1
|
Younis W, Hassan S, Mohamed HM. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples with regard to virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Vet World 2021; 14:2410-2418. [PMID: 34840461 PMCID: PMC8613785 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2410-2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Raw milk is considered an essential source of nutrition during all stages of human life because it offers a valuable supply of protein and minerals. Importantly, milk is considered a good media for the growth and contamination of many pathogenic bacteria, especially food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize E. coli and detect its virulence factors and antibiotic resistance from raw milk samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Raw milk samples (n=100) were collected from different localities in Qena, Egypt, and investigated for the presence of E. coli using different biochemical tests, IMViC tests, serotyping to detect somatic antigen type, and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The presence of different virulence and antimicrobial genes (hly, eae, stx1, stx2, blaTEM, tetA(A), and tetB genes) in E. coli isolates was evaluated using PCR. RESULTS The results demonstrated that 10 out of 100 milk samples were contaminated with E. coli. Depending on serology, the isolates were classified as O114 (one isolate), O27 (two isolates), O111 (one isolate), O125 (two isolates), and untypeable (five isolates) E. coli. The sequencing of partially amplified 16S rRNA of the untypeable isolates resulted in one isolate, which was initially misidentified as untypeable E. coli but later proved as Enterobacter hormaechei. Moreover, antibacterial susceptibility analysis revealed that nearly all isolates were resistant to more than 3 families of antibiotics, particularly to b-lactams, clindamycin, and rifampin. PCR results demonstrated that all E. coli isolates showed an accurate amplicon for the blaTEM and tetA(A) genes, four isolates harbored eae gene, other four harbored tetB gene, and only one isolate exhibited a positive stx2 gene. CONCLUSION Our study explored vital methods for identifying E. coli as a harmful pathogen of raw milk using 16S rRNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and detection of virulence factors and antibiotic-resistant genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Younis
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Sabry Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hams M.A. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nobrega DB, Calarga AP, Nascimento LC, Chande Vasconcelos CG, de Lima EM, Langoni H, Brocchi M. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Brazilian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7210-7224. [PMID: 33773789 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this observational study, phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from intramammary infections, clinical mastitis, fresh feces, rectal swabs, animal hindlimbs, and bulk tank milk samples from Brazilian dairy herds were investigated. In addition, we identified specific genetic variants present among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. We obtained 169 isolates of K. pneumoniae from 2009 to 2011 on 24 Brazilian dairy farms located in 4 Brazilian states. The AMR profile of all isolates was determined using disk-diffusion assays. The antimicrobial panel included drugs commonly used as mastitis treatment in Brazilian dairy herds (gentamicin, cephalosporins, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline) as well as antimicrobials of critical importance for human health (meropenem, ceftazidime, fluoroquinolones). The K. pneumoniae isolates resistant to tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, or chloramphenicol were screened for presence of drug-specific AMR genes [tet, qnr, aac(6')-Ib, floR, catA2, cm1A, dfr, sul] using PCR. In addition, we identified ESBL genes present among ESBL-producers by using whole genome sequencing. Genomes were assembled and annotated, and patterns of AMR genes were investigated. Resistance was commonly detected against tetracycline (22.5% of all isolates), streptomycin (20.7%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (9.5%). Antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in K. pneumoniae isolated from intramammary infections in comparison with isolates from feces (19.2 and 0% of multidrug resistance in intramammary and fecal isolates, respectively). In contrast, no difference in AMR rates was observed when contrasting hind limbs and isolates from intramammary infections. The genes tetA, sul2, and floR were the most frequently observed AMR genes in K. pneumoniae resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol, respectively. The tetA gene was present exclusively in isolates from milk. The genes blaCTX-M8 and blaSHV-108 were present in 3 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, including an isolate from bulk tank milk. The 3 isolates were of sequence type 281 and had similar mobile genetic elements and virulence genes. Our study reinforced the epidemiological importance and dissemination of blaCTX-M-8 pST114 plasmid in food-producing animals in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Borin Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-650, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aline Parolin Calarga
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-650, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Costa Nascimento
- Central Laboratory for High Performance Technologies (LaCTAD), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-886, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helio Langoni
