuca K. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and molecular modeling of 5-hydroxyisoquinolinium salt series; the effect of the hydroxyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:841-8. [PMID: 26774252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we describe the synthesis of a new group of 5-hydroxyisoquinolinium salts with different lengths of alkyl side-chain (C10-C18), and their chromatographic analysis and biological assay for in vitro activity against bacterial and fungal strains. We compare the lipophilicity and efficacy of hydroxylated isoquinolinium salts with the previously published (non-hydroxylated) isoquinolinium salts from the point of view of antibacterial and antifungal versatility and cytotoxic safety. Compound 11 (C18) had to be excluded from the testing due to its low solubility. Compounds 9 and 10 (C14, C16) showed only moderate efficacy against G+ bacteria, notably with excellent potency against Staphyloccocus aureus, but no effect against G- bacteria. In contrast, non-hydroxylated isoquinolinium salts showed excellent antimicrobial efficacy within the whole series, particularly 14 (C14) against G+ strains and 15 (C16) against fungi. The electronic properties and desolvation energies of 5-hydroxyisoquinolinium and isoquinolinium salts were studied by quantum-chemistry calculations employing B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method and an implicit water-solvent simulation model (SCRF). Despite the positive mesomeric effect of the hydroxyl moiety reducing the electron density of the quaternary nitrogen, it is probably the higher lipophilicity and lower desolvation energy of isoquinolinium salts, which is responsible for enhanced antimicrobial versatility and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marek
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 700 30 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Salajkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pasdiorova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Honegr
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Nachon
- Departement de Toxicologie et Risque Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:563-73. [PMID: 25867737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of new quaternary 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for activity against several strains of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and one strain of fungus under different inoculum size. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against six species of microorganisms were tested. Results show a clear structure-activity relationship between alkyl chain length of substitutions of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane tertiary amine sites and antimicrobial activity. In the case of compounds 4a-4k, MIC was found to decrease with the increase of the alkyl chain length from ethyl to dodecyl and then to increase at higher chain length (n > 14). The MIC values were found to be low for the compounds 4f and 4g with alkyl chains ranging from 10 to 12 carbons in length (1.6 μg/ml) and were comparable to the reference drug Ciprofloxacin. Also, time-kill assay was performed to examine the bactericidal kinetics. Results indicated that 4f and 4g had rapid killing effects against Staphylococcus aureus, and eliminated 100% of the initial inoculum of bacteria in 2.5 h at the concentration of 10 μg/ml. In addition, compound 4g eliminate more than 99.9% of the initial inoculum of Ps. aeruginosa after 2.5 h of interaction but the activity of compound 4f against this species seems to be weak. Thus, 4g had strong bactericidal activity and could rapidly kill Gram positive S. aureus, as well as Gram negative Ps. aeruginosa at low and high inoculum size.
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Biocide tolerance in bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:13-25. [PMID: 23340387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocides have been employed for centuries, so today a wide range of compounds showing different levels of antimicrobial activity have become available. At the present time, understanding the mechanisms of action of biocides has also become an important issue with the emergence of bacterial tolerance to biocides and the suggestion that biocide and antibiotic resistance in bacteria might be linked. While most of the mechanisms providing antibiotic resistance are agent specific, providing resistance to a single antimicrobial or class of antimicrobial, there are currently numerous examples of efflux systems that accommodate and, thus, provide tolerance to a broad range of structurally unrelated antimicrobials, both antibiotics and biocides. If biocide tolerance becomes increasingly common and it is linked to antibiotic resistance, not only resistant (even multi-resistant) bacteria could be passed along the food chain, but also there are resistance determinants that can spread and lead to the emergence of new resistant microorganisms, which can only be detected and monitored when the building blocks of resistance traits are understood on the molecular level. This review summarizes the main advances reached in understanding the mechanism of action of biocides, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to both biocides and antibiotics, and the incidence of biocide tolerance in bacteria of concern to human health and the food industry.
