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Abdurrahman G, Pospich R, Steil L, Gesell Salazar M, Izquierdo González JJ, Normann N, Mrochen D, Scharf C, Völker U, Werfel T, Bröker BM, Roesner LM, Gómez-Gascón L. The extracellular serine protease from Staphylococcus epidermidis elicits a type 2-biased immune response in atopic dermatitis patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352704. [PMID: 38895118 PMCID: PMC11183529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with skin barrier defects and a misdirected type 2 immune response against harmless antigens. The skin microbiome in AD is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity with a dominance of staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Objective To assess whether S. epidermidis antigens play a role in AD, we screened for candidate allergens and studied the T cell and humoral immune response against the extracellular serine protease (Esp). Methods To identify candidate allergens, we analyzed the binding of human serum IgG4, as a surrogate of IgE, to S. epidermidis extracellular proteins using 2-dimensional immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. We then measured serum IgE and IgG1 binding to recombinant Esp by ELISA in healthy and AD individuals. We also stimulated T cells from AD patients and control subjects with Esp and measured the secreted cytokines. Finally, we analyzed the proteolytic activity of Esp against IL-33 and determined the cleavage sites by mass spectrometry. Results We identified Esp as the dominant candidate allergen of S. epidermidis. Esp-specific IgE was present in human serum; AD patients had higher concentrations than controls. T cells reacting to Esp were detectable in both AD patients and healthy controls. The T cell response in healthy adults was characterized by IL-17, IL-22, IFN-γ, and IL-10, whereas the AD patients' T cells lacked IL-17 production and released only low amounts of IL-22, IFN-γ, and IL-10. In contrast, Th2 cytokine release was higher in T cells from AD patients than from healthy controls. Mature Esp cleaved and activated the alarmin IL-33. Conclusion The extracellular serine protease Esp of S. epidermidis can activate IL-33. As an antigen, Esp elicits a type 2-biased antibody and T cell response in AD patients. This suggests that S. epidermidis can aggravate AD through the allergenic properties of Esp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rebecca Pospich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Normann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Mrochen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lennart M. Roesner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE S. epidermidis is an ocular pathogen and a leading cause of keratitis. It produces hemolysins and at least 3 proteases. The purpose of the present study is to compare the secretion of hemolysins and proteases between 28 ocular isolates and one non-ocular strain and to determine their relationship to ocular virulence in selected strains using a rabbit model of infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Culture supernatants were compared for protease production and hemolysis. Selected strains were injected into rabbit corneas and their virulence and pathology recorded. The major protease activity in a virulent strain was identified and the gene was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein. The corneal toxicity of this protease was determined. Antibodies to the native protease were generated and tested for neutralizing activity in vivo and in vitro. The corneal pathology of the S. epidermidis protease was compared to the pathology of S. aureus V8 protease. RESULTS Strains that exhibited the least protease activity in vitro caused significantly less ocular pathology in vivo (p ≤ 0.003). Strains that were hemolytic and secreted a major protease had numerically higher SLE scores. This protease was identified as the serine protease Esp. The recombinant Esp protease caused extensive pathology when injected into the corneal stroma (7.62 ± 0.33). Antibody generated against native Esp did not neutralize the activity of the protease in vivo or in vitro. The antibody reacted with Esp proteases secreted by other S. epidermidis strains. S. epidermidis Esp protease and its homologue in S. aureus caused similar ocular pathology when injected in the rabbit corneal stroma. CONCLUSION Hemolysins and proteases seem to be important in corneal pathology caused by S. epidermidis infections. The Esp protease mediates significant corneal damage. S. epidermidis Esp and S. aureus V8 protease caused similar and extensive edema in rabbit corneas.
