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Ottardi M, Lechner I, Wang J, Schmitt S, Schneeberger M, Schmid RM, Stephan R, Meylan M. Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Swiss dairy herds and risk factors for a positive herd status and within-herd prevalence. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1409694. [PMID: 39005723 PMCID: PMC11242548 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteric disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Control of PTB is important given its negative economic consequences and the potential zoonotic role of MAP in Crohn's disease in humans. Methods To determine the seroprevalence of MAP in Swiss dairy herds and to identify risk factors associated with seropositive herd status and high within-herd seroprevalence, 10,063 serum samples collected from cattle over 12 months of age in 171 Swiss dairy farms were analyzed using a commercial ELISA test. Eight herds were excluded due to non-interpretable ELISA results. Risk factors associated with seropositive herd status and high within-herd seroprevalence were investigated with regression models using results from a questionnaire on management practices possibly associated with the introduction or spread of MAP in the remaining 163 herds. Univariable logistic regression was performed, carrying forward for multivariable regression analysis when p < 0.2. Results The calculated between-herd true seroprevalence was 3.6% (95% CI, 0.96-8.4%). Due to the low within-herd seroprevalence, it was not possible to calculate the true seroprevalence at animal level; the apparent within-herd seroprevalence ranged from 2.3 to 5.5% with a median of 3.6% in nine positive farms. Herd size (p = 0.037) and the common grazing of lactating cows with cows from other herds (p = 0.014) were associated with seropositive herd status, while heifers sharing alpine pasture with dairy cattle from other herds were associated with a decreased probability of the herd to test seropositive (p = 0.042). Reliable identification of significant risk factors associated with MAP spread and high seroprevalence of PTB within seropositive herds was not possible due to low observed seroprevalence within herds and low sensitivity of the ELISA test. Discussion These results highlight the limitation of serology for MAP diagnosis in small herds with low infection prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ottardi
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Schneeberger
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Stefanova EP, Quesada-Canales Ó, Paz-Sánchez Y, Caballero MJ, Quintana-Montesdeoca MDP, Espinosa de Los Monteros A, Rivero MA, Castro A, Pérez V, Andrada M. Morphological Assessment of Concomitant Lesions Detected in Goat Herds Naturally Infected with Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101693. [PMID: 37238123 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), causes significant financial losses in the ruminant industry. The aim of this study is to describe the concomitant pathological findings as well as PTB-induced lesions in 39 naturally infected goats (15 vaccinated and 24 non-vaccinated). All animals exhibited MAP-induced microscopic lesions affecting target organs, although only 62% of those were detected grossly. Mainly concomitant inflammatory pathologies were recognized affecting the hemolymphatic, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Non-vaccinated animals exhibited both moderate and marked granulomatous enteritis in contrast with vaccinated ones which presented mild intestinal affection. Our results demonstrate that non-vaccinated animals presented pneumonia in all age groups studied (from 12 up to >48 months old). A significantly higher prevalence of ileocecal valve PTB lesions was detected in non-vaccinated animals with pneumonic lesions (p = 0.027). Furthermore, a reduction of gastrointestinal non-PTB processes was described in vaccinated goats. In conclusion, a PTB infected goat herd can be affected by a wide range of concomitant pathologies, mostly inflammatory in origin. Anatomic pathology is of crucial importance for correct herd diagnosis and histopathology is an indispensable tool for lesion detection. Additionally, anti-MAP vaccination could have a beneficial effect on the reduction of respiratory and gastrointestinal non-PTB diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plamenova Stefanova
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Óscar Quesada-Canales
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Yania Paz-Sánchez
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María José Caballero
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Espinosa de Los Monteros
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miguel Antonio Rivero
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ayoze Castro
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), 24346 Grulleros, Spain
| | - Marisa Andrada
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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Khosravi M, Nouri M, Mohammadi A, Mosavari N, Constable PD. Preparation of immunomagnetic beads coupled with a rhodamine hydrazine immunosensor for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6944-6960. [PMID: 33814150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method for detecting Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) bacteria in bovine fecal, milk, and colostrum samples using immunomagnetic beads (IMB) and a rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor. Immunomagnetic beads were prepared by using purified antibodies from hyperimmunized sera that were coupled to Fe nanoparticles with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or ethyl (dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) as linkers. Rhodamine hydrazone particles were synthesized and coupled to IgY anti-MAP antibodies using DTPA or EDC-NHS linkers. Separation efficiency of the IMB was tested on bovine fecal, milk, and colostrum samples experimentally contaminated with MAP. The studied methods were evaluated on their ability to detect MAP and separate bacteria in complex mediums. The ELISA results indicated 95% efficacy in antibody coupling to IMB, with the DTPA-IMB method being more efficient than the EDC-NHS-IMB method. By using the DTPA-IMB method, MAP bacteria were successfully recovered from fecal, milk, and colostrum samples. The DTPA-IMB method used in combination with the rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor had a limit of detection equal to 30 and 30,000 MAP cells/mL using chromogenic and fluorescent properties, respectively. Combining the DTPA-IMB separation method with the rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor provides a fast, sensitive, and cost-beneficial method for detecting MAP in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khosravi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran.
