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Mathonnet M, Dessombz A, Bazin D, Weil R, Frédéric T, Pusztaszeri M, Daudon M. Chemical diversity of calcifications in thyroid and hypothetical link to disease. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dold S, Zimmermann MB, Baumgartner J, Davaz T, Galetti V, Braegger C, Andersson M. A dose-response crossover iodine balance study to determine iodine requirements in early infancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:620-8. [PMID: 27465383 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal iodine intake during infancy is critical for brain development, but no estimated average requirement (EAR) is available for this age group. OBJECTIVE We measured daily iodine intake, excretion, and retention over a range of iodine intakes in early infancy to determine the minimum daily intake required to achieve iodine balance. DESIGN In a dose-response crossover study, we randomly assigned healthy infants (n = 11; mean ± SD age 13 ± 3 wk) to sequentially consume over 33 d 3 infant formula milks (IFMs) containing 10.5, 19.3, and 38.5 μg I/100 kcal, respectively. Each IFM was consumed for 11 d, consisting of a 6-d run-in period followed by a 4-d balance period and 1 run-out day. RESULTS Iodine intake (mean ± SD: 54.6 ± 8.1, 142.3 ± 23.1, and 268.4 ± 32.6 μg/d), excretion (55.9 ± 8.6, 121.9 ± 21.7, and 228.7 ± 39.3 μg/d), and retention (-1.6 ± 8.3, 20.6 ± 21.6, and 39.8 ± 34.3 μg/d) differed among the low, middle, and high iodine IFM groups (P < 0.001 for all). There was a linear relation between daily iodine intake and both daily iodine excretion and daily iodine retention. Zero balance (iodine intake = iodine excretion, iodine retention = 0 μg/d) was achieved at a daily iodine intake of 70 μg (95% CI: 60, 80 μg). CONCLUSION Our data indicate the iodine requirement in 2- to 5-mo-old infants is 70 μg/d. Adding an allowance for accumulation of thyroidal iodine stores would produce an EAR of 72 μg and a recommended dietary allowance of 80 μg. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02045784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dold
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Iodine Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; and
| | - Tabea Davaz
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Galetti
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Braegger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Andersson
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Iodine Global Network, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ren L, Zhou Z, Ghani MU, Li Y, Liu H. Method for determining the modulation transfer function of X-ray fluorescence mapping system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21199-21213. [PMID: 25321501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method for determining the modulation transfer function (MTF) in direct X-ray fluorescence mapping (XFM) system is reported. With a standard container filled with homogeneous gold nanoparticle (GNP) solution (1% by weight), sharp edges are made and utilized to acquire the data for edge spread function (ESF). Through necessary data processing such as signal extraction, attenuation correction and curve fitting and proper calculations of differentiating and Fourier transform, MTF can be determined. Influencing factors of MTF determination in XFM system are thoroughly discussed in theory and validated by experiments. The results show that different mapping steps do not noticeably affect the measured MTF, while MTF is greatly degraded as the collimator-to-object distance increases. The theoretical analyses and experimental validations of the MTF determination are useful and helpful for imaging performance evaluation, system design and optimal operations. The presented methodology could be applied in other XRF based systems with modified imaging trajectories.