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Bacterial Colonization of the Hospitalized Newborn: Competition Between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:682-686. [PMID: 30985510 PMCID: PMC6814272 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus compete for colonization of the nasal mucosa and S. epidermidis strains that produce the Esp serine protease eradicate S. aureus nasal colonization. Whether similar phenomena are seen in newborn infants is unknown. METHODS Nasal swabs were obtained on admission and discharge from newborn infants (n = 90 and 83, respectively) in the neonatal intensive care unit at UC Davis Children's Hospital. Swabs were cultured for S. aureus and S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis isolates were tested for Esp expression, overall secreted protease activity and biofilm inhibition. RESULTS No infant had S. aureus on admission. S. epidermidis colonization was rare on admission in inborn infants (2.5%), but common in infants transferred from referring hospitals (50%). At discharge, most infants (96%) were colonized by staphylococci. S. aureus colonization was less common in infants with S. epidermidis colonization (9%) and more common in infants without S. epidermidis (77%) (relative risk of S. aureus colonization in infants colonized with S. epidermidis 0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.089-0.34, P < 0.0001). Compared with S. epidermidis strains from infants without S. aureus, S. epidermidis from infants co-colonized with S. aureus had lower total proteolytic enzyme activity and decreased biofilm inhibition capacity, but did not have lower frequency of Esp positivity. CONCLUSIONS In hospitalized neonates, S. epidermidis colonization has a protective effect against S. aureus colonization. Secretion of proteases by S. epidermidis is a possible mechanism of inhibition of S. aureus colonization; however, in this cohort of neonates, the source of major protease activity is likely other than Esp.
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Martínez-García S, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Diaz ME, Cancino-Diaz JC. Extracellular proteases of Staphylococcus epidermidis: roles as virulence factors and their participation in biofilm. APMIS 2018; 126:177-185. [PMID: 29399876 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococci produce a large number of extracellular proteases, some of which are considered as potential virulence factors. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a causative agent of nosocomial infections in medical devices by the formation of biofilms. It has been proposed that proteases contribute to the different stages of biofilm formation. S. epidermidis secretes a small number of extracellular proteases, such as serine protease Esp, cysteine protease EcpA, and metalloprotease SepA that have a relatively low substrate specificity. Recent findings indicate a significant contribution of extracellular proteases in biofilm formation through the proteolytic inactivation of adhesion molecules. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of S. epidermidis' extracellular proteases during pathogenicity, especially in the different stages of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario E Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan C Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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5
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Broad impact of extracellular DNA on biofilm formation by clinically isolated Methicillin-resistant and -sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2254. [PMID: 29396526 PMCID: PMC5797107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent for biofilm-associated infections. Inside biofilms, S. aureus cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of polysaccharide-intercellular adhesins (PIA), proteins, and/or extracellular DNA (eDNA). However, the importance of each component and the relationship among them in biofilms of diverse strains are largely unclear. Here, we characterised biofilms formed by 47 S. aureus clinical isolates. In most (42/47) of the strains, biofilm formation was augmented by glucose supplementation. Sodium chloride (NaCl)-triggered biofilm formation was more prevalent in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (15/24) than in methicillin-resistant strain (1/23). DNase I most effectively inhibited and disrupted massive biofilms, and Proteinase K was also effective. Anti-biofilm effects of Dispersin B, which cleaves PIA, were restricted to PIA-dependent biofilms formed by specific strains and showed significant negative correlations with those of Proteinase K, suggesting independent roles of PIA and proteins in each biofilm. ECM profiling demonstrated that eDNA was present in all strains, although its level differed among strains and culture conditions. These results indicate that eDNA is the most common component in S. aureus biofilms, whereas PIA is important for a small number of isolates. Therefore, eDNA can be a primary target for developing eradication strategies against S. aureus biofilms.
