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Li E, Saleem F, Edge TA, Schellhorn HE. Assessment of crAssphage as a human fecal source tracking marker in the lower Great Lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168840. [PMID: 38036144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
CrAssphage or crAss-like phage ranks as the most abundant phage in the human gut and is present in human feces-contaminated environments. Due to its high human specificity and sensitivity, crAssphage is a potentially robust source tracking indicator that can distinguish human fecal contamination from agricultural or wildlife sources. Its suitability in the Great Lakes area, one of the world's most important water systems, has not been well tested. In this study, we tested a qPCR-based quantification method using two crAssphage marker genes (ORF18-mod and CPQ_064) at Toronto recreational beaches along with their adjacent river mouths. Our results showed a 71.4 % (CPQ_064) and 100 % (ORF18-mod) human sensitivity for CPQ_064 and ORF18-mod, and a 100 % human specificity for both marker genes. CrAssphage was present in 57.7 % or 71.2 % of environmental water samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.45 to 5.14 log10 gene copies per 100 mL water. Though concentrations of the two marker genes were strongly correlated, ORF18-mod features a higher human sensitivity and higher positive detection rates in environmental samples. Quantifiable crAssphage was mostly present in samples collected in June and July 2021 associated with higher rainfall. In addition, rivers had more frequent crAssphage presence and higher concentrations than their associated beaches, indicating more frequent and greater human fecal contamination in the rivers. However, crAssphage was more correlated with E. coli and Enterococcus at the beaches than in the rivers, suggesting human fecal sources may be more predominant in driving the increases in E. coli and Enterococcus at the beaches when impacted by river plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Li
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Faizan Saleem
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Thomas A Edge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Herb E Schellhorn
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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2
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Gholipour S, Nikaeen M, Rabbani D, Mohammadi F, Manesh RM, Besharatipour N, Bina B. Occurrence of enteric and non-enteric microorganisms in coastal waters impacted by anthropogenic activities: A multi-route QMRA for swimmers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114716. [PMID: 36860014 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial characteristics of coastal waters which are impacted by anthropogenic pollution as well as estimate the health risks associated with exposure to enteric and non-enteric microorganisms during swimming. Fecal indicator bacteria were highly detected in samples. Moreover, pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms were found, with the highest frequency for Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Adenovirus 40/41, Acanthamoeba spp., Salmonella enterica, and Cryptosporidium parvum. The median risk of gastrointestinal illness through ingestion of water was estimated to be above the benchmark value of 0.05 per event recommended by WHO. Cryptosporidium followed by Adenovirus, showed higher illness risks than Salmonella. The potential risks of Acanthamoeba and P. aeruginosa were estimated to be low for both dermal and ocular exposure routes. However, there are uncertainties about the infectious fraction of pathogens existing in coastal waters and the delivered dose of microorganisms from dermal/ocular exposure during recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi Manesh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nayereh Besharatipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bijan Bina
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Dang HTT, Tarabara VV. Attachment of human adenovirus onto household paints. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111812. [PMID: 34020317 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of human adenovirus 40 (HAdV40) onto surfaces coated with three compositionally different household paints was evaluated experimentally and interpreted based on measured physicochemical properties of the paints. Polar, dispersive and electrostatic interactions between HAdV40 and the paints were predicted using the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) model. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) was used to quantify virus attachment to paints from 1 mM and 150 mM NaCl solutions, with the latter having the ionic strength of a typical respiratory fluid. Acrylic latex water-based, alkyd water-based, and alkyd oil-based paints were all determined to be highly hydrophobic (ΔGsws < - 48 mJ/m2). XDLVO modeling and preliminary QCM-D tests evaluated virus-paint interactions within and outside pH windows of favorable virus-paint electrostatic interactions. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions governed virus attachment while van der Waals interactions played a relatively minor role. In higher ionic strength solutions, the extent of virus attachment correlated with the free energy of virus-paint interfacial interaction, [Formula: see text] : more negative energies corresponded to higher values of the areal mass density of attached viruses. Hydrophobicity was the dominant factor in determining virus adhesion from high ionic strength solutions where electrostatic interactions were screened out. The hydrophobicity of paints, while desirable for minimizing moisture intrusion, also facilitates attachment of colloids such as viruses. The results call for new approaches to the materials design of indoor paints with enhanced resistance to virus adhesion. Paints so formulated should help reduce human exposure to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien T T Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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5
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Shin H, Park H, Seo DJ, Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Park KH, Choi C. Foodborne Viruses Detected Sporadically in the Fresh Produce and Its Production Environment in South Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:411-420. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hansaem Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
