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Klangjorhor J, Phitak T, Pruksakorn D, Pothacharoen P, Kongtawelert P. Comparison of growth factor adsorbed scaffold and conventional scaffold with growth factor supplemented media for primary human articular chondrocyte 3D culture. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:108. [PMID: 25543823 PMCID: PMC4299815 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cartilage tissue engineering offers new strategies in repairing damaged cartilage. Scaffolds have been used for the in vitro and in vivo procedures for this application, which demonstrates the compatible biological and physical properties that mimic natural tissues. Several types of scaffolds were used and had different effects on cell functions. The study was designed to develop a functional gelatin scaffold by adsorption of hyaluronan (HA) and the transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) in a commercially available gelatin scaffold. Results The biological properties of human articular chondrocytes were investigated during a 21-day cultivation embedded in either HA + TGF-β3 adsorbed scaffolds or the conventional supplemented method. The rising of proliferation of chondrocytes embedded in adsorbed scaffolds was observed at day 17 and 21 of cultivation (1.27 and 1.28 fold, respectively). The chondrogenic gene expression of the chondrocytes embedded in HA + TGF-β3 adsorbed scaffolds significantly increased: SOX-9 (1.65 fold), ACAN (7.65 fold) and COL2A1 (1.83 fold). Remarkably, over the 21 days of cultivation, HA + TGF-β3 adsorbed scaffolds promoted the extracellular matrix molecules production with higher accumulation of HA (1.2 fold), collagen (1.42 fold) and uronic acid (1.41 fold). Moreover, the cell population and extracellular matrix production, which were examined by a histological analysis and a scanning electron microscope, were correlated with the biochemical analysis. Conclusion A small amount of HA and TGF-β3 initially adsorbed in the scaffolds (70 μg and 10 ng, respectively) was consumed over the 21-day cultivation. The HA + TGF-β3 adsorbed gelatin scaffold is effective and more suitable than the conventional supplemented method for the in vitro assessment of human chondrocyte 3D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeerawan Klangjorhor
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Intravarorot Road, Sripoom, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Thanyaluck Phitak
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Intravarorot Road, Sripoom, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Intravarorot Road, Sripoom, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Intravarorot Road, Sripoom, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Intravarorot Road, Sripoom, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Characterization of Corrosive Bacterial Consortia Isolated from Water in a Cooling Tower. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/803219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of a culturable corrosive bacterial community in water samples from a cooling tower was performed using traditional cultivation techniques and its identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Seven aerobic bacterial species were identified: Pseudomonas putida ARTYP1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ARTYP2, Massilia timonae ARTYP3, Massilia albidiflava ARTYP4, Pseudomonas mosselii ARTYP5, Massilia sp. ARTYP6, and Pseudomonas sp. ARTYP7. Although some of these species have commonly been observed and reported in biocorrosion studies, the genus Massilia is identified for the first time in water from a cooling tower. The biocorrosion behaviour of copper metal by the new species Massilia timonae ARTYP3 was selected for further investigation using a weight loss method, as well as electrochemical and surface analysis techniques (SEM, AFM, and FTIR). In contrast with an uninoculated system, thin bacterial biofilms and pitting corrosion were observed on the copper metal surface in the presence of M. timonae. The use of a biocide, bronopol, inhibited the formation of biofilm and pitting corrosion on the copper metal surface.
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Abstract
The interaction of bacteria with surfaces has important implications in a range of areas, including bioenergy, biofouling, biofilm formation, and the infection of plants and animals. Many of the interactions of bacteria with surfaces produce changes in the expression of genes that influence cell morphology and behavior, including genes essential for motility and surface attachment. Despite the attention that these phenotypes have garnered, the bacterial systems used for sensing and responding to surfaces are still not well understood. An understanding of these mechanisms will guide the development of new classes of materials that inhibit and promote cell growth, and complement studies of the physiology of bacteria in contact with surfaces. Recent studies from a range of fields in science and engineering are poised to guide future investigations in this area. This review summarizes recent studies on bacteria-surface interactions, discusses mechanisms of surface sensing and consequences of cell attachment, provides an overview of surfaces that have been used in bacterial studies, and highlights unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H. Tuson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,
WI 53706
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,
WI 53706
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI 53706
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Karunakaran E, Mukherjee J, Ramalingam B, Biggs CA. "Biofilmology": a multidisciplinary review of the study of microbial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1869-81. [PMID: 21538113 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The observation of biofilm formation is not a new phenomenon. The prevalence and significance of biofilm and aggregate formation in various processes have encouraged extensive research in this field for more than 40 years. In this review, we highlight techniques from different disciplines that have been used to successfully describe the extracellular, surface and intracellular elements that are predominant in understanding biofilm formation. To reduce the complexities involved in studying biofilms, researchers in the past have generally taken a parts-based, disciplinary specific approach to understand the different components of biofilms in isolation from one another. Recently, a few studies have looked into combining the different techniques to achieve a more holistic understanding of biofilms, yet this approach is still in its infancy. In order to attain a global understanding of the processes involved