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Péchoux C, Antigny F, Perros F. A correlated light and electron microscopy approach to study the subcellular localization of phosphorylated vimentin in human lung tissue. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:117-137. [PMID: 38705622 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is an important approach for bridging the resolution gap between fluorescence light and electron microscopy. Here, we describe a fast and simple method for correlative immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling on the same section to elucidate the localization of phosphorylated vimentin (P-Vim), a robust feature of pulmonary vascular remodeling in cells of human lung small arteries. The lung is a complex, soft and difficult tissue to prepare for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Detailing the molecular composition of small pulmonary arteries (<500μm) would be of great significance for research and diagnostics. Using the classical methods of immunochemistry (either hydrophilic resin or thin cryosections), is difficult to locate small arteries for analysis by TEM. To address this problem and to observe the same structures by both light and electron microscopy, correlative microscopy is a reliable approach. Immunofluorescence enables us to know the distribution of P-Vim in cells but does not provide ultrastructural detail on its localization. Labeled structures selected by fluorescence microscope can be identified and further analyzed by TEM at high resolution. With our method, the morphology of the arteries is well preserved, enabling the localization of P-Vim inside pulmonary endothelial cells. By applying this approach, fluorescent signals can be directly correlated to the corresponding subcellular structures in areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péchoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroparisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France; MIMA2 Imaging Core Facility, Microscopie et Imagerie des Microorganismes, Animaux et Aliments, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR_S 999 "Hypertension Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique," Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
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2
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Pelicci S, Furia L, Pelicci PG, Faretta M. Correlative Multi-Modal Microscopy: A Novel Pipeline for Optimizing Fluorescence Microscopy Resolutions in Biological Applications. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030354. [PMID: 36766696 PMCID: PMC9913119 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern fluorescence microscope is the convergence point of technologies with different performances in terms of statistical sampling, number of simultaneously analyzed signals, and spatial resolution. However, the best results are usually obtained by maximizing only one of these parameters and finding a compromise for the others, a limitation that can become particularly significant when applied to cell biology and that can reduce the spreading of novel optical microscopy tools among research laboratories. Super resolution microscopy and, in particular, molecular localization-based approaches provide a spatial resolution and a molecular localization precision able to explore the scale of macromolecular complexes in situ. However, its use is limited to restricted regions, and consequently few cells, and frequently no more than one or two parameters. Correlative microscopy, obtained by the fusion of different optical technologies, can consequently surpass this barrier by merging results from different spatial scales. We discuss here the use of an acquisition and analysis correlative microscopy pipeline to obtain high statistical sampling, high content, and maximum spatial resolution by combining widefield, confocal, and molecular localization microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Furia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Faretta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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3
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The Diffusion Model of Intra-Golgi Transport Has Limited Power. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021375. [PMID: 36674888 PMCID: PMC9861033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) is the main station along the cell biosecretory pathway. Until now, mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport (IGT) have remained unclear. Herein, we confirm that the goodness-of-fit of the regression lines describing the exit of a cargo from the Golgi zone (GZ) corresponds to an exponential decay. When the GC was empty before the re-initiation of the intra-Golgi transport, this parameter of the curves describing the kinetics of different cargoes (which are deleted in Golgi vesicles) with different diffusional mobilities within the GZ as well as their exit from the GZ was maximal for the piecewise nonlinear regression, wherein the first segment was horizontal, while the second segment was similar to the exponential decay. The kinetic curve describing cargo exit from the GC per se resembled a linear decay. The Monte-Carlo simulation revealed that such curves reflect the role of microtubule growth in cells with a central GC or the random hovering of ministacks in cells lacking a microtubule. The synchronization of cargo exit from the GC already filled with a cargo using the wave synchronization protocol did not reveal the equilibration of cargo within a Golgi stack, which would be expected from the diffusion model (DM) of IGT. Moreover, not all cisternae are connected to each other in mini-stacks that are transporting membrane proteins. Finally, the kinetics of post-Golgi carriers and the important role of SNAREs for IGT at different level of IGT also argue against the DM of IGT.