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6
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Matrajt G, Naughton B, Bandyopadhyay AS, Meschke JS. A Review of the Most Commonly Used Methods for Sample Collection in Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:S90-S97. [PMID: 30376094 PMCID: PMC6206110 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a review of the environmental surveillance methods commonly used to collect and concentrate poliovirus (PV) from water samples. We compared the sampling approaches (trap vs grab), the process methods (precipitation vs filtration), and the various tools and chemical reagents used to separate PV from other viruses and pathogens in water samples (microporous glass, pads, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/dextran, PEG/sodium chloride, NanoCeram/ViroCap, and ester membranes). The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered, and the geographical areas where they are currently used are discussed. Several methods have demonstrated the ability to concentrate and recover PVs from environmental samples. The details of the particular sampling conditions and locations should be considered carefully in method selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Matrajt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington
| | | | | | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington
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7
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Bailey ES, Casanova LM, Simmons OD, Sobsey MD. Tertiary treatment and dual disinfection to improve microbial quality of reclaimed water for potable and non-potable reuse: A case study of facilities in North Carolina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:379-388. [PMID: 29482146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater is increasingly of interest for either nonpotable purposes, such as agriculture and industrial use, or as source water for drinking water supplies; however, this type of advanced treatment for water supply is not always possible for many low resource settings. As an alternative, multiple barriers of physical, chemical and biological treatment with lower cost and simpler operation and maintenance have been proposed as more globally applicable. One such water reclamation system for both non-potable and potable reuse, is that approved by the State of North Carolina "for Type 2" reclaimed water (NCT2RW). NC Type 2 potable reuse systems consist of a sequence of tertiary treatment to produce well oxidized reclaimed water that is then then further treated by two steps of disinfection, typically UV radiation and chlorination. In this case study, the log10 microbial reduction performance of NCT2RW producing water reclamation facilities is evaluated. Based on the results presented here, NCT2RW consistently achieved high (6 for bacteria, 4 for virus and 4 for protozoan parasite surrogates) log10 reductions using the NC proposed treatment methods. Additionally, lower but significant log10 reduction performance was also documented for protozoan parasites and human enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bailey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Lisa M Casanova
- Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 3110 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Mark D Sobsey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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8
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Junter GA, Lebrun L. Cellulose-based virus-retentive filters: a review. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2017; 16:455-489. [PMID: 32214924 PMCID: PMC7088658 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-017-9434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral filtration is a critical step in the purification of biologics and in the monitoring of microbiological water quality. Viral filters are also essential protection elements against airborne viral particles. The present review first focuses on cellulose-based filter media currently used for size-exclusion and/or adsorptive filtration of viruses from biopharmaceutical and environmental water samples. Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption-elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters. Viral analysis of field water samples by the viradel technique is also surveyed. This review then describes cellulose-based filter media used in individual protection equipment against airborne viral pathogens, presenting innovative filtration media with virucidal properties. Some pros and cons of cellulosic viral filters and perspectives for cellulose-based materials in viral filtration are underlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
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9
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Field-based evaluation of a male-specific (F+) RNA coliphage concentration method. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:9-16. [PMID: 27777078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of water poses a significant risk to public health due to the potential presence of pathogens, including enteric viruses. Therefore, sensitive, reliable and easy to use methods for the concentration, detection and quantification of microorganisms associated with the safety and quality of water are needed. In this study, we performed a field evaluation of an anion exchange resin-based method to concentrate male-specific (F+) RNA coliphages (FRNA), fecal indicator organisms, from diverse environmental waters that were suspected to be contaminated with feces. In this system, FRNA coliphages are adsorbed to anion exchange resin and direct nucleic acid isolation is performed, yielding a sample amenable to real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR detection. Matrix-dependent inhibition of this method was evaluated using known quantities of spiked FRNA coliphages belonging to four genogroups (GI, GII, GII and GIV). RT-PCR-based detection was successful in 97%, 72%, 85% and 98% of the samples spiked (106 pfu/l) with GI, GII, GIII and GIV, respectively. Differential FRNA coliphage genogroup detection was linked to inhibitors that altered RT-PCR assay efficiency. No association between inhibition and the physicochemical properties of the water samples was apparent. Additionally, the anion exchange resin method facilitated detection of naturally present FRNA coliphages in 40 of 65 environmental water samples (61.5%), demonstrating the viability of this system to concentrate FRNA coliphages from water.
