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Qiu L, Dong S, Ashour A, Han B. Antimicrobial concrete for smart and durable infrastructures: A review. CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 2020; 260:120456. [PMID: 32904479 PMCID: PMC7455550 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Concrete structures in sewer systems, marine engineering, underground engineering and other humid environments are easily subjected to microbial attachment, colonization and, eventually, deterioration. With careful selection and treatment, some additives including inorganic and organic antimicrobial agents were found to be able to endow concrete with excellent antimicrobial performance. This paper reviews various types of antimicrobial concrete fabricated with different types of antimicrobial agents. The classification and methods of applying antimicrobial agents into concrete are briefly introduced. The antimicrobial and mechanical properties as well as mass/weight loss of concrete incorporating antimicrobial agents are summarized. Applications reported in this field are presented and future research opportunities and challenges of antimicrobial concrete are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Qiu
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 China
| | - Sufen Dong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ashraf Ashour
- Faculty of Engineering & Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Baoguo Han
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 China
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Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination on Prehospital Ambulances Before and After Disinfection. Prehosp Disaster Med 2018; 33:602-606. [PMID: 30376910 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x1800095x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contamination of the environment, ambulance equipment, and staff hands consequently are major factors which create nosocomial infections in emergency patients. The contamination of equipment and devices plays an important role in nosocomial infections. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a disinfectant on the rate of microbial contamination of ambulances in Qom Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Qom, Iran. METHODS This is a quasi-experimental study with a before-after design in order to determine microbial contaminations at the rear and front cabin of ambulances, as well as medical equipment being utilized in Qom EMS. Saya sept-HP-2% solution was used for disinfection. Bacteriological standard methods were used to identify the contaminations. RESULTS The contamination rates before and after use of disinfection solution were 52% and eight percent, respectively. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most commonly isolated bacterial agent from the equipment (53%). In all equipment, the contamination level has shown a significant reduction after applying disinfectant. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the fact that the rate of infection from ambulance equipment is high, the results showed that the use of the suitable disinfectant had an effective role in the reduction of bacteria. FarhadlooR, Goodarzi FarJ, AzadehMR, ShamsS, Parvaresh-MasoudM. Evaluation of bacterial contamination on prehospital ambulances before and after disinfection. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):602-606.
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Sikora P, Augustyniak A, Cendrowski K, Nawrotek P, Mijowska E. Antimicrobial Activity of Al₂O₃, CuO, Fe₃O₄, and ZnO Nanoparticles in Scope of Their Further Application in Cement-Based Building Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040212. [PMID: 29614721 PMCID: PMC5923542 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles were proposed as antibacterial cement admixtures for the production of cement-based composites. Nevertheless, the standards for evaluation of such admixtures still do not indicate which model organisms to use, particularly in regard to the further application of material. Apart from the known toxicity of nanomaterials, in the case of cement-based composites there are limitations associated with the mixing and dispersion of nanomaterials. Therefore, four nanooxides (Al2O3, CuO, Fe3O4, and ZnO) and seven microorganisms were tested to initially evaluate the applicability of nanooxides in relation to their further use in cement-based composites. Studies of nanoparticles included chemical analysis, microbial growth kinetics, 4- and 24 h toxicity, and biofilm formation assay. Nanooxides showed toxicity against microorganisms in the used concentration, although the populations were able to re-grow. Furthermore, the effect of action was variable even between strains from the same genus. The effect of nanoparticles on biofilms depended on the used strain. Gathered results show several problems that can occur while studying nanoparticles for specific further application. Proper protocols for nanomaterial dispersion prior the preparation of cement-based composites, as well as a standardized approach for their testing, are the fundamental issues that have to be resolved to produce efficient composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Sikora
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastow 50, 71-310 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastow 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Nawrotek
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Al. Piastow 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