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4
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Algorithm for Modern Electron Microscopic Examination of the Golgi Complex. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:161-209. [PMID: 36512216 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) is an essential organelle of the eukaryotic exocytic pathway. It has a very complexed structure and thus localization of its resident proteins is not trivial. Fast development of microscopic methods generates a huge difficulty for Golgi researchers to select the best protocol to use. Modern methods of light microscopy, such as super-resolution light microscopy (SRLM) and electron microscopy (EM), open new possibilities in analysis of various biological structures at organelle, cell, and organ levels. Nowadays, new generation of EM methods became available for the study of the GC; these include three-dimensional EM (3DEM), correlative light-EM (CLEM), immune EM, and new estimators within stereology that allow realization of maximal goal of any morphological study, namely, to achieve a three-dimensional model of the sample with optimal level of resolution and quantitative determination of its chemical composition. Methods of 3DEM have partially overlapping capabilities. This requires a careful comparison of these methods, identification of their strengths and weaknesses, and formulation of recommendations for their application to cell or tissue samples. Here, we present an overview of 3DEM methods for the study of the GC and some basics for how the images are formed and how the image quality can be improved.
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Pagliari F, Sogne E, Panella D, Perozziello G, Liberale C, Das G, Turdo A, Di Franco S, Seco J, Falqui A, Gratteri S, Pujia A, Di Fabrizio E, Candeloro P, Tirinato L. Correlative Raman-Electron-Light (CREL) Microscopy Analysis of Lipid Droplets in Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1102. [PMID: 36551069 PMCID: PMC9776032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among all neoplasms, melanoma is characterized by a very high percentage of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several markers have been proposed for their identification, and lipid droplets (LDs) are among them. Different techniques are used for their characterization such as mass spectrometry, imaging techniques, and vibrational spectroscopies. Some emerging experimental approaches for the study of LDs are represented by correlative light-electron microscopy and by correlative Raman imaging-scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on these scientific approaches, we developed a novel methodology (CREL) by combining Raman micro-spectroscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and SEM coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy module. This procedure correlated cellular morphology, chemical properties, and spatial distribution from the same region of interest, and in this work, we presented the application of CREL for the analysis of LDs within patient-derived melanoma CSCs (MCSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagliari
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elisa Sogne
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- PoliFAB, Polytechnic of Milan, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Panella
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gerardo Perozziello
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Liberale
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gobind Das
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alice Turdo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Di Franco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Joao Seco
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Falqui
- Department of Physics “Aldo Pontremoli”, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizio Candeloro
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Tirinato
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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6
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Mazal H, Wieser FF, Sandoghdar V. Deciphering a hexameric protein complex with Angstrom optical resolution. eLife 2022; 11:76308. [PMID: 35616526 PMCID: PMC9142145 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryogenic optical localization in three dimensions (COLD) was recently shown to resolve up to four binding sites on a single protein. However, because COLD relies on intensity fluctuations that result from the blinking behavior of fluorophores, it is limited to cases where individual emitters show different brightness. This significantly lowers the measurement yield. To extend the number of resolved sites as well as the measurement yield, we employ partial labeling and combine it with polarization encoding in order to identify single fluorophores during their stochastic blinking. We then use a particle classification scheme to identify and resolve heterogenous subsets and combine them to reconstruct the three-dimensional arrangement of large molecular complexes. We showcase this method (polarCOLD) by resolving the trimer arrangement of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and six different sites of the hexamer protein Caseinolytic Peptidase B (ClpB) of Thermus thermophilus in its quaternary structure, both with Angstrom resolution. The combination of polarCOLD and single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) promises to provide crucial insight into intrinsic heterogeneities of biomolecular structures. Furthermore, our approach is fully compatible with fluorescent protein labeling and can, thus, be used in a wide range of studies in cell and membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mazal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Wieser
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Structure of cell-cell adhesion mediated by the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022442118. [PMID: 34531300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022442118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and plays important roles in neural development. It has a large ectodomain, including 10 Ig-like domains and 6 fibronectin III (FnIII) domains. Previous data have shown that DSCAM can mediate cell adhesion by forming homophilic dimers between cells and contributes to self-avoidance of neurites or neuronal tiling, which is important for neural network formation. However, the organization and assembly of DSCAM at cell adhesion interfaces has not been fully understood. Here we combine electron microscopy and other biophysical methods to characterize the structure of the DSCAM-mediated cell adhesion and generate three-dimensional views of the adhesion interfaces of DSCAM by electron tomography. The results show that mouse DSCAM forms a regular pattern at the adhesion interfaces. The Ig-like domains contribute to both trans homophilic interactions and cis assembly of the pattern, and the FnIII domains are crucial for the cis pattern formation as well as the interaction with the cell membrane. By contrast, no obvious assembly pattern is observed at the adhesion interfaces mediated by mouse DSCAML1 or Drosophila DSCAMs, suggesting the different structural roles and mechanisms of DSCAMs in mediating cell adhesion and neural network formation.