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10
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Ahmed W, Gyawali P, Toze S. Evaluation of Glass Wool Filters and Hollow-Fiber Ultrafiltration Concentration Methods for qPCR Detection of Human Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses in River Water. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2016; 227:327. [PMID: 32214527 PMCID: PMC7089043 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-016-3026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to low numbers and small sizes. Rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has the potential to improve water quality analysis and risk assessment. However, capturing and recovering these viruses from environmental water remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the recovery efficiencies of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from 10-L river water samples seeded with raw human wastewater (100 and 10 mL) using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) and glass wool filter (GWF) methods. The mean recovery efficiencies of HAdVs in river water samples through HFUF were 36 and 86 % for 100 and 10 mL of seeded human wastewater, respectively. In contrast, the estimated mean recovery efficiencies of HAdVs in river water samples through GWF were 1.3 and 3 % for 100 and 10 mL seeded raw human wastewater, respectively. Similar trends were also observed for HPyVs. Recovery efficiencies of HFUF method were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than GWF for both HAdVs and HPyVs. Our results clearly suggest that HFUF would be a preferred method for concentrating HAdVs and HPyVs from river water followed by subsequent detection and quantification with PCR/qPCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Qld 4102 Australia
| | - P. Gyawali
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Qld 4102 Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006 Australia
| | - S. Toze
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Qld 4102 Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006 Australia
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11
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Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J. Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:308-26. [PMID: 27065054 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in water treatment technologies in developed countries, waterborne viruses are still associated with many of cases of illness each year. These illnesses include gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and respiratory infections. Importantly, outbreaks of viral disease from waters deemed compliant from bacterial indicator testing still occur, which highlights the need to monitor the virological quality of water. Human adenoviruses are often used as a viral indicator of water quality (faecal contamination), as this pathogen has high UV-resistance and is prevalent in untreated domestic wastewater all year round, unlike enteroviruses and noroviruses that are often only detected in certain seasons. Standard methods for recovering and measuring adenovirus numbers in water are lacking, and there are many variations in published methods. Since viral numbers are likely under-estimated when optimal methods are not used, a comprehensive review of these methods is both timely and important. This review critically evaluates how estimates of adenovirus numbers in water are impacted by technical manipulations, such as during adenovirus concentration and detection (including culturing and polymerase-chain reaction). An understanding of the implications of these issues is fundamental to obtaining reliable estimation of adenovirus numbers in water. Reliable estimation of HAdV numbers is critical to enable improved monitoring of the efficacy of water treatment processes, accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment, and to ensure microbiological safety of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Helen Stratton
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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12
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McMinn BR, Korajkic A, Grimm AC. Optimization and evaluation of a method to detect adenoviruses in river water. J Virol Methods 2016; 231:8-13. [PMID: 26874286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are often implicated in recreational water disease outbreaks but existing methods for their detection perform poorly within these matrices. In this study, small volume (100mL) concentration was used to identify processes that promoted recovery of adenovirus from river water. Several alternative secondary concentration techniques were investigated and compared to the baseline method consisting of primary concentration via filtration, followed by celite mediated secondary concentration. The alternative