Monitoring diabetic control

Combining insulins with oral antidiabetic agents: effect on hyperglycemic control, markers of cardiovascular risk and disease

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unfortunately, several potential barriers exist for CVD risk management in diabetes, including the need for significant lifestyle changes, potential problems with hypoglycemia, weight gain, injection tolerability, treatment complexity with current diabetes therapies and other, unmodifiable factors. Improving glycemic control may impact CVD risk. Treatment of T2DM usually starts with lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. When these become insufficient, pharmacotherapy is required. Various oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) are available that reduce hyperglycemia. The first line of therapy is usually metformin, since it does not increase weight and seems to have a beneficial effect on CVD mortality and risk factors. As T2DM progresses, insulin treatment becomes necessary for the majority of patients. The last few years have seen the development of long-acting, rapid-acting, and premixed insulin analog formulations. The treat-to-target algorithms of recent studies combining OADs plus insulin analogs have demonstrated that patients can reach glycemic treatment targets with low risk of hypoglycemia, greater convenience, and – with some analogs – limited weight gain vs conventional insulins. These factors may possibly have a positive influence on CVD risk. Future studies will hopefully elucidate the benefits of this approach.

Nurse specialists' perceptions of their role and function in relation to starting an adult diabetic on insulin

The purpose of this study was to describe how diabetes nurse specialists perceived their role and function in relation to starting adult patients with insulin dependent diabetes on insulin. Using Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology as a research method, six diabetes nurse specialists were interviewed and the interviews were analysed according to Colaizzi's method of phenomenological inquiry. Results showed that the diabetes nurses perceived their role to be composed of six themes: educator; promoter of physical skill acquisition; psychological supporter; advocate of individualized care; promoter of self-care; 'safeguard' in assessing and ensuring patient safety. These results support findings from other studies, that the diabetes nurse specialist role seems to be more complex than descriptions in the nursing literature offer.