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8
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Ronchi P, Mizzon G, Machado P, D’Imprima E, Best BT, Cassella L, Schnorrenberg S, Montero MG, Jechlinger M, Ephrussi A, Leptin M, Mahamid J, Schwab Y. High-precision targeting workflow for volume electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202104069. [PMID: 34160561 PMCID: PMC8225610 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are 3D objects. Therefore, volume EM (vEM) is often crucial for correct interpretation of ultrastructural data. Today, scanning EM (SEM) methods such as focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM are frequently used for vEM analyses. While they allow automated data acquisition, precise targeting of volumes of interest within a large sample remains challenging. Here, we provide a workflow to target FIB-SEM acquisition of fluorescently labeled cells or subcellular structures with micrometer precision. The strategy relies on fluorescence preservation during sample preparation and targeted trimming guided by confocal maps of the fluorescence signal in the resin block. Laser branding is used to create landmarks on the block surface to position the FIB-SEM acquisition. Using this method, we acquired volumes of specific single cells within large tissues such as 3D cultures of mouse mammary gland organoids, tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila melanogaster larvae, and ovarian follicular cells in adult Drosophila, discovering ultrastructural details that could not be appreciated before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Mizzon
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro Machado
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edoardo D’Imprima
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt T. Best
- Directors’ Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Cassella
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schnorrenberg
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta G. Montero
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jechlinger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors’ Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Sousa AL, Rodrigues Lóios J, Faísca P, Tranfield EM. The Histo-CLEM Workflow for tissues of model organisms. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:13-37. [PMID: 33707010 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bridging from the macrostructure to the nanostructure of tissues is often technically challenging. To try to solve this, we developed a flexible CLEM workflow that can be applied to the analysis of tissues from diverse model organisms across various length scales. The Histo-CLEM Workflow combines three main microscopy techniques, namely histology, light microscopy and electron microscopy. Herein, all the steps of the Histo-CLEM Workflow are explained in detail to enable the adaptation of the method to tissue particularities and biological questions. The preparation and visualization of mice nerve fibers is shown as an application example of the presented Histo-CLEM Workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sousa
- Electron Microscopy Facility-Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Faísca
- Histopathology Facility-Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erin M Tranfield
- Electron Microscopy Facility-Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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10
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Fitzek H, Wewerka K, Schmidt U, Schröttner H, Zankel A. The combination of Raman microscopy and electron microscopy - Practical considerations of the influence of vacuum on Raman microscopy. Micron 2021; 143:103029. [PMID: 33581473 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the specific vacuum requirements for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the Raman microscope has to operate in vacuum in a correlative Raman-SEM, which is a type of microscope combination that has recently increased in popularity. This works considers the implications of conducting Raman microscopy under vacuum, as opposed to operating in ambient air, the standard working regime of this technique. We show that the performance of the optics of the Raman microscope are identical in both conditions, but laser beam-sample interactions, such as fluorescent bleaching and beam damage, might be different due to the lack of oxygen in vacuum. The bleaching of the fluorescent background appears to be mostly unaffected by the lack of oxygen, except when very low laser powers are used. Regarding laser-beam damage, organic samples are more sensitive in vacuum than in air, whereas no definite verdict is possible for inorganic samples. These findings have practical implications for the application of correlative Raman-SEM, as low laser powers, or in extreme cases cryo-methods, need to be used for organic samples that appear only moderately beam sensitive under usual ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Fitzek
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Karin Wewerka
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ute Schmidt
- WITec GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Straße 6, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Hartmuth Schröttner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria; Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Armin Zankel
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria; Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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11
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Hartnell D, Schwehr BJ, Gillespie-Jones K, Alwis D, Rajan R, Hou H, Sylvain NJ, Pushie MJ, Kelly ME, Massi M, Hackett MJ. Imaging lipophilic regions in rodent brain tissue with halogenated BODIPY probes. Analyst 2020; 145:3809-3813. [PMID: 32400812 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00099j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of halogen substitution in fluorescent BODIPY species was evaluated in the context of staining lipids in situ within brain tissue sections. Herein we demonstrate that the halogenated species maintain their known in vitro affinity when applied to detect lipids in situ in brain tissue sections. Interestingly, the chlorine substituted compound revealed the highest specificify for white matter lipids. Furthermore, the halogen substituted compounds rapidly detected lipid enriched cells, in situ, associated with a case of brain pathology and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth 6845, WA, Australia.