| | - M Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - A Mohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - N Mosavari
- Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - P D Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61802
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Ariel O, Brouard JS, Marete A, Miglior F, Ibeagha-Awemu E, Bissonnette N. Genome-wide association analysis identified both RNA-seq and DNA variants associated to paratuberculosis in Canadian Holstein cattle 'in vitro' experimentally infected macrophages. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:162. [PMID: 33678157 PMCID: PMC7938594 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, or Johne’s disease (JD), an incurable bovine disease. The evidence for susceptibility to MAP disease points to multiple interacting factors, including the genetic predisposition to a dysregulation of the immune system. The endemic situation in cattle populations can be in part explained by a genetic susceptibility to MAP infection. In order to identify the best genetic improvement strategy that will lead to a significant reduction of JD in the population, we need to understand the link between genetic variability and the biological systems that MAP targets in its assault to dominate macrophages. MAP survives in macrophages where it disseminates. We used next-generation RNA (RNA-Seq) sequencing to study of the transcriptome in response to MAP infection of the macrophages from cows that have been naturally infected and identified as positive for JD (JD (+); n = 22) or negative for JD (healthy/resistant, JD (−); n = 28). In addition to identifying genetic variants from RNA-seq data, SNP variants were also identified using the Bovine SNP50 DNA chip. Results The complementary strategy allowed the identification of 1,356,248 genetic variants, including 814,168 RNA-seq and 591,220 DNA chip variants. Annotation using SnpEff predicted that the 2435 RNA-seq genetic variants would produce high functional effect on known genes in comparison to the 33 DNA chip variants. Significant variants from JD(+/−) macrophages were identified by genome-wide association study and revealed two quantitative traits loci: BTA4 and 11 at (P < 5 × 10− 7). Using BovineMine, gene expression levels together with significant genomic variants revealed pathways that potentially influence JD susceptibility, notably the energy-dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK and the metabolism of lipids. Conclusion In the present study, we succeeded in identifying genetic variants in regulatory pathways of the macrophages that may affect the susceptibility of cows that are healthy/resistant to MAP infection. RNA-seq provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate gene expression and to link the genetic variations to biological pathways that MAP normally manipulate during the process of killing macrophages. A strategy incorporating functional markers into genetic selection may have a considerable impact in improving resistance to an incurable disease. Integrating the findings of this research into the conventional genetic selection program may allow faster and more lasting improvement in resistance to bovine paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07487-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ariel
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Brouard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Andrew Marete
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Filippo Miglior
- Center of Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - Eveline Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
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Vitense P, Kasbohm E, Klassen A, Gierschner P, Trefz P, Weber M, Miekisch W, Schubert JK, Möbius P, Reinhold P, Liebscher V, Köhler H. Detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Cultures From Fecal and Tissue Samples Using VOC Analysis and Machine Learning Tools. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:620327. [PMID: 33614764 PMCID: PMC7887282 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.620327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a novel approach to accelerate bacterial culture diagnostics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In the present study, cultures of fecal and tissue samples from MAP-infected and non-suspect dairy cattle and goats were explored to elucidate the effects of sample matrix and of animal species on VOC emissions during bacterial cultivation and to identify early markers for bacterial growth. The samples were processed following standard laboratory procedures, culture tubes were incubated for different time periods. Headspace volume of the tubes was sampled by needle trap-micro-extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis of MAP-specific VOC emissions considered potential characteristic VOC patterns. To address variation of the patterns, a flexible and robust machine learning workflow was set up, based on random forest classifiers, and comprising three steps: variable selection, parameter optimization, and classification. Only a few substances originated either from a certain matrix or could be assigned to one animal species. These additional emissions were not considered informative by the variable selection procedure. Classification accuracy of MAP-positive and negative cultures of bovine feces was 0.98 and of caprine feces 0.88, respectively. Six compounds indicating MAP presence were selected in all four settings (cattle vs. goat, feces vs. tissue): 2-Methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, heptanal, isoprene, and 2-heptanone. Classification accuracies for MAP growth-scores ranged from 0.82 for goat tissue to 0.89 for cattle feces. Misclassification occurred predominantly between related scores. Seventeen compounds indicating MAP growth were selected in all four settings, including the 6 compounds indicating MAP presence. The concentration levels of 2,3,5-trimethylfuran, 2-pentylfuran, 1-propanol, and 1-hexanol were indicative for MAP cultures before visible growth was apparent. Thus, very accurate classification of the VOC samples was achieved and the potential of VOC analysis to detect bacterial growth before colonies become visible was confirmed. These results indicate that diagnosis of paratuberculosis can be optimized by monitoring VOC emissions of bacterial cultures. Further validation studies are needed to increase the robustness of indicative VOC patterns for early MAP growth as a pre-requisite for the development of VOC-based diagnostic analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Vitense
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elisa Kasbohm
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Klassen
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Gierschner
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K Schubert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Petra Möbius
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Volkmar Liebscher
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are widely distributed in animals and cause considerable economic losses, especially in livestock animals. Bovine paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis, which are representative mycobacterial infections in cattle, are difficult to diagnose using current-generation diagnostics due to their relatively long incubation periods. Thus, alternative diagnostic tools are needed for the detection of mycobacterial infections in cattle. A biomarker is an indicator present in biological fluids that reflects the biological state of an individual during the progression of a specific disease. Therefore, biomarkers are considered a potential diagnostic tool for various diseases. Recently, the number of studies investigating biomarkers as tools for diagnosing mycobacterial infections has increased. In human medicine, many diagnostic biomarkers have been developed and applied in clinical practice. In veterinary medicine, however, many such developments are still in the early stages. In this review, we summarize the current progress in biomarker research related to the development of diagnostic biomarkers for mycobacterial infections in cattle.