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Nyström HF, Jansson S, Berg G. Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a long-term iodine sufficient area of Sweden (Gothenburg) 2003-2005. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:768-76. [PMID: 23421407 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study hyperthyroidism in long-term iodine sufficiency (IS), as iodine supply affects its occurrence. DESIGN Prospective descriptive study. PATIENTS In 2003-2005, all referred cases of subclinical (SH) and overt hyperthyroidism (OH) were registered at diagnosis from a population (n = 631 239) in Gothenburg, Sweden. MEASUREMENTS Information on age, gender, smoking, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), thyroid hormones and TSH receptor antibodies (TRab) was collected. Incidences were calculated. SH and OH cases with Graves' disease (GD), toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) and solitary toxic adenoma (STA) were compared. In GD, TRab+ and TRab- cases and patients with (TAO+) and without TAO (TAO-) were compared. RESULTS The total incidence (n/100 000/year) of hyperthyroidism was 27·6; OH 23·8; SH 3·8; GD 21·4; TMNG 4·3; and STA 1·8. SH was more common among TMNG (40·2%) and STA (45·7%) than in GD (5·9%). SH-GD patients were older, more often smokers and had lower TRab levels than OH-GD patients. FreeT4 and T3 levels in GD were higher than in TMNG and STA. FreeT4, T3 and TRab decreased with age in patients with GD, P < 0·0001. TRab- patients had lower T3 than TRab+ patients, P < 0·001. TRab was positively correlated to FreeT4, P < 0·0001. TAO occurred in 20% of patients with GD. TAO+ patients were younger than TAO- patients. Smokers did not have more TAO. CONCLUSION The total incidence of hyperthyroidism was low. GD dominated with an age-related decline of thyroid hormones and TRab levels. The spectrum of hyperthyroidism in this long-term IS area may represent the future situation for countries with shorter history of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Filipsson Nyström
- Thyroid Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 8, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Chen H, Rogalski MM, Anker JN. Advances in functional X-ray imaging techniques and contrast agents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13469-86. [PMID: 22962667 PMCID: PMC3569739 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41858d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
X-rays have been used for non-invasive high-resolution imaging of thick biological specimens since their discovery in 1895. They are widely used for structural imaging of bone, metal implants, and cavities in soft tissue. Recently, a number of new contrast methodologies have emerged which are expanding X-ray's biomedical applications to functional as well as structural imaging. These techniques are promising to dramatically improve our ability to study in situ biochemistry and disease pathology. In this review, we discuss how X-ray absorption, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray excited optical luminescence can be used for physiological, elemental, and molecular imaging of vasculature, tumors, pharmaceutical distribution, and the surface of implants. Imaging of endogenous elements, exogenous labels, and analytes detected with optical indicators will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Iodine Content and Distribution in Thyroid Specimens from Two Patients with Graves' Disease Pretreated with Either Propylthiouracil or Stable Iodine: Analysis Using X-Ray Fluorescence and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Case Rep Endocrinol 2012; 2012:842357. [PMID: 22953073 PMCID: PMC3420651 DOI: 10.1155/2012/842357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Graves' disease can be medically prepared before surgery in different ways, which may have various effects on iodine stores. Thyroid specimens were collected at surgery from two patients pretreated with propylthiouracil (PTU) and stable iodine, respectively. A quantitative analysis of iodine content was performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in frozen tissue and a qualitative analysis of aldehyde-fixed material with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Iodine concentrations were 0.9 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL in the thyroid tissue from the patients treated with PTU and stable iodine respectively. TOF-SIMS showed iodine in the follicle lumina in both. However, in the PTU case, iodine was also seen within the thyrocytes indicating accumulation of iodinated compounds from uninhibited hormone release. XRF and TOF-SIMS can be used to follow iodine distribution within the thyroid and the intricate processes following the different medical treatment alternatives in Graves' disease.
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Shelor CP, Kirk AB, Dasgupta PK, Kroll M, Campbell CA, Choudhary PK. Breastfed infants metabolize perchlorate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5151-5159. [PMID: 22497505 DOI: 10.1021/es2042806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are the dominant intestinal bacteria in breastfed infants. It is known that they can reduce nitrate. Although no direct experiments have been conducted until now, inferred pathways for Bifidobacterium bifidum include perchlorate reduction via perchlorate reductase. We show that when commercially available strains of bifidobacteria are cultured in milk, spiked with perchlorate, perchlorate is consumed. We studied 13 breastfed infant-mother pairs who provided 43 milk samples and 39 infant urine samples, and 5 formula-fed infant-mother pairs who provided 21 formula samples and 21 infant urine samples. Using iodine as a conservative tracer, we determined the average urinary iodine (UI) to milk iodine (MI) concentration ratio to be 2.87 for the breastfed infants. For the same samples, the corresponding perchlorate concentration ratio was 1.37 (difference significant, p < 0.001), indicating that perchlorate is lost. For the formula fed infant group the same ratios were 1.20 and 1.58; the difference was not significant (p = 0.68). However, the small number of subjects in the latter group makes it more difficult to conclude definitively whether perchlorate reduction does or does not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
