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Capdevila Aguilera C, Vela Vallespín E, Clèries Escayola M, Yun Viladomat S, Fernández Solana C, Alcober Morte L, Monterde Prat D, Hidalgo Quirós E, Calero Molina E, José Bazán N, Moliner Borja P, Piera Jiménez J, Ruiz Muñoz M, Corbella Virós X, Jiménez-Marrero S, Garay Melero A, Ramos Polo R, Alcoberro Torres L, Pons Riverola A, Enjuanes Grau C, Comín-Colet J. Population-based evaluation of the impact of socioeconomic status on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure in integrated care settings. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 76:803-812. [PMID: 36963612 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with poor outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). We aimed to examine the influence of SES on health outcomes after a quality of care improvement intervention for the management of HF integrating hospital and primary care resources in a health care area of 209 255 inhabitants. METHODS We conducted a population-based pragmatic evaluation of the implementation of an integrated HF program by conducting a natural experiment using health care data. We included all individuals consecutively admitted to hospital with at least one ICD-9-CM code for HF as the primary diagnosis and discharged alive in Catalonia between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. We compared outcomes between patients exposed to the new HF program and those in the remaining health care areas, globally and stratified by SES. RESULTS A total of 77 554 patients were included in the study. Death occurred in 37 469 (48.3%), clinically-related hospitalization in 41 709 (53.8%) and HF readmission in 29 755 (38.4%). On multivariate analysis, low or very low SES was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death and clinically-related hospitalization (all Ps <.05). The multivariate models showed a significant reduction in the risk of all-cause death (HR, 0.812; 95%CI, 0.723-0.912), clinically-related hospitalization (HR, 0.886; 95%CI, 0.805-0.976) and HF hospitalization (HR, 0.838; 95%CI, 0.745-0.944) in patients exposed to the new HF program compared with patients exposed to the remaining health care areas and this effect was independent of SES. CONCLUSIONS An intensive transitional HF management program improved clinical outcomes, both overall and across SES strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capdevila Aguilera
- Departamento de Gerencia, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Vela Vallespín
- Unidad de Información y Conocimiento, Servicio Catalán de la Salud (CatSalut), Barcelona, Spain; Digitalización para la Sostenibilidad del Sistema Sanitario DS3-IDIBELL, Servicio Catalán de la Salud (CatSalut), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Clèries Escayola
- Unidad de Información y Conocimiento, Servicio Catalán de la Salud (CatSalut), Barcelona, Spain; Digitalización para la Sostenibilidad del Sistema Sanitario DS3-IDIBELL, Servicio Catalán de la Salud (CatSalut), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Yun Viladomat
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
| | - Coral Fernández Solana
- Servicio de Atención Primaria, Delta del Llobregat e IDIAP, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Atención Primaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alcober Morte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Atención Primaria, Delta del Llobregat e IDIAP, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Atención Primaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Monterde Prat
- Digitalización para la Sostenibilidad del Sistema Sanitario DS3-IDIBELL, Servicio Catalán de la Salud (CatSalut), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Atención Primaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarna Hidalgo Quirós
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Atención Primaria, Delta del Llobregat e IDIAP, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Atención Primaria, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Calero Molina
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria José Bazán
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Moliner Borja
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Piera Jiménez
- Digitalización para la Sostenibilidad del Sistema Sanitario DS3-IDIBELL, Servicio Catalán de la Salud (CatSalut), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Informática, Multimedia y Telecomunicaciones, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz Muñoz
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Corbella Virós
- Grupo de investigación en Enfermedades Sistémicas, Vasculares y Envejecimiento (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Jiménez-Marrero
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Garay Melero
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Ramos Polo
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Alcoberro Torres
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pons Riverola
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Enjuanes Grau
- Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Comín-Colet
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Bio-Heart, grupo de investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Comunitaria, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (ICS), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tárraga López PJ, Villar Inarejos MJ, Sadek IM, Madrona Marcos F, Tárraga Marcos L, Simón García MÁ. Quality care in the management of heart failure in a health area. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2018; 30:258-264. [PMID: 30262444 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the heart failure situation in a health area, as well quality criteria. METHOD Cross-sectional observational study of patients diagnosed with heart failure by collecting data from their clinical history in the «Turriano» computer program. The variables analysed were, comorbidities, control of cardiovascular risk factors, treatments, number of chronic diseases, and admissions. The level of adherence to drugs in relation to heart failure by determining the ratio between the percentage of prescribed drugs and drugs withdrawn from pharmacy is also analysed using the Turriano prescription program. The study consisted of an improvement cycle or evaluative cycle, following the methodology proposed by Palmer to evaluate the quality of ambulatory care. RESULTS A total of 161 patients were included, with a mean age of 81.24 years, and 54.6% were women. Almost all of them (95%) had disease associated high blood pressure, including diabetes 42.2%, dyslipidaemia 8.9%, obesity 49.1%, and cancer 13.7% Some type of heart disease was diagnosed in 62.2% of patients with 29.2% ischaemic heart disease, 46.6% cardiac arrhythmias, and 20.5% valve diseases. More than 60% had between 4 and 6 concomitant diseases. An acceptable control is observed as regards the cardiovascular risk factors. Diuretic treatment was taken by 70%, with 32% and 35% taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. More than 20% have had 1-2 admissions in the last year, with cardiac decompensation being the main cause. There was 16% mortality. CONCLUSIONS Patients with heart failure have a significant number of chronic concomitant diseases, although there is an acceptable cardiovascular risk factors control. There are quality criteria that can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Tárraga López
- Medicina de Familia, Centro Salud Zona 5A, Albacete, España; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Albacete, España.