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Tischer M, Pradel G, Ohlsen K, Holzgrabe U. Quaternary ammonium salts and their antimicrobial potential: targets or nonspecific interactions? ChemMedChem 2011; 7:22-31. [PMID: 22113995 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years dequalinium chloride has been used successfully as an antiseptic drug and disinfectant, particularly for clinical purposes. Given the success of dequalinium chloride, several series of mono- and bisquaternary ammonium compounds have been designed and reported to have improved antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, many of them exhibit high activity against mycobacteria and protozoa, especially against plasmodia. This review discusses the structure-activity relationships and the modes of action of the various series of (bis)quaternary ammonium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tischer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Santiesteban-López NA, Rosales M, Palou E, López-Malo A. Growth response of Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 adapted to several concentrations of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2301-7. [PMID: 19903392 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.11.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 growth response was evaluated after repetitive cultivation in stepwise increasing antimicrobial agent concentrations (potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate) to observe its adaptation process to high weak-acid concentrations. The effect of antimicrobial (potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate) concentration (0 to 7,000 ppm) was tested using laboratory media. Cells adapted at 1,000 ppm were inoculated in media containing the same concentration of the antimicrobial; after that, cells were transferred to media containing a higher concentration, followed by repetitive cultivations. In every case, viable cells were determined by surface plating every hour up to 48 h. Logarithmic representations of survival or growing fraction were modeled using the Gompertz equation. Adapted and nonadapted cells were analyzed for plasmid presence as well as phosphofructokinase and succinate dehydrogenase activity. Bacterial growth was observed after adaptation processes in media formulated up to 7,000 ppm of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate. Analyses of variance demonstrated that no significant difference (P > 0.05) in lag time or growth rate was observed among adapted cells cultured in media containing the studied concentrations for each of the antimicrobials tested. These results suggest that E. coli can be adapted to high weak-acid concentrations if the exposure is performed under sublethal conditions. Furthermore, there was demonstrated inhibition of the enzymes phosphofructokinase and succinate dehydrogenase by action of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, respectively. E. coli adaptation to antimicrobial agents was not related to plasmid presence but appears to be due to other action mechanisms.
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Rosas-Ledesma P, Mariscal A, Carnero M, Muñoz-Bravo C, Gomez-Aracena J, Aguilar L, Granizo JJ, Lafuente A, Fernández-Crehuet J. Antimicrobial efficacy in vivo of a new formulation of 2-butanone peroxide in n-propanol: comparison with commercial products in a cross-over trial. J Hosp Infect 2009; 71:223-7. [PMID: 19147257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of hand rub to obtain maximum decrease in bacterial load is important because the reduction needed to avoid transmission is unknown. The monomer of 2-butanone peroxide is a peroxygen derivative with potential biocidal use in hospitals. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of hand rub with an alcoholic solution of peroxide 2-butanone versus five antiseptic products, against E. coli K12 (CECT 433) transient flora acquired by hand immersion in a broth culture following the UNE-EN-1500 standard. Isopropanol 60% (control) obtained 99.99% reductions, driving down the bacterial load from 10(6) cfu/mL in the initial inocula to <100 cfu/mL. Products A, B and C (different alcoholic solutions ranging from 65% to 75% with low amounts of biguanidines and/or quaternary ammonium compounds) resulted in significantly lower amounts, reducing initial inocula to approximately 500 cfu/mL. Products D and E (70-75% alcohol solutions containing higher amounts of different quaternary ammonium compounds and triclosan in the case of product E) produced reductions similar to that of isopropanol, with significantly larger reductions than products A, B and C. The product with the solution of 2-butanone peroxide produced the same effect as products D and E with mean reductions of approximately 4log(10) (99.99%), driving the initial inocula down to < or = 100 cfu/mL, despite the low concentration (35%) of propanol in the solution. This novel peroxygen biocide offers high in-vivo cidal activity against acquired E. coli transient flora, offering an alternative to products with higher alcohol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rosas-Ledesma
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Spain
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11