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Husakova M, Kralik P, Babak V, Slana I. Efficiency of DNA Isolation Methods Based on Silica Columns and Magnetic Separation Tested for the Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Milk and Faeces. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225112. [PMID: 33198402 PMCID: PMC7697941 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Timely and reliable detection of animals shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) should help to effectively identify infected animals and limit infection transmission at early stages to ensure effective control of paratuberculosis. The aim of the study was to compare DNA extraction methods and evaluate isolation efficiency using milk and faecal samples artificially contaminated by MAP with a focus on modern instrumental automatic DNA isolation procedures based on magnetic separation. In parallel, an automatic and manual version of magnetic separation and two methods of faecal samples preparation were compared. Commercially available DNA isolation kits were evaluated, and the selected kits were used in a trial of automatic magnetic beads-based isolation and compared with the manual version of each kit. Detection of the single copy element F57 was performed by qPCR to quantify MAP and determine the isolation efficiency. The evaluated kits showed significant differences in DNA isolation efficiencies. The best results were observed with the silica column Blood and Tissue kit for milk and Zymo Research for faeces. The highest isolation efficiency for magnetic separation was achieved with MagMAX for both matrices. The magnetic separation and silica column isolation methods used in this study represent frequently used methods in mycobacterial diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Husakova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin and of Gastronomy, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
| | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-777-786-711
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Estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of four serum ELISA and one fecal PCR for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in adult dairy cattle in New Zealand using Bayesian latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105199. [PMID: 33229064 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand, a new diagnostic approach for the control of paratuberculosis in mixed aged milking cows has been developed using a combination of ELISA and quantitative fecal PCR (f-qPCR). Our analysis was designed to evaluate performance of these individual tests in infected or infectious mixed aged cows across the prevalence of infection typically encountered on NZ dairy farms and calculate test accuracy when used as a screening test of serological ELISAs for four separate antigens read in parallel followed by a confirmatory quantitative f-qPCR test. Data from a cross-sectional study of 20 moderate prevalence herds was combined with existing data from 2 low and 20 high prevalence herds forming a dataset of 3845 paired serum and fecal samples. Incidence of clinical Johne's disease (JD) was used to classify herds into three prevalence categories. High (≥ 3% annual clinical JD for the last three years), moderate (<3 - 1%) and low (<1% incidence for at least the last five years). Positive tests were declared if> 50 ELISA units and f-qPCR at two cut-points (≥1 × 104 genomes/mL or >1 × 103 genomes/mL). Fixed Bayesian latent class models at both f-qPCR cut-points, accounted for conditional independence and paired conditional dependence. Mixed models at both f-qPCR cut-points, using a different mechanism to account for conditional dependencies between tests were also implemented. Models (24 in number) were constructed using OpenBUGS. The aim was to identify Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infected cows that met at least one of two criteria: shedding sufficient MAP in feces to be detected by f-qPCR or mounting a detectable MAP antibody response. The best fit to the data was obtained by modelling pairwise dependencies between tests in a fixed model or by accounting for dependencies in a mixed model at a fecal cut-off of ≥1 × 104 genomes/mL. Test performance differed with prevalence, but models were robust to prior assumptions. For the fixed model, at a prevalence of 0.29 (95 % probability interval (PI) = 0.25-0.33), as a screening plus confirmatory f-qPCR, post-test probability for disease in a positive animal was 0.84 (95 %PI = 0.80-0.88) and 0.16 (95 %PI = 0.15-0.18) for disease in a test negative animal. In low prevalence herds (0.01(95 %PI = 0.00-0.04)) the equivalent figures were 0.84 (95 %PI = 0.08-0.92) and 0.00 (95 %PI = 0.00-0.02). These results suggest this is a useful tool to control JD on dairy farms, particularly in herds with higher levels of infection, where the sampling and testing cost per animal is defrayed across more detected animals.
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Bates A, O'Brien R, Liggett S, Griffin F. Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection on a New Zealand pastoral dairy farm. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:266. [PMID: 31358004 PMCID: PMC6664707 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne’s disease is a major production limiting disease of dairy cows caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in calf-hood. The disease is chronic, progressive, contagious and widespread with no treatment and no cure. Economic losses arise from decreased productivity through reduced growth, milk yield, fertility and also capital losses due to premature culling or death. Control chiefly centers upon removing those animals which actively shed bacteria and protecting calves from infection. A prolonged pre-clinical shedding phase, lack of test sensitivity, organism persistence and abundance in the environment as well as management systems that expose susceptible calves to infection make control challenging, particularly in pastoral, seasonal dairy systems. Combining a novel testing strategy to remove infected cows along with limited measures to protect vulnerable calves at pasture, this study reports the successful reduction over a four-year period of seroprevalence of cows testing positive for MAP infection in a New Zealand pastoral dairy herd. Results For all age groups considered the apparent seroprevalence of cows testing positive decreased from 297 / 1,122 (26%) in 2013–2014, to 24 / 1,030 (2.3%) in 2016–2017. Over the same period, the apparent seroprevalence in primiparous cows decreased from 39 / 260 (15%) to 7 / 275 (2.5%) and in multiparous cows from 258 / 862 (29.9%) to 17 / 755 (2.3%). The reported proportion of calved cows culled annually from suspected clinical Johne’s disease fell from 55 / 1,201 (5%) in the year preceding the control program to 5 / 1,283 (0.4%) in the final year of the study. Conclusions On this farm, reduction in the prevalence of infection was achieved by reducing the infectious pressure through targeted culling of heavily shedding animals together with limited measures to protect calves at pasture from exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Whilst greater protection of young animals through separation from infected cows and their colostrum and milk would have reduced the risk of neonatal infection, this study demonstrates, in this case, that these management measures while prudent were not essential for effective reduction in the prevalence of MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife Centre for Dairy Excellence, Vetlife Scientific, 1 Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka, 20 Wilson Street, Geraldine, New Zealand.
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Simon Liggett
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Frank Griffin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Bates A, O'Brien R, Liggett S, Griffin F. The effect of sub-clinical infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on milk production in a New Zealand dairy herd. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29540214 PMCID: PMC5853068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne’s disease is a major production limiting disease of dairy cows. The disease is chronic, progressive, contagious and widespread; there is no treatment and there is no cure. Economic losses arise from decreased productivity through reduced growth, milk yield and fertility and capital losses due to premature culling or death. This study attempts to address the effect of subclinical JD on milk production under New Zealand pastoral dairy farming conditions using a new testing approach. Blood samples were taken from all lactating animals from a single seasonally calving New Zealand dairy herd in the autumn of 2013 and 2014. Samples were subject to serological assay for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using a combination of four ELISA tests in parallel followed by selective quantitative fecal PCR to confirm the fecal shedding characteristics of ELISA positive cows. ELISA status was classified as Not-Detected, Low, Moderate or High and fecal PCR status as Not-Detected, Moderate or High. Results A mixed generalized regression model indicated that, compared to cows where MAP was not detected, daily milk solids production was 4% less for high ELISA positive cows (p = 0.004), 6% less for moderate fPCR cows (p = 0.036) and 12% less for high fPCR cows (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study confirms that sub-clinical JD can have a significant impact on milk production and that the testing methodology used stratified the animals in this herd on their likely impact on production and disease spread. This allowed the farmer to prioritize removal of heavily shedding, less-productive animals and so reduce the risk of infection of young stock. This is the first longitudinal study based in New Zealand looking at the effect of Johne’s infection status on daily milk production allowing for intermediary and confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife, Centre for Dairy Excellence, Wilson Street, Geraldine, New Zealand.
