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Dietzgen RG, Kondo H, Goodin MM, Kurath G, Vasilakis N. The family Rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense RNA viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins. Virus Res 2017; 227:158-170. [PMID: 27773769 PMCID: PMC5124403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. This ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. Five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. This review gives an overview of the characteristics and diversity of rhabdoviruses, their taxonomic classification, replication mechanism, properties of classical rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and rhabdoviruses with complex genomes, rhabdoviruses infecting aquatic species, and plant rhabdoviruses with both mono- and bipartite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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Sen R, Nayak L, De RK. A review on host-pathogen interactions: classification and prediction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1581-99. [PMID: 27470504 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The research on host-pathogen interactions is an ever-emerging and evolving field. Every other day a new pathogen gets discovered, along with comes the challenge of its prevention and cure. As the intelligent human always vies for prevention, which is better than cure, understanding the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions gets prior importance. There are many mechanisms involved from the pathogen as well as the host sides while an interaction happens. It is a vis-a-vis fight of the counter genes and proteins from both sides. Who wins depends on whether a host gets an infection or not. Moreover, a higher level of complexity arises when the pathogens evolve and become resistant to a host's defense mechanisms. Such pathogens pose serious challenges for treatment. The entire human population is in danger of such long-lasting persistent infections. Some of these infections even increase the rate of mortality. Hence there is an immediate emergency to understand how the pathogens interact with their host for successful invasion. It may lead to discovery of appropriate preventive measures, and the development of rational therapeutic measures and medication against such infections and diseases. This review, a state-of-the-art updated scenario of host-pathogen interaction research, has been done by keeping in mind this urgency. It covers the biological and computational aspects of host-pathogen interactions, classification of the methods by which the pathogens interact with their hosts, different machine learning techniques for prediction of host-pathogen interactions, and future scopes of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sen
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - L Nayak
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - R K De
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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Burge CA, Friedman CS, Getchell R, House M, Lafferty KD, Mydlarz LD, Prager KC, Sutherland KP, Renault T, Kiryu I, Vega-Thurber R. Complementary approaches to diagnosing marine diseases: a union of the modern and the classic. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150207. [PMID: 26880839 PMCID: PMC4760137 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking marine epizootics to a specific aetiology is notoriously difficult. Recent diagnostic successes show that marine disease diagnosis requires both modern, cutting-edge technology (e.g. metagenomics, quantitative real-time PCR) and more classic methods (e.g. transect surveys, histopathology and cell culture). Here, we discuss how this combination of traditional and modern approaches is necessary for rapid and accurate identification of marine diseases, and emphasize how sole reliance on any one technology or technique may lead disease investigations astray. We present diagnostic approaches at different scales, from the macro (environment, community, population and organismal scales) to the micro (tissue, organ, cell and genomic scales). We use disease case studies from a broad range of taxa to illustrate diagnostic successes from combining traditional and modern diagnostic methods. Finally, we recognize the need for increased capacity of centralized databases, networks, data repositories and contingency plans for diagnosis and management of marine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rodman Getchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, C4-177 Vet Med Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcia House
- Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 6730 Martin Way East, Olympia, WA 98516, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, 501 South Nedderman, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Katherine C Prager
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Ikunari Kiryu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Mie 516-0193, Japan
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Reichert M, Matras M, Skall HF, Olesen NJ, Kahns S. Trade practices are main factors involved in the transmission of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:103-114. [PMID: 23020691 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), caused by the novirhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), causes significant economic problems to European rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), production. The virus isolates can be divided into four distinct genotypes with additional subgroups. The main source of outbreaks in European rainbow trout farming is sublineage Ia isolates. Recently, this group of isolates has been further subdivided in to two subclades of which the Ia-2 consists of isolates occurring mainly in Continental Europe outside of Denmark. In this study, we sequenced the full-length G-gene sequences of 24 VHSV isolates that caused VHS outbreaks in Polish trout farms between 2005 and 2009. All these isolates were identified as genotype Ia-2; they divided however into two genetically distinct subgroups, that we name Pol I and Pol II. The Pol I isolates mainly caused outbreaks in the southern part of Poland, while Pol II isolates predominantly were sampled in the north of Poland, although it seems that they have been transmitted to other parts of the country. Molecular epidemiology was used for characterization of transmission pathways. This study shows that a main cause of virus transmission appears to be movement of fish. At least in Polish circumstances trading practices appear to have significant impact on spreading of VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reichert
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
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Jonstrup SP, Kahns S, Skall HF, Boutrup TS, Olesen NJ. Development and validation of a novel Taqman-based real-time RT-PCR assay suitable for demonstrating freedom from viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:9-23. [PMID: 23016520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a serious disease in several fish species. VHS is caused by the rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). To prevent spreading of the pathogen, it is important to use a fast, robust, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool to identify the infected fish. Traditional diagnosis based on isolation in cell culture followed by identification using, for example, ELISA is sensitive and specific but slow. By switching to RT-PCR for surveillance and diagnosis of VHS the time needed before a correct diagnosis can be given will be considerably shortened and the need for maintaining expensive cell culture facilities reduced. Here we present the validation, according to OIE guidelines, of a sensitive and specific Taqman-based real-time RT-PCR. The assay detects all isolates in a panel of 79 VHSV isolates covering all known genotypes and subtypes, with amplification efficiencies of approximately 100%. The analytical and diagnostic specificity of the real-time RT-PCR is close to 1, and the analytical and diagnostic sensitivity is comparable with traditional cell-based methods. In conclusion, the presented real-time RT-PCR assay has the necessary qualities to be used as a VHSV surveillance tool on par with cell culture assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Jonstrup
- Section for Fish Diseases, Division of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Århus N, Denmark
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