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Yoshii Y, Okuda KI, Yamada S, Nagakura M, Sugimoto S, Nagano T, Okabe T, Kojima H, Iwamoto T, Kuwano K, Mizunoe Y. Norgestimate inhibits staphylococcal biofilm formation and resensitizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-lactam antibiotics. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:18. [PMID: 28758016 PMCID: PMC5522392 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of bacterial biofilms on medical devices can cause severe or fatal infectious diseases. In particular, biofilm-associated infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are difficult to eradicate because the biofilm is strongly resistant to antibiotics and the host immune response. There is no effective treatment for biofilm-associated infectionss, except for surgical removal of contaminated medical devices followed by antibiotic therapy. Here we show that norgestimate, an acetylated progestin, effectively inhibits biofilm formation by staphylococcal strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, without inhibiting their growth, decreasing the selective pressure for emergence of resistance. 17-Deacetyl norgestimate, a metabolite of norgestimate, shows much weaker inhibitory activity against staphylococcal biofilm formation, indicating that the acetyl group of norgestimate is important for its activity. Norgestimate inhibits staphylococcal biofilm formation by inhibiting production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and proteins in the extracellular matrix. Proteome analysis of S. aureus indicated that norgestimate represses the expression of the cell wall-anchored protein SasG, which promotes intercellular adhesion, and of the glycolytic enzyme enolase, which plays a secondary role in biofilm formation. Notably, norgestimate induces remarkable changes in cell wall morphology, characterized by increased thickness and abnormal rippled septa. Furthermore, norgestimate increases the expression level of penicillin binding protein 2 and resensitizes methicillin-resistant S. aureus to β-lactam antibiotics. These results suggest that norgestimate is a promising lead compound for the development of drugs to treat biofilm-associated infections, as well as for its ability to resensitize methicillin-resistant S. aureus to β-lactam antibiotics. A synthetic molecule related to the hormone progesterone might keep medical devices free of biofilms without promoting antibiotic resistance. Implanted devices that have become contaminated with biofilms generally must be surgically removed prior to treating the underlying infection with antibiotics. Ken-ichi Okuda and colleagues at The Jikei University School of Medicine in Tokyo, with co-workers elsewhere in Japan, found that the synthetic progesterone analog norgestimate inhibits biofilm formation without inhibiting bacterial growth. They regard this selective effect on biofilm formation as a significant advantage, as it reduces the risk of inducing resistance in the targeted bacteria. They demonstrated the effect using staphylococcal bacteria, including the problematic and highly dangerous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The research also indicated that norgestimate can resensitize MRSA bacteria to some of the antibiotics they are resistant to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yoshii
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan.,Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Satomi Yamada
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Mari Nagakura
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takeo Iwamoto
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Core Research Facilities for Basic Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
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7
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Sugimoto S, Okuda KI, Miyakawa R, Sato M, Arita-Morioka KI, Chiba A, Yamanaka K, Ogura T, Mizunoe Y, Sato C. Imaging of bacterial multicellular behaviour in biofilms in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25889. [PMID: 27180609 PMCID: PMC4867632 DOI: 10.1038/srep25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microbes that attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces causing chronic infectious diseases. Within a biofilm, microbes are embedded in a self-produced soft extracellular matrix (ECM), which protects them from the host immune system and antibiotics. The nanoscale visualisation of delicate biofilms in liquid is challenging. Here, we develop atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) to visualise Gram-positive and -negative bacterial biofilms immersed in aqueous solution. Biofilms cultured on electron-transparent film were directly imaged from below using the inverted SEM, allowing the formation of the region near the substrate to be studied at high resolution. We visualised intercellular nanostructures and the exocytosis of membrane vesicles, and linked the latter to the trafficking of cargos, including cytoplasmic proteins and the toxins hemolysin and coagulase. A thick dendritic nanotube network was observed between microbes, suggesting multicellular communication in biofilms. A universal immuno-labelling system was developed for biofilms and tested on various examples, including S. aureus biofilms. In the ECM, fine DNA and protein networks were visualised and the precise distribution of protein complexes was determined (e.g., straight curli, flagella, and excreted cytoplasmic molecular chaperones). Our observations provide structural insights into bacteria-substratum interactions, biofilm development and the internal microbe community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Reina Miyakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Arita-Morioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Akio Chiba