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Simon Liggett
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Frank Griffin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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11
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An ISMap02-like insertion sequence in Mycobacterium spp. interferes with specific detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of Johne's disease or paratuberculosis (PTB), which is a chronic debilitating disease in ruminants, that is characterized by incurable enteritis and persistent diarrhea. ISMap02 is one of the major targets of PCR because it is present in multicopies (six copies) and known to be specific to MAP. However, in the present study, non-MAP mycobacteria were shown to be positive by ISMap02 targeting PCR. Two bacterial isolates (Sample ID: BO-038 and BO-042) were cultured from bovine fecal samples that produced positive results in three of two ISMap02 targeting PCR analyses with negative results in IS900 real-time PCR. Species identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and hsp65 gene partial sequencing revealed that strains BO-038 and BO-042 were M. virginiense and M. nonchromogenicum, respectively, which both belong to the M. terrae complex (MTC). Moreover, the two isolates shared a novel insertion sequence (IS) with high similarity to some parts of nucleotide sequences of ISMap02, and IS was presumed to be identical to that present in M. heraklionense. Both the novel IS and ISMap02 were characterized as IS1182 family members, and several sequences similar to ISMap02 were identified by BLAST analysis. In addition, the DDE transposase of the novel IS showed great similarity in the N-terminal portion with the IS5/1182 DDE transposase of other mycobacteria. These results suggest that ISMap02 has a conserved region with similarity to other ISs, and that the diagnostic value of the primer sets targeting that region should be re-addressed.
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12
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Hahn N, Failing K, Eisenberg T, Schlez K, Zschöck PM, Donat K, Einax E, Köhler H. Evaluation of different diagnostic methods for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in boot swabs and liquid manure samples. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:259. [PMID: 28821251 PMCID: PMC5563032 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental sampling based on boot swabs and/or liquid manure samples is an upcoming strategy for the identification of paratuberculosis (paraTB) positive herds, but only limited data are available regarding the diagnostic performance of molecular detection methods (qPCR) versus faecal culture (FC) for this purpose. In the present study, the test characteristics of two different qPCR protocols (A and B) and a standardized FC protocol, for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in boot swabs and liquid manure samples were evaluated. Results In 19 paraTB unsuspicious and 58 paraTB positive herds boot swabs and liquid manure were sampled simultaneously and analyzed in three different diagnostic laboratories. Using boot swabs and liquid manure, a substantial to excellent accordance was found between both qPCRs, for boot swabs also with culture, while for liquid manure the detection rate of culture was decreased after prolonged storage at −20 °C. The quantitative results of both qPCR methods correlated well for the same sample and also for boot swabs and liquid manure from the same herd. When cut-off threshold cycle (CT-)-values were applied as recommended by the manufacturers, herd level specificity (Sp) of qPCR B was below 100% for boot swabs and for both qPCRs for liquid manure. A decreased herd level sensitivity was encountered after adjustment of Sp to 100% and re-calculation of the cut-off CT-values. Conclusions qPCR is equally suitable as bacterial culture for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in boot swabs and liquid manure samples. Both matrices represent easily accessible composite environmental samples which can be tested with reliable results. The data encourage qPCR testing of composite environmental samples for paraTB herd diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hahn
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Department Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Karen Schlez
- Department Veterinary Medicine, Hessian State Laboratory, Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Esra Einax
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute for Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
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13
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Park HE, Park HT, Jung YH, Yoo HS. Establishment a real-time reverse transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178336. [PMID: 28542507 PMCID: PMC5444815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteric inflammatory disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that causes large economic losses in the dairy industry. Spread of PTB is mainly provoked by a long subclinical stage during which MAP is shed into the environment with feces; accordingly, detection of subclinical animals is very important to its control. However, current diagnostic methods are not suitable for detection of subclinical animals. Therefore, the current study was conducted to develop a diagnostic method for analysis of the expression of genes of prognostic potential biomarker candidates in the whole blood of cattle naturally infected with MAP. Real-time PCR with nine potential biomarker candidates was developed for the diagnosis of MAP subclinical infection. Animals were divided into four groups based on fecal MAP PCR and serum ELISA. Eight genes (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) were up-regulated in MAP-infected cattle (p <0.05). Moreover, ROC analysis revealed that eight genes (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) showed fair diagnostic performance (AUC≥0.8). Four biomarkers (Timp1, S100a8, Defb1, and Defb10) showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in the PCR positive and ELISA negative group (PN group) and three biomarkers (Tfrc, Hp, and Serpine1) showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in the PCR negative and ELISA positive group (NP group). Moreover, three biomarkers (S100a8, Hp, and Defb10) were considered the most reliable for the PCR positive and ELISA positive group (PP group). Taken together, our data suggest that real-time PCR based on eight biomarkers (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) might be useful for diagnosis of JD, including subclinical stage cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal Resoures Devlopment, National Instiute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fock-Chow-Tho D, Topp E, Ibeagha-Awemu EA, Bissonnette N. Comparison of commercial DNA extraction kits and quantitative PCR systems for better sensitivity in detecting the causative agent of paratuberculosis in dairy cow fecal samples. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:572-581. [PMID: 27889120 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) worldwide. Oral-fecal contamination is the most important mode of transmission of paratuberculosis, so eradicating MAP-shedding animals could prevent disease propagation. Fecal culture, a well-known method for MAP diagnosis, requires costly specialized media and a long incubation time that sometimes ends in disappointing bacterial contamination. To facilitate the efforts of control programs, we evaluated the performance of direct fecal quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for their sensitivity and robustness for MAP detection. Commercial kits use different strategies for extracting DNA, combined with qPCR systems, to detect the presence of MAP in fecal samples. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of 3 commercially available DNA extraction kits (A, B, and C) combined with 2 qPCR systems (T and V) for the detection of MAP in infectious cows. A total of 49 dairy cows from 5 herds were sampled twice a year for 3 yr and diagnosed using fecal culture and ELISA. Eight replicates of their fecal samples from the first sampling were tested using each DNA extraction method and qPCR detection system. Although all 3 of the commercial DNA extraction kits have been previously described as very efficient for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis, kit B provided the highest sensitivity. Indeed, 89% of the cows declared positive for paratuberculosis by both fecal culture and ELISA were identified with kit B, whereas only 23 and 43% of the cows were identified with kits A and C, respectively. Interestingly, kit B was able to detect some low-MAP shedders. The qPCR detection system also played a critical role: system T yielded qPCR with the highest sensitivity. The results of this study suggest that DNA extraction kit B combined with detection system T provides the best amplification of MAP DNA from fecal samples with the highest sensitivity and specificity. Although 1 DNA extraction and qPCR analysis should be adequate to confirm that an animal with diarrhea or other signs of paratuberculosis is positive, detecting low shedders at the highest sensitivity should include repetitive testing. This study demonstrates the importance of repetitions using the most appropriate method for extracting DNA from fecal samples, combined with a compatible qPCR system for identifying MAP-shedding animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fock-Chow-Tho