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12
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Schmidt R, Fitzek H, Nachtnebel M, Mayrhofer C, Schroettner H, Zankel A. The Combination of Electron Microscopy, Raman Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Polymeric Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201800237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Institute of Electron Microscopy Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologySteyrergasse 17Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| | - Harald Fitzek
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| | | | | | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- Institute of Electron Microscopy Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologySteyrergasse 17Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
| | - Armin Zankel
- Institute of Electron Microscopy Nanoanalysis, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologySteyrergasse 17Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron MicroscopySteyrergasse 17Austria
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13
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Correlative light and electron microscopy is a powerful tool to study interactions of extracellular vesicles with recipient cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:149-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Luckner M, Burgold S, Filser S, Scheungrab M, Niyaz Y, Hummel E, Wanner G, Herms J. Label-free 3D-CLEM Using Endogenous Tissue Landmarks. iScience 2018; 6:92-101. [PMID: 30240628 PMCID: PMC6137285 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging 3D correlative light and electron microscopy approaches enable studying neuronal structure-function relations at unprecedented depth and precision. However, established protocols for the correlation of light and electron micrographs rely on the introduction of artificial fiducial markers, such as polymer beads or near-infrared brandings, which might obscure or even damage the structure under investigation. Here, we report a general applicable "flat embedding" preparation, enabling high-precision overlay of light and scanning electron micrographs, using exclusively endogenous landmarks in the brain: blood vessels, nuclei, and myelinated axons. Furthermore, we demonstrate feasibility of the workflow by combining in vivo 2-photon microscopy and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy to dissect the role of astrocytic coverage in the persistence of dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Luckner
- Department of Biology I, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Translational Brain Research, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Steffen Burgold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Translational Brain Research, Munich 81377, Germany; Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 81377, Germany; Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Oberkochen 73447, Germany
| | - Severin Filser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Translational Brain Research, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheungrab
- Department of Biology I, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Yilmaz Niyaz
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Oberkochen 73447, Germany
| | - Eric Hummel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Oberkochen 73447, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Department of Biology I, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Biology I, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Translational Brain Research, Munich 81377, Germany; Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 81377, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany.
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15
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Using integrated correlative cryo-light and electron microscopy to directly observe syntaphilin-immobilized neuronal mitochondria in situ. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2017; 3:8-16. [PMID: 28781997 PMCID: PMC5515996 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-017-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative cryo-fluorescence and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) system has been fast becoming a powerful technique with the advantage to allow the fluorescent labeling and direct visualization of the close-to-physiologic ultrastructure in cells at the same time, offering unique insights into the ultrastructure with specific cellular function. There have been various engineered ways to achieve cryo-CLEM including the commercial FEI iCorr system that integrates fluorescence microscope into the column of transmission electron microscope. In this study, we applied the approach of the cryo-CLEM-based iCorr to image the syntaphilin-immobilized neuronal mitochondria in situ to test the performance of the FEI iCorr system and determine its correlation accuracy. Our study revealed the various morphologies of syntaphilin-immobilized neuronal mitochondria that interact with microtubules and suggested that the cryo-CLEM procedure by the FEI iCorr system is suitable with a half micron-meter correlation accuracy to study the cellular organelles that have a discrete distribution and large size, e.g. mitochondrion, Golgi complex, lysosome, etc.