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Östman M, Lindberg RH, Fick J, Björn E, Tysklind M. Screening of biocides, metals and antibiotics in Swedish sewage sludge and wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:318-328. [PMID: 28288311 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Incoming sewage water, treated effluent and digested sludge were collected from 11 Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs) on 3 different days. Analytical protocols were established for a large number of compounds (47) with antimicrobial properties and the collected samples were then screened for the presence of these selected substances. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to analyse the samples. Thirty organic compounds and 10 metals were detected above their respective detection limit. Quaternary ammonium compounds were the most abundant substances in the particulate phases with levels up to 370 μg/g and benzotriazoles were the most common in the aqueous phases with levels up to 24 μg/L. Several compounds with no, or very limited, previously reported data were detected in this study, including chlorhexidine, hexadecylpyridinium chloride and 10-benzalkonium chloride. Some of these were both frequently detected (>60% detection frequency) and found in high levels (up to 19 μg/g d.w. sludge). This study gives a comprehensive overview of the presence in Swedish STPs of a number of antimicrobial substances, providing crucial information in designing relevant studies on potential microbial co- and cross resistance development between antibiotics, biocides, and metals in the sewage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Östman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Björn
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Sikora P, Augustyniak A, Cendrowski K, Horszczaruk E, Rucinska T, Nawrotek P, Mijowska E. Characterization of Mechanical and Bactericidal Properties of Cement Mortars Containing Waste Glass Aggregate and Nanomaterials. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080701. [PMID: 28773823 PMCID: PMC5512523 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recycling of waste glass is a major problem for municipalities worldwide. The problem concerns especially colored waste glass which, due to its low recycling rate as result of high level of impurity, has mostly been dumped into landfills. In recent years, a new use was found for it: instead of creating waste, it can be recycled as an additive in building materials. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of manufacturing sustainable and self-cleaning cement mortars with use of commercially available nanomaterials and brown soda-lime waste glass. Mechanical and bactericidal properties of cement mortars containing brown soda-lime waste glass and commercially available nanomaterials (amorphous nanosilica and cement containing nanocrystalline titanium dioxide) were analyzed in terms of waste glass content and the effectiveness of nanomaterials. Quartz sand is replaced with brown waste glass at ratios of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by weight. Study has shown that waste glass can act as a successful replacement for sand (up to 100%) to produce cement mortars while nanosilica is incorporated. Additionally, a positive effect of waste glass aggregate for bactericidal properties of cement mortars was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Sikora
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastow 50, Szczecin 71-311, Poland.
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Doktora Judyma st. 26, Szczecin 71-466, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Cendrowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastow 45, Szczecin 71-311, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Horszczaruk
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastow 50, Szczecin 71-311, Poland.
| | - Teresa Rucinska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastow 50, Szczecin 71-311, Poland.
| | - Pawel Nawrotek
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Doktora Judyma st. 26, Szczecin 71-466, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastow 45, Szczecin 71-311, Poland.
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Latorre M, Quesille-Villalobos AM, Maza F, Parra A, Reyes-Jara A. Synergistic effect of copper and low temperature over Listeria monocytogenes. Biometals 2015; 28:1087-92. [PMID: 26515293 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to grow at low temperatures has allowed Listeria monocytogenes to become one of the primary food pathogens to date, representing a major public health problem worldwide. Several works have described the homeostatic response of L. monocytogenes under different copper (Cu) treatments growing at mild temperature (30 °C). The aims of this report were to evaluate if changes in the external concentration of Cu affected viability and Cu homeostasis of L. monocytogenes growing at low temperature. Ours results showed that L. monocytogenes growing at 8 °C had a reduced viability relative to 30 °C when exposed to Cu treatments. This decrease was correlated with an increase in the internal concentration of Cu, probably linked to the transcriptional down-regulation of mechanisms involved in Cu homeostasis. This combined effect of Cu and low temperature showed a synergistic impact over the viability and homeostasis of L. monocytogenes, where low temperature exacerbated the toxic effect of Cu. These results can be useful in terms of the use of Cu as an antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Latorre
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile.,Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 6th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Maza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angel Parra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Reyes-Jara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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Sánchez MB, Decorosi F, Viti C, Oggioni MR, Martínez JL, Hernández A. Predictive Studies Suggest that the Risk for the Selection of Antibiotic Resistance by Biocides Is Likely Low in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26201074 PMCID: PMC4511778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocides are used without restriction for several purposes. As a consequence, large amounts of biocides are released without any control in the environment, a situation that can challenge the microbial population dynamics, including selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Previous