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada; Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - E Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - E A Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - N Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
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15
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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16
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Park HT, Shin MK, Park HE, Cho YI, Yoo HS. PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle in South Korea using fecal samples. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1537-1540. [PMID: 27301582 PMCID: PMC5059387 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is
the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB). The first step in the control of PTB
is the identification and isolation of sub-clinical fecal shedders from the herd. In the
current study, real-time and nested PCR targeting MAP-specific genetic elements
(IS900 and ISMAP02) DNA isolated from fecal samples
were used to detect MAP infection in cattle. Of the 1,562 fecal samples obtained from 37
herds, regardless of diarrhea, 35 samples tested positive in both
IS900-targeted real-time and ISMAP02-targeted nested
PCR. At the herd level, 12 of the 37 herds were found to be positive for MAP. Detection
rates of the PCR tests were similar to those reported for ELISA-based methods. These
results suggest that PCR can be used to detect sub-clinical fecal shedders of MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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17
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Park HE, Shin MK, Park HT, Jung M, Cho YI, Yoo HS. Gene expression profiles of putative biomarker candidates in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw022. [PMID: 27029383 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze the gene expression of prognostic potential biomarker candidates using the whole blood of cattle naturally infected with ITALIC! Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. ITALIC! paratuberculosis(MAP). We conducted real-time PCR to evaluate 23 potential biomarker candidates. Experimental animals were divided into four groups based on fecal MAP PCR and serum ELISA. Seven ( ITALIC! KLRB1, ITALIC! HGF, ITALIC! MPO, ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! SERPINE1, ITALIC! S100A8and ITALIC! S100A9) genes were up-regulated in fecal MAP-positive cattle and three ( ITALIC! KLRB1, ITALIC! MPOand ITALIC! S100A9) were up-regulated in MAP-seropositive cattle relative to uninfected cattle. In subclinically infected animals, 17 genes ( ITALIC! TFRC, ITALIC! S100A8, ITALIC! S100A9, ITALIC! MPO, ITALIC! GBP6, ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! KLRB1, ITALIC! SERPINE1, ITALIC! PIGR, ITALIC! IL-10, ITALIC! CXCR3, ITALIC! CD14, ITALIC! MMP9, ITALIC! ELANE, ITALIC! CHI3L1, ITALIC! HPand ITALIC! HGF) were up-regulated compared with the control group. Moreover, six genes ( ITALIC! CXCR3, ITALIC! HP, ITALIC! HGF, ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! TFRCand ITALIC! GBP6) showed significant differences between experimental groups. Taken together, our data suggest that six genes ( ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! HGF, ITALIC! HP, ITALIC! CXCR3, ITALIC! GBP6and ITALIC! TFRC) played essential roles in the immune response to MAP during the subclinical stage and therefore might be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hanifian S, Khani S. Tracking of Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis
Load in Milk Production Chain: A Real-Time qPCR And Culture Assay. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Hanifian
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sajjad Khani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Mita A, Mori Y, Nakagawa T, Tasaki T, Utiyama K, Mori H. Comparison of fecal pooling methods and DNA extraction kits for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbiologyopen 2015; 5:134-42. [PMID: 26666871 PMCID: PMC4767428 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a sensitive method using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with pooled fecal samples for the screening of Johne's disease (JD). Manufacturer‐specified and our new pooling method in combination with five commercial kits for DNA extraction and purification were compared. Different volumes of pooled fecal suspensions were tested, and the results were compared for individual samples and three pool sizes (5, 10, and 50 samples); each of the fecal suspensions, which were prepared from healthy dairy and beef cattle was spiked with 0, 10, 100, or 1000 cultured Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) organisms or was mixed with fecal suspensions from experimentally infected cattle. The MAP DNA detection proportion with our pooling method in combination with Johne‐Spin kit (Fasmac, Japan) was 100% for all models and all pool sizes, except for the low shedder model with a pool size of 50. There was no loss of sensitivity in pools of 10 subjects or less by using the new method. These results suggest that new method is a sensitive, practical, and cost‐effective screening test for the detection of MAP‐infected cattle and the monitoring of JD‐free herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mita
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mori
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakagawa
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tasaki
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Okazaki Station, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-3161, Japan
| | - Katsuo Utiyama
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mori
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
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Keller SM, Stephan R, Kuenzler R, Meylan M, Wittenbrink MM. Comparison of fecal culture and F57 real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Swiss cattle herds with a history of paratuberculosis. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:68. [PMID: 25300710 PMCID: PMC4197246 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine paratuberculosis is an incurable chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The prevalence of MAP in the Swiss cattle population is hard to estimate, since only a few cases of clinical paratuberculosis are reported to the Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office each year.Fecal samples from 1,339 cattle (855 animals from 12 dairy herds, 484 animals from 11 suckling cow herds, all herds with a history of sporadic paratuberculosis) were investigated by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for shedding of MAP. RESULTS By culture, MAP was detected in 62 of 445 fecal pools (13.9%), whereas PCR detected MAP in 9 of 445 pools (2.0%). All 186 samples of the 62 culture-positive pools were reanalyzed individually. By culture, MAP was grown from 59 individual samples (31.7%), whereas PCR detected MAP in 12 individual samples (6.5%), all of which came from animals showing symptoms of paratuberculosis during the study. Overall, MAP was detected in 10 out of 12 dairy herds (83.3%) and in 8 out of 11 suckling cow herds (72.7%). CONCLUSIONS There is a serious clinically inapparent MAP reservoir in the Swiss cattle population. PCR cannot replace culture to identify individual MAP shedders but is suitable to identify MAP-infected herds, given that the amount of MAP shed in feces is increasing in diseased animals or in animals in the phase of transition to clinical disease.