secondary concentrations included multiple filter elutions, soaking the filter for 15 min prior to elution and concentration using pre-treated celite (river water, 1.5% and 3% milk) instead of a filter. Modifications of the viral nucleic acid extraction technique were also evaluated. Concentration using pre-treated celite and a modified extraction technique (10 min boil and a 1h ProK incubation at 37 °C) recovered significantly higher levels of adenovirus (P=0.001) than other methods tested. This optimized method increased recovery of spiked adenovirus (57 ± 27%) compared to baseline method performance (4 ± 3%) indicating that use of pre-treated celite as opposed to filtration significantly improves recovery. Application of the optimized concentration method to larger volume (1L) of river water resulted in similar recoveries (42 ± 19%) underlying the utility of this method to detect adenovirus from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Ann C Grimm
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Saito Y, Moi ML, Kotaki A, Ikeda M, Tajima S, Shiba H, Hosono K, Saijo M, Kurane I, Takasaki T. Detecting Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 (NS1) in Urine Samples Using ELISA for the Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:455-60. [PMID: 25766601 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a serious global health threat. For the surveillance and control of dengue, there is a need for robust diagnostic tools that are relatively easy to use and reliable in various clinical settings. We investigated the applicability of NS1 antigen detection in urine samples for the diagnosis of DENV. About 118 urine samples, obtained from 96 dengue patients at various phases of disease, were used for this study. NS1 antigen was detected by ELISA in the urine samples obtained from patients after 2-17 days of disease onset. Positive detection rates of NS1 antigen ranged between 13-43%. Based on real-time RT-PCR, positive detection rates of viral genome in the urine samples ranged between 20-33% on days 0 to ≥15. On days 11 to ≥15 after the disease onset, NS1 antigen was detected at similar rates in serum and urine samples. Additionally, NS1 antigen was detected in 2 urine samples, but not in the serum samples, on days 7 and 16 after the onset of the disease. The results confirm the applicability of NS1 antigen detection in urine samples using ELISA to diagnose acute DENV infection and suggests that the assay is potentially useful when only limited amounts of serum samples are available and in limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Saito
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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14
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Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2042-9. [PMID: 25576614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03851-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are relatively difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to typically low concentrations and their small size. Although rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to greatly improve water quality analysis and risk assessment, the upstream steps of capturing and recovering viruses from environmental water sources along with removing PCR inhibitors from extracted nucleic acids remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the efficiency of virus recovery for three rapid methods of concentrating two microbial source tracking (MST) viral markers human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from one liter tap water and river water samples on HA membranes (90 mm in diameter). Samples were spiked with raw sewage, and viral adsorption to membranes was promoted by acidification (method A) or addition of MgCl2 (methods B and C). Viral nucleic acid was extracted directly from membranes (method A), or viruses were eluted with NaOH and concentrated by centrifugal ultrafiltration (methods B and C). No inhibition of qPCR was observed for samples processed by method A, but inhibition occurred in river samples processed by B and C. Recovery efficiencies of HAdVs and HPyVs were ∼10-fold greater for method A (31 to 78%) than for methods B and C (2.4 to 12%). Further analysis of membranes from method B revealed that the majority of viruses were not eluted from the membrane, resulting in poor recovery. The modification of the originally published method A to include a larger diameter membrane and a nucleic acid extraction kit that could accommodate the membrane resulted in a rapid virus concentration method with good recovery and lack of inhibitory compounds. The frequently used strategy of viral absorption with added cations (Mg(2+)) and elution with acid were inefficient and more prone to inhibition, and will result in underestimation of the prevalence and concentrations of HAdVs and HPyVs markers in environmental waters.