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16
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Karreman MA, Hyenne V, Schwab Y, Goetz JG. Intravital Correlative Microscopy: Imaging Life at the Nanoscale. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:848-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Wirtz T, Philipp P, Audinot JN, Dowsett D, Eswara S. High-resolution high-sensitivity elemental imaging by secondary ion mass spectrometry: from traditional 2D and 3D imaging to correlative microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:434001. [PMID: 26436905 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/43/434001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) constitutes an extremely sensitive technique for imaging surfaces in 2D and 3D. Apart from its excellent sensitivity and high lateral resolution (50 nm on state-of-the-art SIMS instruments), advantages of SIMS include high dynamic range and the ability to differentiate between isotopes. This paper first reviews the underlying principles of SIMS as well as the performance and applications of 2D and 3D SIMS elemental imaging. The prospects for further improving the capabilities of SIMS imaging are discussed. The lateral resolution in SIMS imaging when using the microprobe mode is limited by (i) the ion probe size, which is dependent on the brightness of the primary ion source, the quality of the optics of the primary ion column and the electric fields in the near sample region used to extract secondary ions; (ii) the sensitivity of the analysis as a reasonable secondary ion signal, which must be detected from very tiny voxel sizes and thus from a very limited number of sputtered atoms; and (iii) the physical dimensions of the collision cascade determining the origin of the sputtered ions with respect to the impact site of the incident primary ion probe. One interesting prospect is the use of SIMS-based correlative microscopy. In this approach SIMS is combined with various high-resolution microscopy techniques, so that elemental/chemical information at the highest sensitivity can be obtained with SIMS, while excellent spatial resolution is provided by overlaying the SIMS images with high-resolution images obtained by these microscopy techniques. Examples of this approach are given by presenting in situ combinations of SIMS with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), helium ion microscopy (HIM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wirtz
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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18
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Goudarzi M, Mildner K, Babatz F, Riedel D, Klämbt C, Zeuschner D, Raz E. Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy of Rare Cell Populations in Zebrafish Embryos Using Laser Marks. Zebrafish 2015; 12:470-3. [PMID: 26448280 PMCID: PMC4677546 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Goudarzi
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - Karina Mildner
- 2 Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Babatz
- 3 Institute for Neurobiology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- 4 Electron Microscopy Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- 3 Institute for Neurobiology, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- 2 Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster , Münster, Germany
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19
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Takizawa T, Powell RD, Hainfeld JF, Robinson JM. FluoroNanogold: an important probe for correlative microscopy. J Chem Biol 2015; 8:129-42. [PMID: 26884817 PMCID: PMC4744603 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-015-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is a powerful imaging approach that refers to observing the same exact structures within a specimen by two or more imaging modalities. In biological samples, this typically means examining the same sub-cellular feature with different imaging methods. Correlative microscopy is not restricted to the domains of fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy; however, currently, most correlative microscopy studies combine these two methods, and in this review, we will focus on the use of fluorescence and electron microscopy. Successful correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy requires probes, or reporter systems, from which useful information can be obtained with each of the imaging modalities employed. The bi-functional immunolabeling reagent, FluoroNanogold, is one such probe that provides robust signals in both fluorescence and electron microscopy. It consists of a gold cluster compound that is visualized by electron microscopy and a covalently attached fluorophore that is visualized by fluorescence microscopy. FluoroNanogold has been an extremely useful labeling reagent in correlative microscopy studies. In this report, we present an overview of research using this unique probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D. Powell
- />Nanoprobes, Incorporated, 95 Horseblock Road, Unit 1, Yaphank, NY 11980-9710 USA
| | - James F. Hainfeld
- />Nanoprobes, Incorporated, 95 Horseblock Road, Unit 1, Yaphank, NY 11980-9710 USA
| | - John M. Robinson
- />Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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20
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Loussert Fonta C, Humbel BM. Correlative microscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 581:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Multimodal correlative microscopy for in situ detection and quantification of chemical elements in biological specimens. Applications to nanotoxicology. J Chem Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12154-015-0133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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22
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Hellström K, Vihinen H, Kallio K, Jokitalo E, Ahola T. Correlative light and electron microscopy enables viral replication studies at the ultrastructural level. Methods 2015; 90:49-56. [PMID: 25916619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) is a powerful tool to study structural changes within cells caused e.g. by ectopic protein expression, gene silencing or virus infection. Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) has proven to be useful in cases when it is problematic to identify a particular cell among a majority of unaffected cells at the EM level. In this technique the cells of interest are first identified by fluorescence microscopy and then further processed for EM. CLEM has become crucial when studying positive-strand RNA virus replication, as it takes place in nanoscale replication sites on specific cellular membranes. Here we have employed CLEM for Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replication studies both by transfecting viral replication components to cells or by infecting different cell types. For the transfection-based system, we developed an RNA template that can be detected in the cells even in the absence of replication and thus allows exploration of lethal mutations in viral proteins. In infected mammalian and mosquito cells, we were able to find replication-positive cells by using a fluorescently labeled viral protein even in the cases of low infection efficiency. The fluorescent region within these cells was shown to correspond to an area rich in modified membranes. These results show that CLEM is a valuable technique for studying virus replication and membrane modifications at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Hellström