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O'Brien R, Hughes A, Liggett S, Griffin F. Composite testing for ante-mortem diagnosis of Johne's disease in farmed New Zealand deer: correlations between bacteriological culture, histopathology, serological reactivity and faecal shedding as determined by quantitative PCR. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:72. [PMID: 23574863 PMCID: PMC3639118 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of overt clinical signs of Johne’s Disease (JD), laboratory based tests have largely been limited to organism detection via faecal culture or PCR and serological tests for antibody reactivity. In this study we describe the application of quantitative faecal PCR for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in New Zealand farmed deer to quantify the bacterial load in cervine faecal samples as an adjunct to an existing serodiagnostic test (Paralisa™) tailored for JD diagnosis in deer. As ELISA has potential as a cheap, high throughput screening test for JD, an attempt was made to assess the sensitivity, specificity and positive/negative predictive (PPV/NPV) values of Paralisa™ for estimating levels of faecal shedding of MAP as a basis for JD management in deer. Results Correlations were made between diagnostic tests (ELISA, qPCR, culture and histopathology) to establish the precision and predictive values of individual tests. The findings from this study suggest there is strong correlation between bacterial shedding, as determined by faecal qPCR, with both culture (r = 0.9325) and histopathological lesion severity scoring (r = 0.7345). Correlation between faecal shedding and ELISA reactivity in deer was weaker with values of r = 0.4325 and r = 0.4006 for Johnin and Protoplasmic antigens, respectively. At an ELISA Unit (EU) cutoff of >50 (Johnin antigen) the PPV of Paralisa™ for significant faecal shedding in deer (>104 organisms/g) was moderate (0.55) while the NPV was higher (0.89). At an EU cutoff of ≥150, the PPV for shedding >105 organisms/g rose to 0.88, with a corresponding NPV of 0.85. Conclusions The evidence available from this study suggests that Paralisa™ used at a cutoff of 50EU could be used to screen deer herds for MAP infection with sequential qPCR testing used to cull all Paralisa™ positive animals that exhibit significant MAP faecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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22
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Leite FL, Stokes KD, Robbe-Austerman S, Stabel JR. Comparison of fecal DNA extraction kits for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 25:27-34. [PMID: 23166181 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712466395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from feces has been considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis for many years. However, direct fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is becoming more widely used, demonstrating similar sensitivity and specificity to culture. To ensure efficient and reproducible PCR results from a difficult sample matrix such as feces, there are many obstacles that a DNA extraction method must overcome, including the presence of inhibitors and the thick waxy cell wall of MAP. In the current study, 6 commercial DNA extraction kits were evaluated using fecal samples from naturally infected cattle shedding various amounts of MAP. Upon extraction, DNA purity and yield were measured, and real-time PCR was performed for detection of the insertion sequence (IS)900 and ISMAP02 targets. The kits evaluated showed significant differences in the purity and yield of DNA obtained. The best results were observed with kits E and A, having identified 94% (16/17) and 76% (13/17) of the positive samples by IS900 PCR, respectively. Both of these kits utilized bead beating in a lysis solution for cell disruption, followed by spin column technology (kit E) or magnetic bead-based technology (kit A) for nucleic acid isolation and purification. Two kits (A and F) demonstrated improved performance when used in conjunction with the respective manufacturer's PCR test. The present study demonstrates the importance of choosing the correct methodology for the most accurate diagnosis of paratuberculosis through fecal PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Leite
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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23
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Kralik P, Beran V, Pavlik I. Enumeration of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by quantitative real-time PCR, culture on solid media and optical densitometry. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:114. [PMID: 22357065 PMCID: PMC3305647 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different approaches are used for determining the number of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) cells in a suspension. The majority of them are based upon culture (determination of CFU) or visual/instrumental direct counting of MAP cells. In this study, we have compared the culture method with a previously published F57 based quantitative real-time PCR (F57qPCR) method, to determine their relative abilities to count the number of three different MAP isolates in suspensions with the same optical densities (OD). McFarland turbidity standards were also compared with F57qPCR and culture, due to its frequent inclusion and use in MAP studies. Findings The numbers of MAP in two-fold serial dilutions of isolates with respective OD measurements were determined by F57qPCR and culture. It was found that culture provided lower MAP CFU counts by approximately two log10, compared to F57qPCR. The McFarland standards (as defined for E. coli) showed an almost perfect fit with the enumeration of MAP performed by F57qPCR. Conclusions It is recommended to use culture and/or qPCR estimations of MAP numbers in experiments where all subsequent counts are performed using the same method. It is certainly not recommended the use of culture as the standard for qPCR experiments and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Fernández-Silva JA, Abdulmawjood A, Bülte M. Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Dairy Cows in Colombia. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:352561. [PMID: 21785685 PMCID: PMC3135014 DOI: 10.4061/2011/352561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was the serological, bacteriological and molecular diagnosis, as well as the molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in adult cows of five Colombian dairy herds. Serum samples were tested by an indirect absorbed enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-C). All fecal samples were tested by pooled culture. After that, fecal samples of Map positive pools were tested individually by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In one herd, slurry and tissue samples from one animal were also taken and tested by PCR and culture. Map isolates were analyzed by the Multilocus Short Sequence Repeat (MLSSR) and the Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) methods. ELISA produced positive results in 1.8% (6/329) of the animals and 40% (2/5) of the herds. Four fecal, two tissue, and two slurry samples from a herd were Map positive by culture and PCR. MLSSR and MIRU-VNTR revealed two different strain profiles among eight Map isolates recovered.
