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Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Analysis and Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Grapes and Derived Products. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that can cause toxic effects in human and animal health. Most of the filamentous fungi that produce these mycotoxins belong to four genera, namely, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Mycotoxigenic fungi, along with mycotoxins, create a constant and serious economic threat for agriculture in many terms, counting product losses due to crop contamination and food spoilage, as well malnutrition when considering nutritional quality degradation. Given the importance of robust and precise diagnostics of mycotoxins and the related producing fungi in the grape food chain, one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide, the present review initially delivers a comprehensive presentation of mycotoxin reports on grape and derived products, including a wide range of commodities such as fresh grapes, raisins, wine, juices, and other processed products. Next, based on worldwide regulations’ requirements for mycotoxins, and referring to the relative literature, this work presents methodological approaches for mycotoxin determination, and stresses major methods for the detection of fungal species responsible for mycotoxin production. The principle of function and basic technical background on the available analytical and molecular biology techniques developed—including chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunochemical-based assays, biosensors, and molecular assays—is briefly given, and references for their application to grape and derived product testing are highlighted.
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Chiotta ML, Fumero MV, Cendoya E, Palazzini JM, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Ramirez ML, Chulze SN. Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:339-347. [PMID: 32718824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that mainly belong to Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria, which can grow in a variety of crops including cereals, oilseeds and fruits. Consequently, their prevalence in foods and by-products not only affects human and animal health but also causes important losses in both domestic and international markets. This review provides data about toxigenic fungal species and mycotoxin occurrence in different crops commonly grown in Argentina. This information will be relevant to establish adequate management strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins on human food and animal feed chains and to implement future legislation on the maximum permitted levels of these fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Chiotta
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET.
| | - María Verónica Fumero
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Juan Manuel Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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Xanthopoulou A, Ganopoulos I, Tryfinopoulou P, Panagou EZ, Osanthanunkul M, Madesis P, Kizis D. Rapid and accurate identification of black aspergilli from grapes using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:309-314. [PMID: 29876941 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus is a diverse genus of fungi with high economic and social impact. Various species that belong to section Nigri (black aspergilli) are common agents of grape spoilage and potent producers of ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin associated with various nephrotoxic and immunotoxic effects in humans. Black aspergilli are difficult to classify following only phenotypic criteria; thus chemotaxonomic and molecular methods are employed in parallel with phenotypic ones for species characterization. These approaches, though accurate and replicable, require more than one individual step and are to a certain extent laborious when a rapid identification of these species is required. RESULTS The aim of this study was to develop a high-resolution melting polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) assay as a rapid method for identification of Aspergillus spp. section Nigri isolates and their detection in grape samples. Melt curve analysis of amplicons originating from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) ribosomal region generated species-specific HRM curve profiles, enabling the accurate differentiation of the analyzed genotypes. Furthermore, the assay was able to identify A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, A. niger, A. ibericus and A. japonicus in grape samples artificially inoculated with conidia of these fungi. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first report on the development of an HRM-PCR assay for the identification of black Aspergillus species in grape samples. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalitsa Tryfinopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Z Panagou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maslin Osanthanunkul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
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Ab Majid AH, Zahran Z, Abd Rahim AH, Ismail NA, Abdul Rahman W, Mohammad Zubairi KS, Dieng H, Satho T. Morphological and molecular characterization of fungus isolated from tropical bed bugs in Northern Peninsular Malaysia, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Giaj Merlera G, Muñoz S, Coelho I, Cavaglieri LR, Torres AM, Reynoso MM. Diversity of black Aspergilli isolated from raisins in Argentina: Polyphasic approach to species identification and development of SCAR markers for Aspergillus ibericus. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 210:92-101. [PMID: 26114593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Nigri is a heterogeneous fungal group including some ochratoxin A producer species that usually contaminate raisins. The section contains the Series Carbonaria which includes the toxigenic species Aspergillus carbonarius and nontoxigenic Aspergillus ibericus that are phenotypically undistinguishable. The aim of this study was to examine the diversity of black aspergilli isolated from raisins and to develop a specific genetic marker to distinguish A. ibericus from A. carbonarius. The species most frequently found in raisins in this study were Aspergillus tubingensis (35.4%) and A. carbonarius (32.3%), followed by Aspergillus luchuensis (10.7%), Aspergillus japonicus (7.7%), Aspergillus niger (6.2%), Aspergillus welwitschiae (4.6%) and A. ibericus (3.1%). Based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting profiles of major Aspergillus section Nigri members, a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was identified. Primers were designed based on the conserved regions of the SCAR marker and were utilized in a PCR for simultaneous identification of A. carbonarius and A. ibericus. The detection level of the SCAR-PCR was found to be 0.01 ng of purified DNA. The present SCAR-PCR is rapid and less cumbersome than conventional identification techniques and could be a supplementary strategy and a reliable tool for high-throughput sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giaj Merlera
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - S Muñoz
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I Coelho
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, IV-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - L R Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; The Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - A M Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; The Research Career of CONICET, Argentina.