in the formation of biofilms and to formulate effective biofilm control strategies, researchers in the next decade should recognise that the study of biofilms, i.e. biofilmology, has evolved into a discipline in its own right and that mutual cooperation between the various disciplines towards a multidisciplinary research vision is vital in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Corte L, Antonielli L, Roscini L, Fatichenti F, Cardinali G. Influence of cell parameters in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of whole yeast cells. Analyst 2011; 136:2339-49. [PMID: 21494743 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) is an emerging technique in biology. One of the analytical problems inherent with this approach is the extreme variability typical of biological systems. Extrinsic fonts of variations are the growth media and the growth phase of the microbial culture. In order to gain knowledge on the relations between these two factors and the spectral variability, metabolomic changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells during growth were analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy. Spectral variations reflected the changes occurring in all cellular compartments and components during the different growth stages and describe the metabolomic evolution of cell cultures during growth. Three different media were tested. Different mathematical and statistical treatments were used to describe and evaluate the changes occurring during growth. Variations were mainly concentrated in the exponential phase, whereas fewer changes occurred in stationary phase cells. The three different media caused different metabolomic behaviours during growth. The mathematical distance between the peak areas of amide I, amide II and of two distinct peaks in the carbohydrates region could give a synthetic description of growth and produced similar trends in all the conditions tested. The distance between the two carbohydrate peaks could be used to determine the mid exponential phase and the entrance in the stationary phase. Growth phase was shown to influence the sensitivity of a FTIR-based cell stress bioassay. The knowledge of the metabolomic variations during growth could be used in the future to optimize FTIR applications in microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Corte
- Department Applied Biology-Microbiology, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
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Rajasekar A, Ting YP. Microbial Corrosion of Aluminum 2024 Aeronautical Alloy by Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria Bacillus cereus ACE4 and Serratia marcescens ACE2. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruliah Rajasekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Yen-Peng Ting
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
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Dynes JJ, Lawrence JR, Korber DR, Swerhone GDW, Leppard GG, Hitchcock AP. Morphological and biochemical changes in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms induced by sub-inhibitory exposure to antimicrobial agents. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:163-78. [PMID: 19295649 DOI: 10.1139/w08-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) were used to examine the morphological and biochemical changes in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms grown in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of 4 antimicrobial agents: triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, and trisodium phosphate. CLSM analyses using the stains SYTO9 and propidium iodide indicated that the antimicrobial agents affected cell membrane integrity and cellular density to differing degrees. However, fluorescein diacetate assays and plate counts demonstrated that the cells remained metabolically active. Fluorescent lectin binding assays showed that changes in the arrangement and composition of the exopolymer matrix of the biofilms also occurred and that these changes depended on the antimicrobial agent. Detailed single cell analyses using STXM provided evidence that the cell morphology, and the spatial distribution and relative amounts of protein, lipids and polysaccharides in the biofilms and within the cells were different for each antimicrobial. The distribution of chlorhexidine in the biofilm, determined from its distinct spectral signature, was localized mainly inside the bacterial cells. Each antimicrobial agent elicited a unique response; P. fluorescens cells and biofilms changed their morphology and architecture, as well as the distribution and abundance of biomacromolecules, in particular the exopolymer matrix. Pseudomonas fluorescens also exhibited adaptation to benzalkonium chloride at 10 microg/mL. Our observations point to the importance of changes in the quantity and chemistry of the exopolymeric matrix in the response to antimicrobial agents and suggest their importance as targets for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Dynes
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON-L8S-4M1, Canada
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Badireddy AR, Chellam S, Yanina S, Gassman P, Rosso KM. Bismuth dimercaptopropanol (BisBAL) inhibits the expression of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins by Brevundimonas diminuta: implications for membrane microfiltration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:634-43. [PMID: 17705249 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 2:1 molar ratio preparation of bismuth with a lipophilic dithiol (3-dimercapto-1-propanol, BAL) significantly reduced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) expression by Brevundimonas diminuta in suspended cultures at levels just below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Total polysaccharides and proteins secreted by B. diminuta decreased by approximately 95% over a 5-day period when exposed to the bismuth-BAL chelate (BisBAL) at near MIC (12 microM). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested that a possible mechanism of biofilm disruption by BisBAL is the inhibition of carbohydrate O-acetylation. FTIR also revealed extensive homology between EPS samples with and without BisBAL treatment, with proteins, polysaccharides, and peptides varying predominantly only in the amount expressed. EPS secretion decreased following BisBAL treatment as verified by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Without BisBAL treatment, a slime-like EPS matrix secreted by B. diminuta resulted in biofouling and inefficient hydrodynamic backwashing of microfiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appala Raju Badireddy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-4003, USA
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