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Pérez-Méndez A, Chandler J, Bisha B, Goodridge L. Evaluation of an anion exchange resin-based method for concentration of F-RNA coliphages (enteric virus indicators) from water samples. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Pérez-Méndez A, Chandler JC, Bisha B, Goodridge LD. Concentration of enteric viruses from tap water using an anion exchange resin-based method. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:95-8. [PMID: 24911889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detecting low concentrations of enteric viruses in water is needed for public health-related monitoring and control purposes. Thus, there is a need for sensitive, rapid and cost effective enteric viral concentration methods compatible with downstream molecular detection. Here, a virus concentration method based on adsorption of the virus to an anion exchange resin and direct isolation of nucleic acids is presented. Ten liter samples of tap water spiked with different concentrations (10-10,000 TCID50/10 L) of human adenovirus 40 (HAdV-40), hepatitis A virus (HAV) or rotavirus (RV) were concentrated and detected by real time PCR or real time RT-PCR. This method improved viral detection compared to direct testing of spiked water samples where the ΔCt was 12.1 for AdV-40 and 4.3 for HAV. Direct detection of RV in water was only possible for one of the three replicates tested (Ct of 37), but RV detection was improved using the resin method (all replicates tested positive with an average Ct of 30, n=3). The limit of detection of the method was 10 TCID50/10 L for HAdV-40 and HAV, and 100 TCID50/10 L of water for RV. These results compare favorably with detection limits reported for more expensive and laborious methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - J C Chandler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - B Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - L D Goodridge
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Wu J, Gronewold AD, Rodriguez RA, Stewart JR, Sobsey MD. Integrating quantitative PCR and Bayesian statistics in quantifying human adenoviruses in small volumes of source water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:255-262. [PMID: 24140696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid quantification of viral pathogens in drinking and recreational water can help reduce waterborne disease risks. For this purpose, samples in small volume (e.g. 1L) are favored because of the convenience of collection, transportation and processing. However, the results of viral analysis are often subject to uncertainty. To overcome this limitation, we propose an approach that integrates Bayesian statistics, efficient concentration methods, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify viral pathogens in water. Using this approach, we quantified human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in eighteen samples of source water collected from six drinking water treatment plants. HAdVs were found in seven samples. In the other eleven samples, HAdVs were not detected by qPCR, but might have existed based on Bayesian inference. Our integrated approach that quantifies uncertainty provides a better understanding than conventional assessments of potential risks to public health, particularly in cases when pathogens may present a threat but cannot be detected by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Andrew D Gronewold
- NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States
| | - Roberto A Rodriguez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Mark D Sobsey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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18
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McMinn BR. Optimization of adenovirus 40 and 41 recovery from tap water using small disk filters. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Uncertainty analysis of the recovery of hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for multiple microbe classes from water: A Bayesian approach. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Zhang Y, Riley LK, Lin M, Purdy GA, Hu Z. Development of a virus concentration method using lanthanum-based chemical flocculation coupled with modified membrane filtration procedures. J Virol Methods 2013; 190:41-8. [PMID: 23557666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Direct membrane filtration is often used to concentrate viruses in water but it may suffer from severe membrane fouling and clogging. Here, a lanthanum-based flocculation method coupled with modified membrane filtration procedures was developed and evaluated to detect viruses in large volume (40 L) water samples. The lanthanum-based flocculation method could easily reduce the water sample volume by a factor of 40. Additional volume reduction was achieved by a two-step membrane filtration approach. First, selected membrane filters (including 1MDS electropositive filters and nitrocellulose electronegative filters-Millipore HATF filters) were used to reduce water sample volume further and compare their efficiencies in virus recovery. The Mg²⁺-modified HATF membrane performed better on MS2 retention with an average virus recovery of 83.4% (±4.5% [standard deviation]). After HATF membrane filtration and elution, centrifugal ultrafiltration through a 30 kDa cut-off membrane resulted in an overall concentration factor of 20,000. Results from the infectivity assay showed that the MS2 recovery efficiencies from the NanoCeram- and 1MDS-based direct filtration and the lanthanum-based concentration coupled with the modified filtration procedure were 10.1% (±1.0%), 3.3% (±0.1%), and 17.5% (±1.1%), respectively. Results from the PCR analysis showed that the virus recoveries of the lanthanum-based method were 20.6% (±2.9%) and 19.5% (±3.4%) for MS2 and adenovirus, respectively, while no adenovirus could be detected through the NanoCeram- and 1MDS-based direct filtration. The lanthanum-based concentration method coupled with modified membrane filtration procedures is therefore a promising method for detecting waterborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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21