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 16618-681, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-650, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmadi E, Mardani K, Amiri A. Molecular Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Milk Samples in Kurdistan, Iran. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2020; 75:169-177. [PMID: 32621445 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.124238.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine subclinical mastitis is regarded as a devastating disease due to the economic costs imposed on dairy husbandry. Moreover, it is a hazard in the public sector in the cases of zoonotic bacteria because of the potential role of unpasteurized milk and dairy products to propagate the infectious agent to the human food chain. The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency, virulence content, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Kurdistan Province, West of Iran. A total of 400 bovine subclinical mastitis milk samples recognized in the California Mastitis Test were collected aseptically and analyzed for the presence of E. coli phenotypically and molecularly. The isolates were genotypically screened for stx1, stx2, and eae genes. Furthermore, O157:H7 STEC strain was searched among the isolates in a duplex polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial resistance scheme of the isolates was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. In general, 173 (43.25%) E. coli isolates were detected among which 39 (22.54%) isolates were STEC. The frequency of STEC virulence genotypes was stx2 (25 isolates, 64.10%), stx2+eae (6 isolates, 15.38%), stx1+stx2 (6 isolates, 15.38%), and stx1+stx2+eae (2 isolates, 5.12%). In addition, three O157: H7 strains were identified with the genetic content of stx1+stx2+eae (2 isolates) and stx1+stx2 (1 isolate). The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance was observed against streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin. Gentamycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine were the most effective antibiotics against O157 strains, whereas gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin were effective against non-O157 strains. The results revealed the significant role of STEC in bovine subclinical mastitis in the studied region. In addition, the distribution of O157:H7 strain and high prevalence of multidrug resistance among the isolates is a matter of concern. Therefore, there is a potential threat of human infection following the consumption of contaminated milk with STEC in Kurdistan Province, Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ahmadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - K Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A Amiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng WN, Jeong CH, Kim DH, Han SG. Short communication: Effects of moringa extract on adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli O55 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7416-7424. [PMID: 32475678 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of extract derived from moringa leaves. In particular, the effect of moringa extract (Mor) on adhesion and invasion of Escherichia coli O55, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Serratia liquefaciens was evaluated in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). Broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays, adhesion and invasion assays, and real-time PCR were performed. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Mor ranged from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL on 18 out of 27 tested isolates. Treatment of E. coli O55 with Mor (100 and 200 μg/mL) inhibited the adhesion and invasion on MAC-T cells via downregulation of adhesion factors (i.e., papC, f17c-A, and eaeA). Also, when MAC-T cells were pretreated with Mor (200 μg/mL, 12 h) and incubated with E. coli O55, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus simulans, or Serratia liquefaciens, both E. coli O55 and Enterococcus faecalis showed a significant decrease in adhesion and invasion. Staphylococcus simulans exhibited decreased adhesion and increased invasion. Serratia liquefaciens showed increased adhesion and decreased invasion. In addition, Mor increased mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, and thioredoxin reductase 1) in MAC-T cells. In conclusion, 12.5 to 50 mg/mL of Mor exhibited antibacterial activity against 18 out of 27 tested isolates. Also, pretreatment of 200 μg/mL of Mor to MAC-T cells modulated adhesion and invasion of E. coli O55 and other mastitis-associated pathogens. Furthermore, Mor increased antioxidant capacities in MAC-T cells, but further in vivo studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W N Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - C H Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - D H Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - S G Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castro VS, Figueiredo EEDS, Stanford K, McAllister T, Conte-Junior CA. Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli in Brazil: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E137. [PMID: 31100803 PMCID: PMC6560443 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) can cause serious illnesses, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. This is the first systematic review of STEC in Brazil, and will report the main serogroups detected in animals, food products and foodborne diseases. Data were obtained from online databases accessed in January 2019. Papers were selected from each database using the Mesh term entries. Although no human disease outbreaks in Brazil related to STEC has been reported, the presence of several serogroups such as O157 and O111 has been verified in animals, food, and humans. Moreover, other serogroups monitored by international federal agencies and involved in outbreak cases worldwide were detected, and other unusual strains were involved in some isolated individual cases of foodborne disease, such as serotype O118:H16 and serogroup O165. The epidemiological data presented herein indicates the presence of several pathogenic serogroups, including O157:H7, O26, O103, and O111, which have been linked to disease outbreaks worldwide. As available data are concentrated in the Sao Paulo state and almost completely lacking in outlying regions, epidemiological monitoring in Brazil for STEC needs to be expanded and food safety standards for this pathogen should be aligned to that of the food safety standards of international bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Silva Castro
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Agronomy and Animal Science College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Nutrition College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Department of Food Technology, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24230-340 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo
- Agronomy and Animal Science College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Nutrition College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, #100-5401 1st Ave. S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada.