work has shown that triclosan selects Stenotrophomonas maltophilia antibiotic resistant mutants overexpressing the efflux pump SmeDEF and induces expression of this pump triggering transient low-level resistance. In the present work we analyze if two other common biocides, benzalkonium chloride and hexachlorophene, trigger antibiotic resistance in S. maltophilia. Bioinformatic and biochemical methods showed that benzalkonium chloride and hexachlorophene bind the repressor of smeDEF, SmeT. Only benzalkonium chloride triggers expression of smeD and its effect in transient antibiotic resistance is minor. None of the hexachlorophene-selected mutants was antibiotic resistant. Two benzalkonium chloride resistant mutants presented reduced susceptibility to antibiotics and were impaired in growth. Metabolic profiling showed they were more proficient than their parental strain in the use of some dipeptides. We can then conclude that although bioinformatic predictions and biochemical studies suggest that both hexachlorophene and benzalkonium chloride should induce smeDEF expression leading to transient S. maltophilia resistance to antibiotics, phenotypic assays showed this not to be true. The facts that hexachlorophene resistant mutants are not antibiotic resistant and that the benzalkonium chloride resistant mutants presenting altered susceptibility to antibiotics were impaired in growth suggests that the risk for the selection (and fixation) of S. maltophilia antibiotic resistant mutants by these biocides is likely low, at least in the absence of constant selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Blanca Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Decorosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - José Luis Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH); (JLM)
| | - Alvaro Hernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH); (JLM)
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Lavilla Lerma L, Benomar N, Casado Muñoz MDC, Gálvez A, Abriouel H. Correlation between antibiotic and biocide resistance in mesophilic and psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. isolated from slaughterhouse surfaces throughout meat chain production. Food Microbiol 2015; 51:33-44. [PMID: 26187825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate biocide susceptibility in mesophilic and psychrotrophic pseudomonads isolated from surfaces of a goat and lamb slaughterhouse, which was representative of the region. To determine biocide resistance in pseudomonads, we determined for the first time the epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) of benzalkonium, cetrimide, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene, P3 oxonia, polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG), topax 66 and triclosan being generally very similar in different Pseudomonas spp. with some exceptions. Thus, resistance of pseudomonads was mainly shown to triclosan, and in lesser extent to cetrimide and benzalkonium chloride depending on the species, however they were highly susceptible to industrial formulations of biocides. By means of statistical analysis, positive correlations between antibiotics, biocides and both antimicrobials in pseudomonads were detected suggesting a co- or cross resistance between different antimicrobials in goat and lamb slaughterhouse environment. Cross-resistance between biocides and antibiotics in pseudomonads were especially detected between PHMG or triclosan and different antibiotics depending on the biocide and the population type. Thus, the use of those biocides as disinfectant in slaughterhouse zones must be carefully evaluated because of the selection pressure effect of antimicrobials on the emergence of resistant bacteria which could be spread to the consumer. It is noteworthy that specific industrial formulations such as topax 66 and oxonia P3 showed few correlations with antibiotics (none or 1-2 antibiotics) which should be taken into consideration for disinfection practices in goat and lamb slaughterhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Casado Muñoz
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Chandad F, Rébillard A, Cillard J, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Silver-zeolite combined to polyphenol-rich extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum: potential active role in prevention of periodontal diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105475. [PMID: 25272151 PMCID: PMC4182675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate various biological effects of silver-zeolite and a polyphenol-rich extract of A. nodosum (ASCOP) to prevent and/or treat biofilm-related oral diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii contribute to the biofilm formation associated with chronic periodontitis. In this study, we evaluated in vitro antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of silver-zeolite (Ag-zeolite) combined to ASCOP on P. gingivalis and S. gordonii growth and biofilm formation capacity. We also studied the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities of ASCOP in cell culture models. While Ag-zeolite combined with ASCOP was ineffective against the growth of S. gordonii, it showed a strong bactericidal effect on P. gingivalis growth. Ag-zeolite combined with ASCOP was able to completely inhibit S. gordonii monospecies biofilm formation as well as to reduce the formation of a bi-species S. gordonii/P. gingivalis biofilm. ASCOP alone was ineffective towards the growth and/or biofilm formation of S. gordonii and P. gingivalis while it significantly reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6) by LPS-stimulated human like-macrophages. It also exhibited antioxidant properties and decreased LPS induced lipid peroxidation in gingival epithelial cells. These findings support promising use of these products in future preventive or therapeutic strategies against periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatiha Chandad
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, EA 1274, Université Rennes 1, Université Rennes 2, UEB, Rennes, France
