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Xiao M, Ren X, Yu Y, Gao W, Zhu C, Sun H, Kong Q, Fu X, Mou H. Fucose-containing bacterial exopolysaccharides: Sources, biological activities, and food applications. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100233. [PMID: 35498987 PMCID: PMC9039932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial exopolysaccharides are high molecular weight polysaccharides that are secreted by a wide range of bacteria, with diverse structures and easy preparation. Fucose, fucose-containing oligosaccharides (FCOs), and fucose-containing polysaccharides (FCPs) have important applications in the food and medicine fields, including applications in products for removing Helicobacter pylori and infant formula powder. Fucose-containing bacterial exopolysaccharide (FcEPS) is a prospective source of fucose, FCOs, and FCPs. This review systematically summarizes the common sources and applications of FCPs and FCOs and the bacterial strains capable of producing FcEPS reported in recent years. The repeated-unit structures, synthesis pathways, and factors affecting the production of FcEPS are reviewed, as well as the degradation methods of FcEPS for preparing FCOs. Finally, the bioactivities of FcEPS, including anti-oxidant, prebiotic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-microbial activities, are discussed and may serve as a reference strategy for further applications of FcEPS in the functional food and medicine industries.
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Key Words
- 2′-FL, 2′-fucosyllactose
- 3-FL, 3-fucosyllactose
- ABTS, 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate
- Bacterial exopolysaccharides
- Bioactivity
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EPS, exopolysaccharides
- FCOs, fucose-containing oligosaccharides
- FCPs, fucose-containing polysaccharides
- FcEPS, fucose-containing EPS
- Food application
- Fucose
- HMOs, human milk oligosaccharides
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- Structure
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmiao Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors.
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Cavero-Olguin VH, Hatti-Kaul R, Cardenas-Alegria OV, Gutierrez-Valverde M, Alfaro-Flores A, Romero-Calle DX, Alvarez-Aliaga MT. Stress induced biofilm formation in Propionibacterium acidipropionici and use in propionic acid production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:101. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Radchenkova N, Vassilev S, Panchev I, Anzelmo G, Tomova I, Nicolaus B, Kuncheva M, Petrov K, Kambourova M. Production and Properties of Two Novel Exopolysaccharides Synthesized by a Thermophilic Bacterium Aeribacillus pallidus 418. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:31-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Darilmaz DO. Relationship between gastrointestinal tolerance and exopolysaccharide production of propionibacteria strains under different pH and bile conditions. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Onal Darilmaz
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Science and Arts; University of Aksaray; Aksaray; 68100; Turkey
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Cagri-Mehmetoglu A, Kusakli S, van de Venter M. Production of polysaccharide and surfactin by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 using rehydrated whey powder as the fermentation medium. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3643-9. [PMID: 22720922 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the amounts of polysaccharide and surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 in rehydrated whey powder (RWP) as the growth medium. One-day-old cultures of B. subtilis (∼4.6 log cfu/mL) were inoculated into 100mL of 10, 15, or 20% (wt/vol) RWP and incubated at 30°C for 72 h. To analyze the effects of lactose and protein on polysaccharide and surfactin production, 6 RWP solutions containing different levels of lactose and protein were also used as media. The number of vegetative cells and spores, pH, viscosity, and the concentration of lactose were determined at 0, 24, 48, or 72 h of fermentation. The levels of polysaccharide and surfactin produced after 72 h of fermentation were measured using HPLC and the phenol-sulfuric acid method, respectively. During 72 h of fermentation, B. subtilis populations increased from 4.6 to 10.54, 9.82, and 9.67 log(10) cfu/mL in 10, 15, and 20% RWP, respectively. The number of B. subtilis spores in 10% RWP increased from 3.91 to 4.72 log(10) cfu/mL after 48 and 72 h of fermentation, respectively. The increased level of lactose or protein in RWP did not significantly change the vegetative growth. After 72h of fermentation, the pH of RWP decreased from 5.70 to 4.99 with a slight increase in viscosity. Polysaccharide levels in 10, 15, and 20% RWP after fermentation were 513.6, 613.5, and 768.3mg/L, respectively, with B. subtilis producing 0.18 to 0.29 g/L of surfactin after 72 h of fermentation. The polysaccharide or surfactin production was not changed significantly by addition of protein or lactose to RWP. These results indicate that RWP is a good fermentation substrate for surfactin and polysaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cagri-Mehmetoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey 54187.
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6
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Yogurt production from reconstituted skim milk powders using different polymer and non-polymer forming starter cultures. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900027564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryUsing polymer producing (ropy) strains of lactic acid bacteria it was possible to reduce considerably the syneresis of yogurt, even with 12% total milk solids. The viscosities obtained with these strains were also similar to those obtained using normal strains and milk with 17% total solids content. The concentration of milk and the polymer produced by ropy starters had a synergic effect in increasing viscosity. Polymer production was not affected in most cases by milk concentration. One type of ropy culture (Wiesby) seemed to produce a different kind of polymer as it could not be determined by alcohol precipitation, in spite of being able to reduce syneresis and increase viscosity in yogurt. A limited number of yogurts were evaluated organoleptically, one prepared with a ropy starter strain (NCFB at 12, 14·5 and 17% total solids) and one prepared with a non-ropy strain (LL-I at 17% total solids). The results suggest that the ropy strain yogurts had different mouthfeel from the non-ropy strain yogurts; the most acceptable product overall was the ropy strain made with 12% total solids.