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, #100-5401 1st Ave. S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada.
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Food Technology, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24230-340 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murinda SE, Ibekwe AM, Rodriguez NG, Quiroz KL, Mujica AP, Osmon K. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Mastitis: An International Perspective. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:229-243. [PMID: 30624967 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen profile of Escherichia coli mastitis reveals a complex etiology involving commensal, environmental, and other distinct E. coli pathotypes such as enteropathogenic E. coli and of recent, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) have been associated with bovine intramammary infections (IMI). Many researchers have not been testing for STEC and focused on E. coli detection without further subtyping, and as such, the prevalence of STEC in mastitis remains underdiagnosed and underreported. Owing to the dearth of information on STEC involvement in IMI, this review provides an international perspective on the prevalence of STEC in mastitis. In addition, predominant serotypes, ancillary virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of STEC isolated from mastitis cases were summarized. This information is important for public health policy since STEC impact both animal health and human welfare. Importantly, the low infectious doses of STEC are a major concern to public health. The review highlights the need for further surveillance to ascertain the potential for environmental contamination and food chain security by STEC from bovine mastitis, and emphasizes appropriate, science-based mitigation approaches for prevention or control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelton E Murinda
- 1 Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California.,2 College of Agriculture, Center for Antimicrobial Research and Food Safety, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| | - A Mark Ibekwe
- 3 U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California
| | - Nora G Rodriguez
- 1 Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| | - Karina L Quiroz
- 1 Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| | - Alexander P Mujica
- 1 Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| | - Kayla Osmon
- 1 Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Determination of antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolated from bovine with subclinical mastitis in southwest of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:575-580. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4093-4110. [PMID: 29685279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage may contain several agents that are potentially hazardous to animal health, the safety of milk or other animal food products, or both. This paper reviews published literature about microbial hazards, plant toxins, and chemical hazards. Microbial hazards include Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium bovis, and various mold species. High concentrations of C. botulinum in silage have been associated with cattle botulism. A high initial concentration of C. botulinum spores in forage in combination with poor silage fermentation conditions can promote the growth of C. botulinum in silage. The elevated pH level that is generally associated with aerobic deterioration of silage is a major factor influencing concentrations of L. monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and molds in silage and may also encourage survival and growth of M. bovis, the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis. Soil is a major source of B. cereus spores in silage; growth of this bacterium in silage appears to be limited. Hazards from plant toxins include pyrrolizidine, tropane and tropolone alkaloids, phytoestrogens, prussic acid, and mimosine, compounds that exist naturally in certain plant species that may contaminate forages at harvesting. Another group of toxins belonging to this category are ergot alkaloids, which are produced by endophytic fungal species in forages such as tall fescue grass, sorghum, and ryegrass. Varying effects of ensiling on the degradation of these plant toxins have been reported. Chemical hazards include nitrate, nitrite, and toxic oxide gases of nitrogen produced from nitrate and high levels of butyric acid, biogenic amines, and ammonia. Chemical and microbiological hazards are associated with poorly fermented silages, which can be avoided by using proper silage-making practices and creating conditions that promote a rapid and sufficient reduction of the silage pH and prevent aerobic deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Driehuis
- NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands.