| | - M M Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; The Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
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Chiotta M, Sosa D, Ponsone M, Chulze S. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth of Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus tubingensis and their interactions on ochratoxin A production. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Nigri are described as the main source of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes and wine worldwide. The grape-growing area in Argentina has a wide latitudinal extension with ecological variations that allow the classification of well-demarcated regions. The aims of this study were: to determine the effect of eco-physiological parameters on growth of Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus carbonarius and to evaluate the interaction between these species on OTA production in synthetic grape juice medium under different water activity (aw) and temperature conditions. The results showed that optimal growth conditions for A. tubingensis and A. carbonarius were 0.980 aw and 28 °C, however A. tubingensis grew faster than A. carbonarius at all temperatures and aw tested. OTA production by A. carbonarius was favoured at 20 °C and 0.950-0.965 aw, during 14 days of incubation. The effect of A. tubingensis on OTA production by A. carbonarius was mainly dependent on temperature. At 35 °C, A. tubingensis reduced the OTA production while this effect was not observed at 20 °C. More OTA could be produced as a defence reaction against fungal competitors to maintain niche colonisation, but in this study no effects by a related species were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Chiotta
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - D.M. Sosa
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellowship of CONICET, Argentina
| | - M.L. Ponsone
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - S.N. Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
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Rousseaux S, Diguta CF, Radoï-Matei F, Alexandre H, Guilloux-Bénatier M. Non-Botrytis grape-rotting fungi responsible for earthy and moldy off-flavors and mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:104-21. [PMID: 24290633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The grape microflora is complex and includes filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics and effects on wine production. Most studies have focused on the wine microbiota, but a few studies have reported the ecology of grape microorganisms. Some of these organisms - such as non-Botrytis bunch rotting fungi, which greatly influence the safety or sensory quality of wine, due to the production of mycotoxins and off-flavors, respectively - are considered to be spoilage agents. We review here the diversity of filamentous fungi on grapes and the factors influencing their development, such as grape ripening stage, environmental factors (climate, rain and cultivation practices), grape variety and grape health status. We also discuss the pathways by which mycotoxins and off-flavors are produced, the control of the population, the metabolites responsible for wine spoilage and the methods for detecting and characterizing the microorganisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rousseaux
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon Laboratoire VALMiS Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Biodiversity of Aspergillus section Nigri populations in Argentinian vineyards and ochratoxin A contamination. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:182-90. [PMID: 24010597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Nigri are described as the main source of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes and wine worldwide. The knowledge of the factors affecting grape contamination by species included in this section and OTA production is essential to be able to reduce their presence, not only to improve wine quality, but also to maintain their safety. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the incidence of Aspergillus section Nigri species harvested in different grape-growing regions from Argentina, their ability to produce OTA, to correlate with meteorological conditions and geographical coordinates with their prevalence and to evaluate the OTA natural occurrence in grapes and wines. The morphological identification showed that Aspergillus niger aggregate species were the most prevalent ones, followed by Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus uniseriate. These populations were confirmed through using AFLP markers and sequencing and, Aspergillus tubingensis was separated from A. niger aggregate. Climatic factors, altitude, longitude and latitude have influenced on the distribution of species included in the section. A. carbonarius and A. niger were OTA producers but differed in their OTA producing ability. Temperature was the factor which influenced the most over the highest incidence of A. carbonarius in La Rioja and San Juan regions. The trellis system in vineyards and drip irrigation also influenced the species isolation. The OTA levels detected in grapes and wines were low, but grape variety was more important in susceptibility to fungal infection and OTA levels.
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Daskaya-Dikmen C, Heperkan D. Fumonisin production of black Aspergilliin vitro, fumonisin and ochratoxin A production in figs of positive strains and their growth assessment. TOXIN REV 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2012.756524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Storari M, Bigler L, Gessler C, Broggini GAL. Assessment of the ochratoxin A production ability of Aspergillus tubingensis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1450-4. [PMID: 22827810 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.698656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus tubingensis is a black Aspergillus frequently isolated from different agricultural products, including grapes. Conflicting results have been published in recent years about its ability to produce ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin. This study re-examined six A. tubingensis strains deposited in international culture collections for OTA production. OTA could not be detected in any A. tubingensis extract using HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (FLD), whereas it was easily detected in ochratoxigenic A. niger extracts used as positive control. The same outcome was obtained using LC-MS. The presence of other metabolites with retention times similar to the OTA signal in the A. tubingensis extracts or background noise of the growth media may be reasons for the misinterpretation of the chromatograms obtained by HPLC-FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Storari
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chiotta M, Susca A, Stea G, Mulè G, Perrone G, Logrieco A, Chulze S. Phylogenetic characterization and ochratoxin A – Fumonisin profile of black Aspergillus isolated from grapes in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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