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Deutsch SM, Falentin H, Dols-Lafargue M, Lapointe G, Roy D. Capsular exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 125:252-8. [PMID: 18524407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the dairy industry, exopolysaccharides (EPS) contribute to improving the texture and viscosity of cheese and yoghurt and also receive increasing attention because of their beneficial properties for health. For lactic acid bacteria, the production of EPS is well studied. However, for dairy propionibacteria the biosynthesis of EPS is poorly documented. A polysaccharide synthase-encoding gene was identified in the genome of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii TL 34 (CIP 103027). This gene best aligns with Tts, the polysaccharide synthase gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 37 that is responsible for the production of a beta-glucan capsular polysaccharide. PCR amplification showed the presence of an internal fragment of this gene in twelve strains of P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii with a ropy phenotype in YEL+ medium. The gene sequence is highly conserved, as less than 1% of nucleotides differed among the 10 strains containing the complete gtf gene. The same primers failed to detect the gene in Propionibacterium acidipropionici strain TL 47, which is known to excrete exopolysaccharides in milk. The presence of (1-->3, 1-->2)-beta-d-glucan capsule was demonstrated for 7 out of 12 strains by agglutination with a S. pneumoniae-type 37-specific antiserum. The presence of mRNA corresponding to the gene was detected by RT-PCR in three strains at both exponential and stationary growth phases. This work represents the first identification of a polysaccharide synthase gene of P. freudenreichii, and further studies will be undertaken to elucidate the role of capsular EPS.
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8
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Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Babuchowski A, Kamerling JP. Structural studies on exopolysaccharides produced by three different propionibacteria strains. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:726-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Goh KK, Haisman RD, Singh H. Examination of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Using Confocal Laser Scanning and Scanning Electron Microscopy Techniques. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Goh KK, Haisman DR, Archer RH, Singh H. Evaluation and modification of existing methods for the quantification of exopolysaccharides in milk-based media. Food Res Int 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Nordmark EL, Yang Z, Huttunen E, Widmalm G. Structural Studies of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS. Biomacromolecules 2004; 6:521-3. [PMID: 15638561 DOI: 10.1021/bm0496716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lisa Nordmark
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Goh KKT, Haisman DR, Singh H. Development of an improved procedure for isolation and purification of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 67:202-8. [PMID: 15480631 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the isolation and purification of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483 that can be adapted for industrial-scale operation. Hydrolyzed milk medium, which was ultrafiltered to remove molecular species larger than 2.5 x 10(5) Da, was found to be a suitable growth medium for the bacteria, which produced approximately 400 mg EPS/l . Optimal isolation of EPS was achieved using centrifugation, filtration and ethanol precipitation methods. Insoluble and soluble EPS fractions were obtained. The soluble fraction was purified using a series of ethanol precipitations to achieve approximately 98% (w/w) purity. This fraction consisted of galactose, glucose, rhamnose and mannose in the ratio of approximately 5:1:0.6:0.5, with traces of glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K T Goh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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13
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Gorret N, Renard C, Famelart M, Maubois J, Doublier J. Rheological characterization of the EPS produced by P. acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Gorret N, Maubois JL, Engasser JM, Ghoul M. Study of the effects of temperature, pH and yeast extract on growth and exopolysaccharides production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate using a response surface methodology. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:788-96. [PMID: 11348440 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effects of temperature, pH and yeast extract (YE) concentration on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici DSM 4900 cultivated on milk microfiltrate. METHODS AND RESULTS A multifactorial approach using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was followed. The results indicated that both growth, and EPS and organic acids production, were influenced by pH, temperature and YE concentration. Biomass and organic acids production occurred in all the tested domains, whereas EPS production was only possible in a narrow pH range (5.3-6.5). The results clearly showed that the optimal conditions for EPS production were different to those for optimal growth. The effect of YE on EPS production was not only due to an increase in growth but also to a direct effect on the production of EPS. The temperature played a major role. A decrease of temperature induced a slowing down of both growth and organic acids production, making the essential factors of the medium and the precursors of EPS biosynthesis more available and hence, leading to an increase in EPS production. CONCLUSION The effects of pH, temperature and YE were determined, allowing the definition of favourable, though non-optimal, conditions for EPS production: 23 degrees C, pH 6 and 3 g l(-1) YE concentration. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of a multifactorial approach for investigating the effect of fermentation conditions on EPS production has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorret
- Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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15