| | - J M Wilkinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - I Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dinç H, Kılıç Altun S. PRESENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN URFA CHEESE AND IN VITRO SCREENING OF DONKEY MILK AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF MICROMERIA CONGESTA FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY USING DISC DIFFUSION METHOD. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2017. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.363970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
10
|
Hinthong W, Pumipuntu N, Santajit S, Kulpeanprasit S, Buranasinsup S, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Aiumurai P, Indrawattana N. Detection and drug resistance profile of Escherichia coli from subclinical mastitis cows and water supply in dairy farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand. PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28626609 PMCID: PMC5472034 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is a persistent problem in dairy farms worldwide. Environmental Escherichia coli is the bacterium predominantly responsible for this condition. In Thailand, subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is usually treated with various antibiotics, which could lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. E. coli is also a reservoir of many antibiotic resistance genes, which can be conveyed to other bacteria. In this study, the presence of E. coli in milk and water samples was reported, among which enteropathogenic E. coli was predominant, followed by enteroaggregative E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli, which was found only in milk samples. Twenty-one patterns of antibiotic resistance were identified in this study. Ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant E. coli was the most common among the bacterial isolates from water samples. Meanwhile, resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was the pattern found most commonly in the E. coli from milk samples. Notably, only the E. coli from water samples possessed ESBL phenotype and carried antibiotic resistance genes, blaTEM and blaCMY-2. This indicates that pathogenic E. coli in dairy farms is also exposed to antibiotics and could potentially transfer these genes to other pathogenic bacteria under certain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woranich Hinthong
- Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pumipuntu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Sirijan Santajit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphang Kulpeanprasit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shutipen Buranasinsup
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisinee Aiumurai
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Asselt ED, van der Fels-Klerx H, Marvin H, van Bokhorst-van de Veen H, Groot MN. Overview of Food Safety Hazards in the European Dairy Supply Chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 16:59-75. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. D. van Asselt
- RIKILT-Wageningen Univ. & Research; P.O. Box 230 6700 AE Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | - H.J.P. Marvin
- RIKILT-Wageningen Univ. & Research; P.O. Box 230 6700 AE Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | - M. Nierop Groot
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research; P.O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garbaj AM, Awad EM, Azwai SM, Abolghait SK, Naas HT, Moawad AA, Gammoudi FT, Barbieri I, Eldaghayes IM. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in milk and dairy products from Libya: Isolation and molecular identification by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Vet World 2016; 9:1184-1189. [PMID: 27956766 PMCID: PMC5146295 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1184-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this work was to isolate and molecularly identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 in milk and dairy products in Libya, in addition; to clear the accuracy of cultural and biochemical identification as compared with molecular identification by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA for the existing isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 samples of raw milk (cow, she-camel, and goat) and locally made dairy products (fermented cow’s milk, Maasora, Ricotta and ice cream) were collected from some regions (Janzour, Tripoli, Kremiya, Tajoura and Tobruk) in Libya. Samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for isolation of E. coli that was detected by conventional cultural and molecular method using polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Results: Out of 108 samples, only 27 isolates were found to be EHEC O157 based on their cultural characteristics (Tellurite-Cefixime-Sorbitol MacConkey) that include 3 isolates from cow’s milk (11%), 3 isolates from she-camel’s milk (11%), two isolates from goat’s milk (7.4%) and 7 isolates from fermented raw milk samples (26%), isolates from fresh locally made soft cheeses (Maasora and Ricotta) were 9 (33%) and 3 (11%), respectively, while none of the ice cream samples revealed any growth. However, out of these 27 isolates, only 11 were confirmed to be E. coli by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA and E. coli O157 Latex agglutination test. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that majority of local E. coli isolates were related to E. coli O157:H7 FRIK944 strain. Conclusion: These results can be used for further studies on EHEC O157 as an emerging foodborne pathogen and its role in human infection in Libya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aboubaker M Garbaj
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Enas M Awad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Salah M Azwai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Said K Abolghait
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hesham T Naas