This study reports the first molecular characterization of Map in one dairy herd in Colombia, the limitations for individual diagnosis of subclinical Map infections in cattle, and the usefulness of pooled fecal samples and environmental sampling for Map diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fernández-Silva
- Institute of Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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25
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Kralik P, Slana I, Kralova A, Babak V, Whitlock RH, Pavlik I. Development of a predictive model for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces by quantitative real time PCR. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Assessment of food as a source of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). J Food Prot 2010; 73:1357-97. [PMID: 20615354 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods assessed the importance of food as a source of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects primarily the small intestine of all ruminants. The significance of MAP as a human pathogen is unknown and is being investigated by several research groups. This document also reviews the efficacy of current detection methods, processing interventions, and MAP inactivation. Research needs related to MAP are provided. The Committee reached the following conclusions: current methods for detection of MAP have significant limitations, and a standard method for the detection of viable MAP cells is needed. Aside from MAP-infected domestic ruminant animals, the organism is found infrequently. If MAP in cattle is controlled, the source of MAP in other animals, food, and water may largely be eliminated. Milk, particularly raw milk, may be a likely food source for human exposure to MAP. Given the prevalence of MAP in U.S. cattle herds, ground beef may be a potential source of MAP. Although humans may be exposed to MAP through a variety of routes, including food and the environment, the frequency and amount of exposure will require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
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- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, Washington, DC 20250-3700, USA
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27
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Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in tissue samples of cattle and buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:633-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Irenge LM, Walravens K, Govaerts M, Godfroid J, Rosseels V, Huygen K, Gala JL. Development and validation of a triplex real-time PCR for rapid detection and specific identification of M. avium sub sp. paratuberculosis in faecal samples. Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:166-72. [PMID: 19095382 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A triplex real-time (TRT-PCR) assay was developed to ensure a rapid and reliable detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in faecal samples and to allow routine detection of Map in farmed livestock and wildlife species. The TRT-PCR assay was designed using IS900, ISMAP02 and f57 molecular targets. Specificity of TRT-PCR was first confirmed on a panel of control mycobacterial Map and non-Map strains and on faecal samples from Map-negative cows (n=35) and from Map-positive cows (n=20). The TRT-PCR assay was compared to direct examination after Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and to culture on 197 faecal samples collected serially from five calves experimentally exposed to Map over a 3-year period during the sub-clinical phase of the disease. The data showed a good agreement between culture and TRT-PCR (kappa score=0.63), with the TRT-PCR limit of detection of 2.5 x 10(2)microorganisms/g of faeces spiked with Map. ZN agreement with TRT-PCR was not good (kappa=0.02). Sequence analysis of IS900 amplicons from three single IS900 positive samples confirmed the true Map positivity of the samples. Highly specific IS900 amplification suggests therefore that each single IS900 positive sample from experimentally exposed animals was a true Map-positive specimen. In this controlled experimental setting, the TRT-PCT was rapid, specific and displayed a very high sensitivity for Map detection in faecal samples compared to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonid M Irenge
- Defence Laboratories Department, Belgian Armed Forces, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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New triplex real-time PCR assay for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2751-8. [PMID: 18326682 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02534-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a robust TaqMan real-time PCR amplifying the F57 and the ISMav2 sequences of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples was developed and validated. The validation was based on the recommendations of International Organization for Standardization protocols for PCR and real-time PCR methods. For specificity testing, 205 bacterial strains were selected, including 105 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains of bovine, ovine, and human origin and 100 non-M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. Diagnostic quality assurance was obtained by use of an internal amplification control. By investigating six TaqMan reagents from different suppliers, the 100% detection probability was assessed to be 0.1 picogram M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA per PCR. The amplification efficiency was 98.2% for the single-copy gene F57 and 97.8% for the three-copy insertion sequence ISMav2. The analytical method was not limited due to instrument specificity. The triplex real-time PCR allowed the reliable detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA using the ABI Prism 7000 sequence detection system, and the LightCycler 1.0. TaqMan(mgb) and locked nucleic acid fluorogenic probes were suitable for fluorescent signal detection. To improve the detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples, a more efficient DNA extraction method was developed, which offers the potential for automated sample processing. The 70% limit of detection was assessed to be 10(2) CFU per gram of spiked bovine feces. Comparative analysis of 108 naturally contaminated samples of unknown M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis status resulted in a relative accuracy of 98.9% and a sensitivity of 94.4% for fecal samples containing <10 CFU/g feces compared to the traditional culture method.
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30
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Eamens GJ, Whittington RJ, Turner MJ, Austin SL, Fell SA, Marsh IB. Evaluation of radiometric faecal culture and direct PCR on pooled faeces for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2007; 125:22-35. [PMID: 17560743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dilution rates for pooled faecal culture (PFC) and direct IS900 polymerase chain reaction (D-PCR) tests were evaluated on faecal samples from infected cows mixed with uninfected faeces in dilutions from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. PFC was performed by radiometric culture, with confirmation by IS900 PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis (PCR/REA) on growth, and by mycobactin dependency testing on solid medium. Using 37 culture positive faecal samples from 12 subclinical cows, 83.8% and 94.6% of samples were confirmed positive in the PFC assay at dilutions of 1 in 50 and 1 in 30, respectively. Lower dilutions (1 in 5 to 1 in 20) provided only marginally better sensitivity, and confirmation of PFC growth by PCR/REA was significantly more sensitive than mycobactin dependency. D-PCR had significantly lower sensitivity than PFC confirmed by PCR/REA, with pools of 1 in 50, 30, 10 and 5 yielding positive results in 64.9%, 70.3%, 78.4% and 83.8% of samples, respectively. Cattle considered to be shedding 1.5 x 10(6) viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map)/g faeces (on the basis of estimated losses in processing and growth rates in radiometric broth) were positive at dilutions up to 1 in 50 in the PFC and D-PCR. Those shedding 5 x 10(5) viable Map/g were positive in the PFC at dilutions up to 1 in 40, but required a 1 in 10 dilution or less for D-PCR. The results suggest that for cattle shedding relatively high concentrations of Map in faeces (>2 x 10(5) viable Map/g), maximal dilutions of 1 in 30 for PFC and 1 in 10 for D-PCR would be applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Eamens
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia.