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Gorret N, Maubois JL, Ghoul M, Engasser JM. Exopolysaccharide production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:779-87. [PMID: 11348439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this work were to evaluate growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production properties of Propionibacterium acidi-propionici DSM 4900 on milk permeate. METHODS AND RESULTS Anaerobic growth on milk permeate was only possible if supplemented with yeast extract (YE). Fermentation capacities of the strain were significantly improved by further increasing the supplemented YE. At 5 g l(-1) YE, consumption of 45 g l(-1) lactose to produce 9 g l(-1) biomass, 34 g l(-1) organic acids and 0.65 g l(-1) EPS was observed. From a kinetic point of view, EPS production occurred during the bacteria growth phase. At the excreted polysaccharide level, the medium showed shear-thinning behaviour with a relatively high apparent viscosity of up to 30 mPa.s (milli.Pascal.second) at a shear rate of 17 s(-1). CONCLUSION EPS production by P. acidi-propionici DSM 4900 on milk permeate showed promising rheological behaviour of the milk-derived medium obtained, even at a low production level. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A kinetic study on EPS production by a food-grade bacterium that could be used in situ in alimentation was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorret
- Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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Pham PL, Dupont I, Roy D, Lapointe G, Cerning J. Production of exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus rhamnosus R and analysis of its enzymatic degradation during prolonged fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2302-10. [PMID: 10831403 PMCID: PMC110517 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.6.2302-2310.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus R for producing exopolysaccharide (EPS) when grown on basal minimum medium supplemented with glucose or lactose was investigated. EPS production by L. rhamnosus R is partially growth associated and about 500 mg of EPS per liter was synthesized with both sugars. The product yield coefficient (Y(EPS/S)) was 3.15 (0.0315 g of EPS [g of lactose](-1)) and 2.88 (0.0288 g of EPS [g of glucose](-1)). It was clearly shown that the amount of EPS produced declined upon prolonged fermentation. Degradation of EPS in fermentation processes was also assessed by measuring its molecular weights and viscosities. As these reductions might have a negative effect on the yield and viscosifying properties of EPS, it was essential to examine possible causes related to this breakdown. The decrease in viscosities and molecular weights of EPS withdrawn at different cultivation times permitted us to suspect the presence of a depolymerizing enzyme in the fermentation medium. Our study on enzymatic production profiles showed a large spectrum of glycohydrolases (alpha-D-glucosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, and some traces of alpha-L-rhamnosidase). These enzymes were localized, two of them (alpha-D-glucosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase) were partially purified and characterized. When incubated with EPS, these enzymes were capable of lowering the viscosity of the polymer as well as liberating some reducing sugars. Upon prolonged incubation (27 h), the loss of viscosity was increased up to 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Pham
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 8E3, Canada.
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Production of Exopolysaccharide by
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
R and Analysis of Its Enzymatic Degradation during Prolonged Fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.6.2302-2310.2000 pmid: 10831403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The potential of
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
R for producing exopolysaccharide (EPS) when grown on basal minimum medium supplemented with glucose or lactose was investigated. EPS production by
L. rhamnosus
R is partially growth associated and about 500 mg of EPS per liter was synthesized with both sugars. The product yield coefficient (
Y
EPS/S
) was 3.15 (0.0315 g of EPS [g of lactose]
−1
) and 2.88 (0.0288 g of EPS [g of glucose]
−1
). It was clearly shown that the amount of EPS produced declined upon prolonged fermentation. Degradation of EPS in fermentation processes was also assessed by measuring its molecular weights and viscosities. As these reductions might have a negative effect on the yield and viscosifying properties of EPS, it was essential to examine possible causes related to this breakdown. The decrease in viscosities and molecular weights of EPS withdrawn at different cultivation times permitted us to suspect the presence of a depolymerizing enzyme in the fermentation medium. Our study on enzymatic production profiles showed a large spectrum of glycohydrolases (α-
d
-glucosidase, β-
d
-glucosidase, α-
d
-galactosidase, β-
d
-galactosidase, β-
d
-glucuronidase, and some traces of α-
l
-rhamnosidase). These enzymes were localized, two of them (α-
d
-glucosidase and β-
d
-glucuronidase) were partially purified and characterized. When incubated with EPS, these enzymes were capable of lowering the viscosity of the polymer as well as liberating some reducing sugars. Upon prolonged incubation (27 h), the loss of viscosity was increased up to 33%.
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Pintado ME, Pintado AIE, Malcata FX. Production of Polysaccharide by Rahnella aquatilis with Whey Feedstock. J Food Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rheological characterization under shear of a fraction of polymer produced via fermentation of whey-related media by Rahnella aquatilis1Most material reported in this paper was presented in poster form at GLUPORTwO-Second International Meeting of the Portuguese Carbohydrate Chemistry Group, and such communication received the Best Poster Award.1. Carbohydr Polym 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(98)00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Extracellular Polysaccharide Production byLactobacillus delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricusRR in a Continuous Fermentor. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.1996.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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GASSEM MA, SCHMIDT KA, FRANK JF. Exopolysaccharide production from whey lactose by fermentation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. J Food Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb04393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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