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ashraf A Moawad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatim T Gammoudi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Department of Genetics, The Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ibrahim M Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) strains have been detected in a wide diversity of mammals, birds, fish, and several insects. Carriage by most animals is asymptomatic, thus allowing for dissemination of the bacterium in the environment without detection. Replication of the organism may occur in the gastrointestinal tract of some animals, notably ruminants. Carriage may also be passive or transient, without significant amplification of bacterial numbers while in the animal host. Animals may be classified as reservoir species, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. This classification is based on the animal's ability to (i) transmit STEC to other animal species and (ii) maintain STEC infection in the absence of continuous exposure. Animal reservoirs are able to maintain STEC infections in the absence of continuous STEC exposure and transmit infection to other species. Spillover hosts, although capable of transmitting STEC to other animals, are unable to maintain infection in the absence of repeated exposure. The large diversity of reservoir and spillover host species and the survival of the organism in environmental niches result in complex pathways of transmission that are difficult to interrupt.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hleba L, Kačániová M, Kunová S, Kluz M, Mellen M. Comparison of antibiotic resistance between ecological and conventional breeding in Enterobacteriaceae genera isolated from milk and milk products. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201159010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
15
|
Castro BGD, Souza MMSD, Regua-Mangia AH, Bittencourt AJ. Occurrence of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:318-21. [PMID: 23856725 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in three distinct anatomic parts of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR Multiplex). According to the results obtained, E. coli was identified in 19.5% of the stable flies. Shiga toxin genes were detected in 13% of the E. coli isolated, most frequently from the surface, followed by abdominal digestive tract and mouth apparatus of insects, respectively. This is the first study to detect presence of STEC in Stomoxys calcitrans in Brazil; it has also revealed the potential role of stable flies as carriers of pathogenic bacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gomes de Castro
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fusco V, Quero GM. Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods Used in the Microbial Safety Assessment of Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:493-537. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sorbitol non-fermenting shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle on smallholdings. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:94-103. [PMID: 24576531 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated faecal samples collected from the rectum of 518 cattle on 371 randomly selected smallholdings in Bangladesh for the presence of sorbitol non-fermenting (SN-F) shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The SN-F isolates were tested for the presence of rfb O157, stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seven SN-F isolates lacking these genes were profiled by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to verify their clonality. SN-F E. coli was identified in 44 [8·5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6·4-11·2] samples; of these, 28 (5·4%, 95% CI 3·8-7·7) had shiga toxin-producing strains, although only two carried the rfb O157 gene. Thirteen isolates carried the hlyA gene while 18 harboured the eae gene. Based on PFGE, six pulsotypes were observed among the seven isolates that had no virulence genes. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on shiga toxin-producing E. coli from direct rectal faecal samples of cattle on smallholdings.
Collapse
|
18
|
Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, Glass K, Oppegaard H, Raynaud S, Thevenot D, Condron R, De Reu K, Govaris A, Heggum K, Heyndrickx M, Hummerjohann J, Lindsay D, Miszczycha S, Moussiegt S, Verstraete K, Cerf O. Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:190-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
19
|
Momtaz H, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Taktaz T, Rezvani A, Yarali S. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitic milk: serogroups, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance properties. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:618709. [PMID: 23213293 PMCID: PMC3507047 DOI: 10.1100/2012/618709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the virulence factors, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance properties of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, by using 268 bovine mastitic milk samples which were diagnosed using California Mastitis Test. After E. coli identification, PCR assays were developed for detection of different virulence genes, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance genes of Escherichia coli. The antibiotic resistance pattern was studied using disk diffusion method. Out of 268 samples, 73 (27.23%) were positive for Escherichia coli, and, out of 73 positive samples, 15 (20.54%) were O26 and 11 (15.06%) were O157 so they were the highest while O111 was not detected in any sample so it was the lowest serogroup. Out of 73 STEC strains, 11 (15.06%) and 36 (49.31%) were EHEC and AEEC, respectively. All of the EHEC strains had stx1, eaeA, and ehly, virulence genes, while in AEEC strains stx1 had the highest prevalence (77.77%), followed by eaeA (55.55%). Totally, aadA1 (65.95%) had the highest while blaSHV (6.38%) had the lowest prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. The disk diffusion method showed that the STEC strains had the highest resistance to penicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (57.44%), while resistance to cephalothin (6.38%) was the lowest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Osman KM, Mustafa AM, Aly MA, AbdElhamed GS. Serotypes, Virulence Genes, and Intimin Types of Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coliand EnteropathogenicEscherichia coliIsolated from Mastitic Milk Relevant to Human Health in Egypt. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:297-305. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M. Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashgan M. Mustafa