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Chigor VN, Okoh AI. Quantitative detection and characterization of human adenoviruses in the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:198-208. [PMID: 23412891 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Over a 1-year period (August 2010-July 2011), we assessed the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) at a total of 6 sites on the river and three dams along its course. HAdVs were detected by real-time quantitative PCR in about 35 % of the samples with concentrations ranging from 1.2 × 10(1) genome copies (GC)/l to 4.71 × 10(3) GC/l. HAdVs were detected at 5 of the 6 sampling sites with the detection rate ranging from 8.3 % at Rooikrantz Dam to 92 % at Parkside. The HAdV concentrations across the sampling sites were as follows: Parkside (3.25 × 10(2)-4.71 × 10(3) GC/); King William's Town (1.02 × 10(2)-4.56 × 10(3) GC/l); and Eluxolzweni (1.17 × 10(2)-3.97 × 10(2) GC/l). Significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations were detected at the non-dam sites compared to the dam sites. A very low mean concentration of 1.86 × 10(1) HAdV GC/l was observed at Bridle Drift Dam. While HAdVs were detected only once at Rooikrantz Dam (1.74 × 10(1) GC/l), no HAdV was detected at Maden Dam. Epidemiologically important serotypes, Ad40/41, constituted 83.3 %, while Ad21 made up 16.7 % of the all HAdVs detected and were characterized by qualitative PCR. The Buffalo River presents a public health risk heightened by the presence of Ad 40/41 and Ad21. Our results make imperative the need for assessing water sources for viral contamination in the interest of public health. This work is a significant contribution to the molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report on detection of enteric virus from surface waters in the Eastern Cape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Chigor
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
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De Keuckelaere A, Baert L, Duarte A, Stals A, Uyttendaele M. Evaluation of viral concentration methods from irrigation and processing water. J Virol Methods 2012. [PMID: 23201288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four viral concentration methods were evaluated for their efficiency in recovering murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) (surrogate for human noroviruses (NoV)) and MS2 bacteriophages from processing water (1L) and four different types of irrigation water (bore hole water, rain water, open well and river water) (2-5L). Three methods were based on the viral adsorption and elution principle, two methods using an electronegative HA-membrane (Katayama et al., 2002), one method using an electropositive Zetapor membrane according to CEN/TC275/WG6/TAG4 and the fourth method was based on size exclusion using a tangential flow filtration system. Detection of MNV-1 was achieved by real-time RT-PCR and detection of MS2 by double-layer plaque assay. For the recovery of MNV-1, the method using an electronegative HA-filter in combination with an elution buffer earlier optimized by Hamza et al. (2009) (Method 1) performed best for all types of water (recovery: 5.8-21.9%). In case of MS2 detection, the best method depended upon the type of water although Method 1 provided the most consistent recovery. To complete this evaluation, the Method 1 was evaluated further for the concentration of human enteric viruses (GI and GII NoV, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotaviruses) in the same five types of water. Although detection of rotaviruses (RV) was somewhat less efficient, Method 1 proved reliable for the detection of NoV and HAV in all water types. Mean recovery efficiencies ranging from 4.8% for detection of GI NoV in open well water to 32.1% for detection of HAV in bore hole water, depending on the water type and the viral pathogen analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann De Keuckelaere
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Rönnqvist M, Ziegler T, von Bonsdorff CH, Maunula L. Detection method for avian influenza viruses in water. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:26-33. [PMID: 23412765 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-011-9075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent events have shown that humans may become infected with some pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (AIV). Since soil and water, including lakes, rivers, and seashores, may be contaminated by AIV excreted by birds, effective methods are needed for monitoring water for emerging viruses. Combining water filtration with molecular methods such as PCR is a fast and effective way for detecting viruses. The objective of this study was to apply a convenient method for the detection of AIV in natural water samples. Distilled water and lake, river, and seawater were artificially contaminated with AIV (H5N3) and passed through a filter system. AIV was detected from filter membrane by real-time RT-PCR. The performance of Zetapor, SMWP, and Sartobind D5F membranes in recovering influenza viruses was first evaluated using contaminated distilled water. SWMP, which gave the highest virus recoveries, was then compared with a pre-filter combined GF/F filter membrane in a trial using natural water samples. In this study, the cellulose membrane SMWP was found to be practical for recovery of AIVs in water. Viral yields varied between 62.1 and 65.9% in distilled water and between 1 and 16.7% in natural water samples. The borosilicate glass membrane GF/F combined with pre-filter was also feasible in filtering natural water samples with viral yields from 1.98 to 7.33%. The methods described can be used for monitoring fresh and seawater samples for the presence of AIV and to determine the source of AIV transmission in an outbreak situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rönnqvist
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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