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Evaluation of the in-vitro cidal activity and toxicity of a novel peroxygen biocide: 2-butanone peroxide. J Hosp Infect 2008; 68:248-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beales N. Adaptation of Microorganisms to Cold Temperatures, Weak Acid Preservatives, Low pH, and Osmotic Stress: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2004; 3:1-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Joynson JA, Forbes B, Lambert RJW. Adaptive resistance to benzalkonium chloride, amikacin and tobramycin: the effect on susceptibility to other antimicrobials. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:96-107. [PMID: 12067378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To produce strains of antimicrobial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa via adaptation to benzalkonium chloride, amikacin and tobramycin and to then examine the incidence, or otherwise, of cross-resistance between antibiotics and between antibiotics and benzalkonium chloride. METHODS AND RESULTS Adaptation was obtained by progressive subculturing in subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobials. Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 10421 adapted to grow in high concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BC) had lower MIC to antibiotics than the wild type, whereas Ps. aeruginosa adapted to grow in antibiotics had greater MIC to benzalkonium by a small degree. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive resistance to BC of Ps. aeruginosa generally produced cultures with a decrease in resistance to several antibiotics. Adaptive resistance to the aminoglycosides Ak and Tm produced a low-level increase in tolerance to BC. The adaptive mechanisms of resistance appear to be different for the different types of antimicrobials used. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The relationships between biocide and antibiotic resistance are complex. It appears, from this study, that an organism resistant to a common biocide can become sensitive to antibiotics, but the converse was not true. Could this observation be used in a strategy to alleviate antibiotic resistance?
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Joynson
- Kings College London, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
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Guerin-Mechin L, Dubois-Brissonnet F, Heyd B, Leveau JY. Quaternary ammonium compound stresses induce specific variations in fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 55:157-9. [PMID: 10791736 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of cell membrane fatty acids in resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) stresses was investigated. The strain was grown in a medium with increasing concentrations of different biocides: two QACs, and two non-QACs. In the presence of two QACs only, the strain was able to grow with increasing concentrations. During cellular adaptation to QACs, the resistance to the same biocide increased. A principal component analysis was performed with whole of fatty acid compositions which highlighted a specific variation for the cultures in presence of QACs. These modifications gave evidence of the outer membrane involvement in cellular response to the presence of QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guerin-Mechin
- Département de Microbiologie Industrielle, Ecole nationale Supérieure des Industries Alimentaires, Massy, France.
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15
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Abstract
Current scientific evidence has not shown that a link exists between the use of topical antimicrobial formulations and antiseptic or antibiotic resistance. As a result of the extensive history and varied use of antiseptic products and ingredients, any selective pressure for antibiotic resistance that may be occurring or may be uncovered in the future because of antiseptic use would be expected to be insignificant compared with the selective pressure because of antibiotic use. This review illustrates the effectiveness of topical antimicrobial wash products against antibiotic-resistant and antiseptic-resistant bacteria in use settings as well as the studies performed (antiseptic, deodorant, and oral care) demonstrating the lack of development of resistance in long-term clinical studies. Although these studies illustrate that the use of topical antimicrobial products have not been shown to play a role in the fluctuations of the specific composition or resistance of the skin flora, changes in skin flora have been shown to occur. Based on current knowledge, the benefit from use of topical antimicrobial wash products in combination with standard infection control and personal hygiene practices far outweighs the risk of increased antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Jones
- Scientific and Regulatory Consultants, Inc., Columbia City, IN 46725, USA
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16
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Anderson RL, Carr JH, Bond WW, Favero MS. Susceptibility of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci to Environmental Disinfectants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/30141982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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de Solis NM, Davison A, Pinney R. Effect of plasmids conferring preservative resistance on performance of bacterial strains in compendial preservative efficacy tests. Eur J Pharm Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(94)90026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The permeability of bacterial outer membranes was assayed by coupling the influx of highly hydrophobic probes, 3-oxosteroids, with their subsequent oxidation catalysed by 3-oxosteroid delta 1-dehydrogenase, expressed from a gene cloned from Pseudomonas testosteroni. In Salmonella typhimurium producing wild-type lipopolysaccharide, the permeability coefficients for uncharged steroids were 0.45 to 1 x 10(-5) cm s-1, and the diffusion appeared to occur mainly through the lipid bilayer domains of the outer membrane. These rates are one or two magnitudes lower than that