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy A.K. Aly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Castro B, Souza M, Régua-Mangia A, Bittencourt A. Caracterização genotípica de amostras Escherichia coli isoladas de mastite bovina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
22
|
Solomakos N, Govaris A, Angelidis AS, Pournaras S, Burriel AR, Kritas SK, Papageorgiou DK. Occurrence, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from raw bovine, caprine and ovine milk in Greece. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:865-71. [PMID: 19835773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The examination of 2005 raw bovine (n = 950), caprine (n = 460) and ovine (n = 595) bulk milk samples collected throughout several regions in Greece for the presence of Escherichia coli serogroup O157 resulted in the isolation of 29 strains (1.4%) of which 21 were isolated from bovine (2.2%), 3 from caprine (0.7%) and 5 from ovine (0.8%) milk. Out of the 29 E. coli O157 isolates, only 12 (41.4%) could be classified as Shiga-toxigenic based on immunoassay and PCR results. All 12 Shiga-toxigenic E. coli serogroup O157 isolates belonged to the E. coli O157:H7 serotype. All except one of the 12 Shiga-toxin positive isolates were stx(2)-positive, five of which were also stx(1)-positive. The remaining isolate was positive only for the stx(1) gene. All stx-positive isolates (whether positive for stx(1), stx(2) or stx(1) and stx(2)) were also PCR-positive for the eae and ehxA genes. The remaining 17 E. coli O157 isolates (58.6%) were negative for the presence of the H7 flagellar gene by PCR, tested negative for Shiga-toxin production both by immunoassay and PCR, and among these, only four and three strains were PCR-positive for the eae and ehxA genes, respectively. All 29 E. coli O157 isolates displayed resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials, with the stx-positive isolates being, on average, resistant to a higher number of antibiotics than those which were stx-negative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Solomakos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rangel P, Marin JM. Analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitic milk. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009000500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis has been recognized for some time as the most costly disease in dairy herds. From February to November 2004, 670 samples of bovine mastitic milk from which 231 Escherichia coli strains were isolated, were collected from two Brazilian states. The strains were screened for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing (stx 1 and stx 2) and intimin (eae) genes. Twenty (8.6%) strains were detected by PCR to harbor the Shiga toxin genes (8 the stx 1 gene, 12 the stx 2 gene and none both of them). Two (0.8%) of the Escherichia coli strains studied were eae positive non Shiga toxin-producing. The strains were also examined for resistance to 12 antimicrobial agents. The predominantly observed resistance was to tetracycline (92.2%), streptomycin (90.4%), nalidixic acid (88.3%), amikacin (86.5%) and cephalothin (84.8%). Multidrug resistance was found among 152 isolates (65.8%).
Collapse
|
24
|
Lejeune JT, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Food safety: unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:93-100. [PMID: 19053805 DOI: 10.1086/595007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although milk and dairy products are important components of a healthy diet, if consumed unpasteurized, they also can present a health hazard due to possible contamination with pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria can originate even from clinically healthy animals from which milk is derived or from environmental contamination occurring during collection and storage of milk. The decreased frequency of bovine carriage of certain zoonotic pathogens and improved milking hygiene have contributed considerably to decreased contamination of milk but have not, and cannot, fully eliminate the risk of milkborne disease. Pasteurization is the most effective method of enhancing the microbiological safety of milk. The consumption of milk that is not pasteurized increases the risk of contracting disease from a foodstuff that is otherwise very nutritious and healthy. Despite concerns to the contrary, pasteurization does not change the nutritional value of milk. Understanding the science behind this controversial and highly debated topic will provide public health care workers the information needed to discern fact from fiction and will provide a tool to enhance communication with clients in an effort to reduce the incidence of infections associated with the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Lejeune
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rigobelo EC, Santo E, Marin JM. Beef carcass contamination by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in an abattoir in Brazil: characterization and resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:811-7. [PMID: 18991542 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey was performed to estimate the frequency of Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in carcasses obtained from an abattoir in Brazil between February 2006 and June 2007. A total of 216 beef carcasses were sampled at three stages of the slaughter process--preevisceration, postevisceration, and postprocessing--during the rain and dry seasons, respectively. Of the carcasses sampled, 58% were preevisceration E. coli positive, 38% were postevisceration positive, and 32% postprocessing positive. At the postprocessing stage, the isolation of E. coli was twice as high in the rain season. E. coli was isolated from 85 carcasses of which only 3 (1.4%) were positive for stx-encoding genes. No E. coli O157 serogroup isolates were detected. No antimicrobial resistance was found in nine of the isolates (10% of the total). The most frequent resistances were seen against cephalothin (78%), streptomycin (38%), nalidixic acid (36%), and tetracycline (30%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents was determined in 28 (33%) E. coli isolates. The presence of STEC and MDR strains among the isolates in the beef carcasses emphasizes the importance of proper handling to prevent carcass contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everlon Cid Rigobelo
- Faculdade de Zootecnia de Dracena, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|