| | - Josiane Cillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, EA 1274, Université Rennes 1, Université Rennes 2, UEB, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Equipe de Microbiologie, EA 1254, Université Rennes 1, UEB, Rennes, France
- Centre hospitalo-universitaire, Rennes, France
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Park SJ, Park SH, Ghim SY. The Effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 on Antifungal and Crack Remediation of Cement Paste. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:412-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Watanabe R, Shimoda T, Yano R, Hayashi Y, Nakamura S, Matsuo J, Yamaguchi H. Visualization of hospital cleanliness in three Japanese hospitals with a tendency toward long-term care. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:121. [PMID: 24593868 PMCID: PMC3996023 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital cleanliness in hospitals with a tendency toward long-term care in Japan remains unevaluated. We therefore visualized hospital cleanliness in Japan over a 2-month period by two distinct popular methods: ATP bioluminescence (ATP method) and the standard stamp agar method (stamp method). METHODS The surfaces of 752 sites within nurse and patient areas in three hospitals located in a central area of Sapporo, Japan were evaluated by the ATP and stamp methods, and each surface was sampled 8 times in 2 months. These areas were located in different ward units (Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology). Detection limits for the ATP and stamp methods were determined by spike experiments with a diluted bacterial solution and a wipe test on student tables not in use during winter vacation, respectively. Values were expressed as the fold change over the detection limit, and a sample with a value higher than the detection limit by either method was defined as positive. RESULTS The detection limits were determined to be 127 relative light units (RLU) per 100 cm2 for the ATP method and 5.3 colony-forming units (CFU) per 10 cm2 for the stamp method. The positive frequency of the ATP and stamp methods was 59.8% (450/752) and 47.7% (359/752), respectively, although no significant difference in the positive frequency among the hospitals was seen. Both methods revealed the presence of a wide range of organic contamination spread via hand touching, including microbial contamination, with a preponderance on the entrance floor and in patient rooms. Interestingly, the data of both methods indicated considerable variability regardless of daily visual assessment with usual wiping, and positive surfaces were irregularly seen. Nurse areas were relatively cleaner than patient areas. Finally, there was no significant correlation between the number of patients or medical personnel in the hospital and organic or microbiological contamination. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing daily hospital cleanliness is not sufficient in Japanese hospitals with a tendency toward long-term care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Nishi-5 Kita-12 Jo, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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Morrissey I, Oggioni MR, Knight D, Curiao T, Coque T, Kalkanci A, Martinez JL. Evaluation of epidemiological cut-off values indicates that biocide resistant subpopulations are uncommon in natural isolates of clinically-relevant microorganisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86669. [PMID: 24466194 PMCID: PMC3900580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To date there are no clear criteria to determine whether a microbe is susceptible to biocides or not. As a starting point for distinguishing between wild-type and resistant organisms, we set out to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) distributions for four common biocides; triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite for 3319 clinical isolates, with a particular focus on Staphylococcus aureus (N = 1635) and Salmonella spp. (N = 901) but also including Escherichia coli (N = 368), Candida albicans (N = 200), Klebsiella pneumoniae (N = 60), Enterobacter spp. (N = 54), Enterococcus faecium (N = 53), and Enterococcus faecalis (N = 56). From these data epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) are proposed. As would be expected, MBCs were higher than MICs for all biocides. In most cases both values followed a normal distribution. Bimodal distributions, indicating the existence of biocide resistant subpopulations were observed for Enterobacter chlorhexidine susceptibility (both MICs and MBCs) and the susceptibility to triclosan of Enterobacter (MBC), E. coli (MBC and MIC) and S. aureus (MBC and MIC). There is a concern on the potential selection of antibiotic resistance by biocides. Our results indicate however that resistance to biocides and, hence any potential association with antibiotic resistance, is uncommon in natural populations of clinically relevant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tania Curiao
- Servicio de Microbiología and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Coque
- Servicio de Microbiología and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ayse Kalkanci
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Evidence is accumulating for the role of cleaning in controlling hospital infections. Hospital pathogens such as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), norovirus, multi-resistant Gram-negative bacilli and Clostridium difficile persist in the healthcare environment for considerable lengths of time. Cleaning with both detergent and disinfectant-based regimens help control these pathogens in both routine and outbreak situations. The most important transmission risk comes from organisms on frequently handled items because hand contact with a contaminated site could deliver a pathogen to a patient. Cleaning practices should be tailored to clinical risk, near-patient areas and hand-touch-sites and scientifically evaluated for all surfaces and equipment in today’s hospitals.