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Sugimoto S, Arita-Morioka KI, Mizunoe Y, Yamanaka K, Ogura T. Thioflavin T as a fluorescence probe for monitoring RNA metabolism at molecular and cellular levels. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e92. [PMID: 25883145 PMCID: PMC4538803 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically stochastic dynamics of mRNA metabolism have important consequences on gene regulation and non-genetic cell-to-cell variability; however, no generally applicable methods exist for studying such stochastic processes quantitatively. Here, we describe the use of the amyloid-binding probe Thioflavin T (ThT) for monitoring RNA metabolism in vitro and in vivo. ThT fluoresced strongly in complex with bacterial total RNA than with genomic DNA. ThT bound purine oligoribonucleotides preferentially over pyrimidine oligoribonucleotides and oligodeoxyribonucleotides. This property enabled quantitative real-time monitoring of poly(A) synthesis and phosphorolysis by polyribonucleotide phosphorylase in vitro. Cellular analyses, in combination with genetic approaches and the transcription-inhibitor rifampicin treatment, demonstrated that ThT mainly stained mRNA in actively dividing Escherichia coli cells. ThT also facilitated mRNA metabolism profiling at the single-cell level in diverse bacteria. Furthermore, ThT can also be used to visualise transitions between non-persister and persister cell states, a phenomenon of isogenic subpopulations of antibiotic-sensitive bacteria that acquire tolerance to multiple antibiotics due to stochastically induced dormant states. Collectively, these results suggest that probing mRNA dynamics with ThT is a broadly applicable approach ranging from the molecular level to the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Arita-Morioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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9
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Arita-Morioka KI, Yamanaka K, Mizunoe Y, Ogura T, Sugimoto S. Novel strategy for biofilm inhibition by using small molecules targeting molecular chaperone DnaK. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:633-41. [PMID: 25403660 PMCID: PMC4291377 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04465-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Since these cells acquire increased tolerance against antimicrobial agents and host immune systems, biofilm-associated infectious diseases tend to become chronic. We show here that the molecular chaperone DnaK is important for biofilm formation and that chemical inhibition of DnaK cellular functions is effective in preventing biofilm development. Genetic, microbial, and microscopic analyses revealed that deletion of the dnaK gene markedly reduced the production of the extracellular functional amyloid curli, which contributes to the robustness of Escherichia coli biofilms. We tested the ability of DnaK inhibitors myricetin (Myr), telmisartan, pancuronium bromide, and zafirlukast to prevent biofilm formation of E. coli. Only Myr, a flavonol widely distributed in plants, inhibited biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 46.2 μM); however, it did not affect growth. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that Myr inhibited the production of curli. Phenotypic analyses of thermosensitivity, cell division, intracellular level of RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoH, and vulnerability to vancomycin revealed that Myr altered the phenotype of E. coli wild-type cells to make them resemble those of the isogenic dnaK deletion mutant, indicating that Myr inhibits cellular functions of DnaK. These findings provide insights into the significance of DnaK in curli-dependent biofilm formation and indicate that DnaK is an ideal target for antibiofilm drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Arita-Morioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Panda AK, Bisht SS, DeMondal S, Senthil Kumar N, Gurusubramanian G, Panigrahi AK. Brevibacillus as a biological tool: a short review. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 105:623-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Sugimoto S, Iwamoto T, Takada K, Okuda KI, Tajima A, Iwase T, Mizunoe Y. Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp degrades specific proteins associated with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and host-pathogen interaction. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1645-55. [PMID: 23316041 PMCID: PMC3624567 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01672-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus exhibits a strong capacity to attach to abiotic or biotic surfaces and form biofilms, which lead to chronic infections. We have recently shown that Esp, a serine protease secreted by commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis, disassembles preformed biofilms of S. aureus and inhibits its colonization. Esp was expected to degrade protein determinants of the adhesive and cohesive strength of S. aureus biofilms. The aim of this study was to elucidate the substrate specificity and target proteins of Esp and thereby determine the mechanism by which Esp disassembles S. aureus biofilms. We used a mutant Esp protein (Esp(S235A)) with defective proteolytic activity; this protein did not disassemble the biofilm formed by a clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain, thereby indicating that the proteolytic activity of Esp is essential for biofilm disassembly. Esp degraded specific proteins in the biofilm matrix and cell wall fractions, in contrast to proteinase K, which is frequently used for testing biofilm robustness and showed no preference for proteolysis. Proteomic and immunological analyses showed that Esp degrades at least 75 proteins, including 11 biofilm formation- and colonization-associated proteins, such as the extracellular adherence protein, the extracellular matrix protein-binding protein, fibronectin-binding protein A, and protein A. In addition, Esp selectively degraded several human receptor proteins of S. aureus (e.g., fibronectin, fibrinogen, and vitronectin) that are involved in its colonization or infection. These results suggest that Esp inhibits S. aureus colonization and biofilm formation by degrading specific proteins that are crucial for biofilm construction and host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Takada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Vengadesan K, Macon K, Sugumoto S, Mizunoe Y, Iwase T, Narayana SVL. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis extracellular serine protease Esp. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 69:49-52. [PMID: 23295486 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112047124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Esp, an extracellular serine protease from Staphylococcus epidermidis, has been shown to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. The full-length 27 kDa pro-Esp was purified and digested with thermolysin to obtain mature Esp. The mature Esp containing 216 residues crystallized in space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 39.5, b = 61.2, c = 42.5 Å, β = 98.2° and one molecule in the asymmetric unit, with an estimated solvent content of 42%. A diffraction data set has been collected to 1.8 Å resolution on a rotating-anode home-source facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Vengadesan
- UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology RCB, Gurgaon, Haryana 122 016, India
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