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Determination of iodine concentration in aqueous solutions by proton activation analysis: preliminary results for digested human thyroids. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zabala J, Carrión N, Murillo M, Quintana M, Chirinos J, Seijas N, Duarte L, Brätter P. Determination of normal human intrathyroidal iodine in Caracas population. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2009; 23:9-14. [PMID: 19203711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the determination of iodine content in healthy thyroid samples on male population from Caracas, Venezuela. Contribution to establish a baseline of iodine content in thyroid glands and hence to compare the iodine thyroid concentration of the Venezuelan population with other countries is also our objective. Male post-mortem individual samples were analyzed using a spectrophotometric flow injection method, based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The median intrathyroidal iodine concentration was 1443+/-677 microg/g (wet weight), ranging from 419 to 3430 microg/g, which corresponds to a median of total iodine content of 15+/-8 mg (ranging from 4 to 37). These results were higher than those values reported in the literature. No correlation of iodine content with age or weight of the healthy gland was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Zabala
- Analytical Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central University of Venezuela, P.O. Box 40764, Caracas 1053, Venezuela
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Hansson M, Grunditz T, Isaksson M, Jansson S, Lausmaa J, Mölne J, Berg G. Iodine content and distribution in extratumoral and tumor thyroid tissue analyzed with X-ray fluorescence and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Thyroid 2008; 18:1215-20. [PMID: 19014328 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid's ability to enrich and store iodine has implications for thyroid cancer genesis, progression, and treatment. The study objective was to investigate thyroid iodine content (TIC) in tumoral and extratumoral tissue in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) as opposed to thyroid healthy controls using two different techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). METHODS Tissue samples from 10 patients with normal thyroids and 7 patients with PTC were collected. TIC was quantified with XRF, and the iodine stores were located on a histological level with TOF-SIMS. RESULTS Mean TIC in controls was 0.6 mg/mL (range 0.3-1.2 mg/mL). For the cancer patients, the mean TIC was 0.8 mg/mL (range 0.2-2.3 mg/mL) in extratumoral thyroid tissue, but no iodine was detected in the tumors. TOF-SIMS investigation of the PTC patients showed significantly higher TIC in extratumoral tissue than in tumoral tissue. Iodine in the extratumoral tissue was predominantly located in the follicle lumen with a variation in concentration among follicles. CONCLUSIONS XRF and TOF-SIMS are two complementary methods for obtaining insight into content and localization of iodine in the thyroid. XRF can be used in vitro or in vivo on a large number of samples or patients, respectively. TOF-SIMS on the other hand provides detailed images of the iodine location. The combined information from the two methods is of value for further studies on iodine metabolism in thyroid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hansson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Hansson M, Isaksson M, Berg G. Sample Preparation for in vitro Analysis of Iodine in Thyroid Tissue using X-ray Fluorescence. Cancer Inform 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/117693510800600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is enriched and stored in the thyroid gland. Due to several factors, the size of the thyroid iodine pool varies both between individuals and within individuals over time. Excess iodine as well as iodine deficiency may promote thyroid cancer. Therefore, knowledge of iodine content and distribution within thyroid cancer tissue is of interest. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are two methods that can be used to assess iodine content in thyroid tissue. With both techniques, choice of sample preparation affects the results. Aldehyde fixatives are required for SIMS analysis while a freezing method might be satisfactory for XRF analysis. The aims of the present study were primarily to evaluate a simple freezing technique for preserving samples for XRF analysis and also to use XRF to evaluate the efficacy of using aldehyde fixatives to prepare samples for SIMS analysis. Ten porcine thyroids were sectioned into four pieces that were either frozen or fixed in formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or a modified Karnovsky fixative. The frozen samples were assessed for iodine content with XRF after 1 and 2 months, and the fixed samples were analyzed for iodine content after 1 week. Freezing of untreated tissue yielded no significant iodine loss, whereas fixation with aldehydes yielded an iodine loss of 14–30%, with Karnovsky producing the least loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hansson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Isaksson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gertrud Berg
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Hansson M, Isaksson M. A Monte Carlo (MC) based individual calibration method for in vivo x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:2009-19. [PMID: 17374924 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/7/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is a non-invasive method that can be used for in vivo determination of thyroid iodine content. System calibrations with phantoms resembling the neck may give misleading results in the cases when the measurement situation largely differs from the calibration situation. In such cases, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations offer a possibility of improving the calibration by better accounting for individual features of the measured subjects. This study investigates the prospects of implementing MC simulations in a calibration procedure applicable to in vivo XRF measurements. Simulations were performed with Penelope 2005 to examine a procedure where a parameter, independent of the iodine concentration, was used to get an estimate of the expected detector signal if the thyroid had been measured outside the neck. An attempt to increase the simulation speed and reduce the variance by exclusion of electrons and by implementation of interaction forcing was conducted. Special attention was given to the geometry features: analysed volume, source-sample-detector distances, thyroid lobe size and position in the neck. Implementation of interaction forcing and exclusion of electrons had no obvious adverse effect on the quotients while the simulation time involved in an individual calibration was low enough to be clinically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hansson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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