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31
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Stephan R, Schumacher S, Tasara T, Grant IR. Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Swiss Raw Milk Cheeses Collected at the Retail Level. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3590-5. [PMID: 17638968 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 143 raw milk cheese samples (soft cheese, n = 9; semihard cheese, n = 133; hard cheese, n = 1), collected at the retail level throughout Switzerland, were tested for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by immunomagnetic capture plus culture on 7H10-PANTA medium and in supplemented BAC-TEC 12B medium, as well as by an F57-based real-time PCR system. Furthermore, pH and water activity values were determined for each sample. Although no viable MAP cells could be cultured, 4.2% of the raw milk cheese samples tested positive with the F57-based real-time PCR system, providing evidence for the presence of MAP in the raw material. As long as the link between MAP and Crohn's disease in humans remains unclear, measures designed to minimize public exposure should also include a focus on milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Kawaji S, Taylor DL, Mori Y, Whittington RJ. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ovine faeces by direct quantitative PCR has similar or greater sensitivity compared to radiometric culture. Vet Microbiol 2007; 125:36-48. [PMID: 17582709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to develop a new real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on IS900 for detection and quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA in faeces, and to use this to detect infected sheep. Both the C and S strains of MAP were detected by the QPCR assay, and no cross reactions were detected with 51 other species of mycobacteria including 10 which contained IS900-like sequences. One copy of IS900 fragment cloned into plasmid pCR2.1 and 1 fg of MAP genomic DNA were consistently detected, while in spiked faecal samples the detection limit was 10 viable MAP per gram of ovine faeces. A total of 506 individual ovine faecal samples and 27 pooled ovine faecal samples with known culture results were tested. The QPCR assay detected 68 of 69 BACTEC culture positive individual faeces and there was a strong relation between time to detection in culture and DNA quantity measured by QPCR (r= -0.70). In pooled faecal samples, QPCR also agreed with culture (kappa=0.59). MAP DNA was detected from some culture negative faecal samples from sheep exposed to MAP, suggesting that the QPCR has very high analytical sensitivity for MAP in faecal samples and detects non-viable MAP in ovine faeces. None of the faecal samples from 176 sheep that were not exposed to MAP were positive in QPCR. This is the first report of a direct faecal QPCR assay that has similar sensitivity to a gold standard radiometric culture assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawaji
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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33
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Cook KL, Britt JS. Optimization of methods for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples using quantitative, real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 69:154-60. [PMID: 17257697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Johne's disease, an enteric infection of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis), has been impeded by the lack of rapid, reliable detection methods. The goal of this study was to optimize methodologies for detecting M. paratuberculosis in manure from an infected dairy cow or in contaminated soil samples using a quantitative, real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) based analysis. Three different nucleic acid extraction techniques, the efficiency of direct versus indirect sample extraction, and sample pooling were assessed. The limit of detection was investigated by adding dilutions of M. paratuberculosis to soil. Results show that the highest yield (19.4+/-2.3 microg(-1) DNA extract) and the highest copy number of the targeted M. paratuberculosis IS900 sequence (1.3+/-0.2x10(8) copies g(-1) manure) were obtained with DNA extracted from manure using Qbiogene's Fast DNA Spin kit for soil. Pooling ten samples of M. paratuberculosis-contaminated soil improved the limit of detection ten fold (between 20 and 115 M. paratuberculosis cells g(-1) soil). Detection was between 65% and 95% higher when samples were extracted directly using bead-beating than when using pre-treatment with cell extraction buffers. The final soil-sampling and extraction regime was applied for detection of M. paratuberculosis in pasture soil after the removal of a M. paratuberculosis culture positive dairy cow. M. paratuberculosis remained in the pasture soil for more than 200 days. Results from these studies suggest that DNA extraction method, sampling protocol and PCR conditions each critically influence the outcome and validity of the QRT-PCR analysis of M. paratuberculosis concentrations in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Cook
- AWMRU, USDA-ARS, 230 Bennett Lane, Bowling Green, KY 42104, USA.
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Herthnek D, Bölske G. New PCR systems to confirm real-time PCR detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:87. [PMID: 17020599 PMCID: PMC1609169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Johne's disease, a serious chronic form of enteritis in ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). As the organism is very slow-growing and fastidious, several PCR-based methods for detection have been developed, based mainly on the MAP-specific gene IS900. However, because this gene is similar to genes in other mycobacteria, there is a need for sensitive and reliable methods to confirm the presence of MAP. As described here, two new real-time PCR systems on the IS900 gene and one on the F57 gene were developed and carefully validated on 267 strains and 56 positive clinical faecal samples. RESULTS Our confirmatory PCR systems on IS900 were found sensitive and specific, only yielding weak false positive reactions in one strain for each system. The PCR system on F57 did not elicit any false positives and was only slightly less sensitive than our primary IS900-system. DNA from both naturally infected and spiked faeces that tested positive with our primary system could be confirmed with all new systems, except one low-level infected sample that tested negative with the F57 system. CONCLUSION We recommend using the newly constructed DH3 PCR system on the F57 gene as the primary confirmatory test for PCR positives, but should it fail due to its lower sensitivity, the DH1 and DH2 PCR systems should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herthnek
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Bacteriology, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Bölske
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Bacteriology, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Bosshard C, Stephan R, Tasara T. Application of an F57 sequence-based real-time PCR assay for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis detection in bulk tank raw milk and slaughtered healthy dairy cows. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1662-7. [PMID: 16865901 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.7.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A light cycler-based real-time PCR assay that targets the F57 sequence was used to collect data on the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in 100 bulk tank raw milk samples and in a population of 101 slaughtered dairy cattle. The assay's reproducible detection limit in total genomic DNA templates isolated from 10-ml samples of MAP-spiked raw milk was 100 cells per ml. Similarly, the evaluation of MAP-spiked bovine feces also demonstrated that the assay had a reproducible detection limit of 100 cells if they were contained within 200 mg of fecal sample material. Among the 100 bulk tank milk samples that were tested, we found 3 samples (3%) to be positive for MAP In the slaughterhouse part of the study, 8.9% (9 of 101) of the cows were positive for MAP DNA in fecal samples, 4.9% (5 of 101) in mesenteric lymph nodes, 0.9% (1 of 101) in ileum tissue, and 3.6% (3 of 84) in milk. Meanwhile, for 2.9% (3 of 101) of the culled cows, MAP DNA was detected in samples of diaphragmatic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bosshard
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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