expected for their diffusion through the usual biological membranes. The permeation rates were markedly increased (up to 100 times) when the lipopolysaccharide leaflet was perturbed either by adding deacylpolymyxin or by introducing mutations leading to the production of deep rough lipopolysaccharides. An amphiphilic, negatively charged probe, testosterone hemisuccinate, penetrated much more slowly than the uncharged steroids. Study of various Gram-negative species revealed that P. testosteroni, Pseudomonas acidovorans, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus showed higher outer membrane permeability to steroid probes and higher susceptibility to hydrophobic agents such as fusidic acid, novobiocin and crystal violet relative to S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Plésiat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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19
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Hiom SJ, Furr JR, Russell AD, Dickinson JR. Effects of chlorhexidine diacetate on Candida albicans, C. glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 72:335-40. [PMID: 1517175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chlorhexidine diacetate (CHA) on Candida albicans, C. glabrata and wild-type and mannan, and permeability mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been studied. A CHA concentration of 10 micrograms/ml had little lethal activity against the Candida strains, but was more effective against S. cerevisiae. Concentrations of 100 and especially 1000 micrograms/ml brought about a much more rapid death of cells. 2-Mercaptoethanol enhanced the activity of CHA to some extent. Some of the mutant strains of S. cerevisiae were rather more sensitive than the wild-type strain. The age of cultures of C. albicans and C. glabrata influenced their response to CHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hiom
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK
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20
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Russell AD. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to non-antibiotics: food additives and food and pharmaceutical preservatives. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1991; 71:191-201. [PMID: 1955413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Russell
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales College, Cardiff
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21
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Suárez B, Ferreirós CM. Psychrotrophic flora of raw milk: resistance to several common disinfectants. J DAIRY RES 1991; 58:127-36. [PMID: 2026832 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900033574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The psychrotrophic bacterial flora of milk was examined after aseptic hand milking. A total of 409 strains were tentatively characterized and classified into 17 groups by a reduced set of tests and cluster analysis. Lipolytic organisms (53.7% exceeded proteolytic organisms (29.6%), and a reported predominance of oxidase-positive organisms (54.5%) was not found. Gram-negatives were mainly Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. In the Gram-positive groups Micrococcaceae were the most abundant (44.4%) followed by coryneforms (16.3%). Only two of seven commonly used disinfectants acted differently with Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (P less than 0.01), although in general Gram-positives were more resistant than Gram-negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Suárez
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, La Coruña, Spain
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22
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Schnell S, Wondrak C, Wahl G, Schink B. Anaerobic degradation of sorbic acid by sulfate-reducing and fermenting bacteria: pentanone-2 and isopentanone-2 as byproducts. Biodegradation 1991; 2:33-41. [PMID: 1368475 DOI: 10.1007/bf00122423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strictly anaerobic bacteria were enriched and isolated from freshwater sediment sources in the presence and absence of sulfate with sorbic acid as sole source of carbon and energy. Strain WoSo1, a Gram-negative vibrioid sulfate-reducing bacterium which was assigned to the species Desulfoarculus (formerly Desulfovibrio) baarsii oxidized sorbic acid completely to CO2 with concomitant stoichiometric reduction of sulfate to sulfide. This strain also oxidized a wide variety of fatty acids and other organic compounds. A Gram-negative rod-shaped fermenting bacterium, strain AmSo1, fermented sorbic acid stoichiometrically to about equal amounts of acetate and butyrate. At concentrations higher than 10 mM, sorbic acid fermentation led to the production of pentanone-2 and isopentanone-2 (3-methyl-2-butanone) as byproducts. Strain AmSo1 fermented also crotonate and 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetate and butyrate, and hexoses to acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and formate. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 41.8 +/- 1.0 mol%. Sorbic acid at concentrations higher than 5 mM inhibited growth of this strain while strain WoSo1 tolerated sorbic acid up to 10 mM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schnell
- Lehrstuhl Mikrobiologie I, Eberhard-Karl-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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El-Falaha B, Furr J, Russell A. Effect of anionic detergents on wild-type and envelope mutants of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1989.tb00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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