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Page K, Marwick TH, Lee R, Grenfell R, Abhayaratna WP, Aggarwal A, Briffa TG, Cameron J, Davidson PM, Driscoll A, Garton-Smith J, Gascard DJ, Hickey A, Korczyk D, Mitchell JA, Sanders R, Spicer D, Stewart S, Wade V. A systematic approach to chronic heart failure care: a consensus statement. Med J Aust 2014; 201:146-50. [PMID: 25128948 DOI: 10.5694/mja14.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The National Heart Foundation of Australia assembled an expert panel to provide guidance on policy and system changes to improve the quality of care for people with chronic heart failure (CHF). The recommendations have the potential to reduce emergency presentations, hospitalisations and premature death among patients with CHF. Best-practice management of CHF involves evidence-based, multidisciplinary, patient-centred care, which leads to better health outcomes. A CHF care model is required to achieve this. Although CHF management programs exist, ensuring access for everyone remains a challenge. This is particularly so for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, those from non-metropolitan areas and lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Lack of data and inadequate identification of people with CHF prevents efficient patient monitoring, limiting information to improve or optimise care. This leads to ineffectiveness in measuring outcomes and evaluating the CHF care provided. Expanding current cardiac registries to include patients with CHF and developing mechanisms to promote data linkage across care transitions are essential. As the prevalence of CHF rises, the demand for multidisciplinary workforce support will increase. Workforce planning should provide access to services outside of large cities, one of the main challenges it is currently facing. To enhance community-based management of CHF, general practitioners should be empowered to lead care. Incentive arrangements should favour provision of care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and rural areas, and culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Ongoing research is vital to improving systems of care for people with CHF. Future research activity needs to ensure the translation of valuable knowledge and high-quality evidence into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Page
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Rebecca Lee
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Grenfell
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Anu Aggarwal
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom G Briffa
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jan Cameron
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Chronic Care, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea Driscoll
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacquie Garton-Smith
- Cardiovascular Health Network, Department of Health Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Debra J Gascard
- Heart Failure Care, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annabel Hickey
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dariusz Korczyk
- Heart Failure Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda Sanders
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah Spicer
- Community Heart Failure Nursing, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon Stewart
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vicki Wade
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Comín-Colet J, Verdú-Rotellar JM, Vela E, Clèries M, Bustins M, Mendoza L, Badosa N, Cladellas M, Ferré S, Bruguera J. Efficacy of an integrated hospital-primary care program for heart failure: a population-based analysis of 56,742 patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:283-93. [PMID: 24774591 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The efficacy of heart failure programs has been demonstrated in clinical trials but their applicability in the real world practice setting is more controversial. This study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of an integrated hospital-primary care program for the management of patients with heart failure in an integrated health area covering a population of 309,345. METHODS For the analysis, we included all patients consecutively admitted with heart failure as the principal diagnosis who had been discharged alive from all of the hospitals in Catalonia, Spain, from 2005 to 2011, the period when the program was implemented, and compared mortality and readmissions among patients exposed to the program with the rates in the patients of all the remaining integrated health areas of the Servei Català de la Salut (Catalan Health Service). RESULTS We included 56,742 patients in the study. There were 181,204 hospital admissions and 30,712 deaths during the study period. In the adjusted analyses, when compared to the 54,659 patients from the other health areas, the 2083 patients exposed to the program had a lower risk of death (hazard ratio=0.92 [95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.97]; P=.005), a lower risk of clinically-related readmission (hazard ratio=0.71 [95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.76]; P<.001), and a lower risk of readmission for heart failure (hazard ratio=0.86 [95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.94]; P<.001). The positive impact on the morbidity and mortality rates was more marked once the program had become well established. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of multidisciplinary heart failure management programs that integrate the hospital and the community is feasible and is associated with a significant reduction in patient morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Comín-Colet
- Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Programa Integrado de Atención a la Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Área Integral de Salud Barcelona Litoral Mar, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades del Corazón, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José María Verdú-Rotellar
- Programa Integrado de Atención a la Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Área Integral de Salud Barcelona Litoral Mar, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades del Corazón, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Atención Primaria Sant Martí de Provençals, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació d'Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Vela
- División de Análisis de la Demanda y la Actividad, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Clèries
- División de Análisis de la Demanda y la Actividad, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Bustins
- División de Análisis de la Demanda y la Actividad, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lola Mendoza
- Programa Integrado de Atención a la Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Área Integral de Salud Barcelona Litoral Mar, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Atención Primaria Poble Nou, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Badosa
- Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Programa Integrado de Atención a la Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Área Integral de Salud Barcelona Litoral Mar, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades del Corazón, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Cladellas
- Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades del Corazón, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofía Ferré
- Programa Integrado de Atención a la Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Área Integral de Salud Barcelona Litoral Mar, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruguera
- Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardiaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Programa Integrado de Atención a la Insuficiencia Cardiaca del Área Integral de Salud Barcelona Litoral Mar, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades del Corazón, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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