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Santo CE, Quaranta D, Grass G. Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:46-52. [PMID: 22950011 PMCID: PMC3426407 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, copper (Cu) in its metallic form has regained interest for its antimicrobial properties. Use of metallic Cu surfaces in worldwide hospital trials resulted in remarkable reductions in surface contaminations. Yet, our understanding of why microbes are killed upon contact to the metal is still limited and different modes of action have been proposed. This knowledge, however, is crucial for sustained use of such surfaces in hospitals and other hygiene-sensitive areas. Here, we report on the molecular mechanisms by which the Gram-positive Staphylococcus haemolyticus is inactivated by metallic Cu. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was killed within minutes on Cu but not on stainless steel demonstrating the antimicrobial efficacy of metallic Cu. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis and in vivo staining with Coppersensor-1 indicated that cells accumulated large amounts of Cu ions from metallic Cu surfaces contributing to lethal damage. Mutation rates of Cu- or steel-exposed cells were similarly low. Instead, live/dead staining indicated cell membrane damage in Cu- but not steel-exposed cells. These findings support a model of the cellular targets of metallic Cu toxicity in bacteria, which suggests that metallic Cu is not genotoxic and does not kill via DNA damage. In contrast, membranes constitute the likely Achilles’ heel of Cu surface-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Espírito Santo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra and Marine and Environmental Research Center (IMAR-CMA)3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnNE 68588
| | - Davide Quaranta
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnNE 68588
| | - Gregor Grass
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnNE 68588
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Martínez-Abad A, Sánchez G, Lagaron J, Ocio M. On the different growth conditions affecting silver antimicrobial efficacy on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 158:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Torres-Urquidy O, Bright K. Efficacy of multiple metals against copper-resistant bacterial strains. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:695-704. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Hernández A, Ruiz FM, Romero A, Martínez JL. The binding of triclosan to SmeT, the repressor of the multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF, induces antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002103. [PMID: 21738470 PMCID: PMC3128119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide utilization of biocides poses a concern on the impact of these compounds on natural bacterial populations. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that biocides can select, at least in laboratory experiments, antibiotic resistant bacteria. This situation has raised concerns, not just on scientists and clinicians, but also on regulatory agencies, which are demanding studies on the impact that the utilization of biocides may have on the development on resistance and consequently on the treatment of infectious diseases and on human health. In the present article, we explored the possibility that the widely used biocide triclosan might induce antibiotic resistance using as a model the opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Biochemical, functional and structural studies were performed, focusing on SmeDEF, the most relevant antibiotic- and triclosan-removing multidrug efflux pump of S. maltophilia. Expression of smeDEF is regulated by the repressor SmeT. Triclosan released SmeT from its operator and induces the expression of smeDEF, thus reducing the susceptibility of S. maltophilia to antibiotics in the presence of the biocide. The structure of SmeT bound to triclosan is described. Two molecules of triclosan were found to bind to one subunit of the SmeT homodimer. The binding of the biocide stabilizes the N terminal domain of both subunits in a conformation unable to bind DNA. To our knowledge this is the first crystal structure obtained for a transcriptional regulator bound to triclosan. This work provides the molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms allowing the induction of phenotypic resistance to antibiotics by triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Hernández
- Centro Nacional del Biotecnología, CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Martínez
- Centro Nacional del Biotecnología, CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Dancer SJ. Hospital cleaning in the 21st century. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:1473-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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