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Kallio
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Ahola
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Tamplin OJ, Durand EM, Carr LA, Childs SJ, Hagedorn EJ, Li P, Yzaguirre AD, Speck NA, Zon LI. Hematopoietic stem cell arrival triggers dynamic remodeling of the perivascular niche. Cell 2015; 160:241-52. [PMID: 25594182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can reconstitute and sustain the entire blood system. We generated a highly specific transgenic reporter of HSPCs in zebrafish. This allowed us to perform high-resolution live imaging on endogenous HSPCs not currently possible in mammalian bone marrow. Using this system, we have uncovered distinct interactions between single HSPCs and their niche. When an HSPC arrives in the perivascular niche, a group of endothelial cells remodel to form a surrounding pocket. This structure appears conserved in mouse fetal liver. Correlative light and electron microscopy revealed that endothelial cells surround a single HSPC attached to a single mesenchymal stromal cell. Live imaging showed that mesenchymal stromal cells anchor HSPCs and orient their divisions. A chemical genetic screen found that the compound lycorine promotes HSPC-niche interactions during development and ultimately expands the stem cell pool into adulthood. Our studies provide evidence for dynamic niche interactions upon stem cell colonization. PAPERFLICK:
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Tamplin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen M Durand
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Logan A Carr
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah J Childs
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elliott J Hagedorn
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pulin Li
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Amanda D Yzaguirre
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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24
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Rodighiero S, Torre B, Sogne E, Ruffilli R, Cagnoli C, Francolini M, Di Fabrizio E, Falqui A. Correlative scanning electron and confocal microscopy imaging of labeled cells coated by indium-tin-oxide. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:433-43. [PMID: 25810353 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Confocal microscopy imaging of cells allows to visualize the presence of specific antigens by using fluorescent tags or fluorescent proteins, with resolution of few hundreds of nanometers, providing their localization in a large field-of-view and the understanding of their cellular function. Conversely, in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface morphology of cells is imaged down to nanometer scale using secondary electrons. Combining both imaging techniques have brought to the correlative light and electron microscopy, contributing to investigate the existing relationships between biological surface structures and functions. Furthermore, in SEM, backscattered electrons (BSE) can image local compositional differences, like those due to nanosized gold particles labeling cellular surface antigens. To perform SEM imaging of cells, they could be grown on conducting substrates, but obtaining images of limited quality. Alternatively, they could be rendered electrically conductive, coating them with a thin metal layer. However, when BSE are collected to detect gold-labeled surface antigens, heavy metals cannot be used as coating material, as they would mask the BSE signal produced by the markers. Cell surface could be then coated with a thin layer of chromium, but this results in a loss of conductivity due to the fast chromium oxidation, if the samples come in contact with air. In order to overcome these major limitations, a thin layer of indium-tin-oxide was deposited by ion-sputtering on gold-decorated HeLa cells and neurons. Indium-tin-oxide was able to provide stable electrical conductivity and preservation of the BSE signal coming from the gold-conjugated markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Torre
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Elisa Sogne
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, Milano, 20139, Italy.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roberta Ruffilli
- CEMES/CNRS, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Cinzia Cagnoli
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, Milano, 20139, Italy
| | - Maura Francolini
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, Milano, 20139, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, 20129, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Falqui
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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25
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Beznoussenko GV, Pilyugin SS, Geerts WJC, Kozlov MM, Burger KNJ, Luini A, Derganc J, Mironov AA. Trans-membrane area asymmetry controls the shape of cellular organelles. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5299-333. [PMID: 25761238 PMCID: PMC4394477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane organelles often have complicated shapes and differ in their volume, surface area and membrane curvature. The ratio between the surface area of the cytosolic and luminal leaflets (trans-membrane area asymmetry (TAA)) determines the membrane curvature within different sites of the organelle. Thus, the shape of the organelle could be critically dependent on TAA. Here, using mathematical modeling and stereological measurements of TAA during fast transformation of organelle shapes, we present evidence that suggests that when organelle volume and surface area are constant, TAA can regulate transformation of the shape of the Golgi apparatus, endosomal multivesicular bodies, and microvilli of brush borders of kidney epithelial cells. Extraction of membrane curvature by small spheres, such as COPI-dependent vesicles within the Golgi (extraction of positive curvature), or by intraluminal vesicles within endosomes (extraction of negative curvature) controls the shape of these organelles. For instance, Golgi tubulation is critically dependent on the fusion of COPI vesicles with Golgi cisternae, and vice versa, for the extraction of membrane curvature into 50–60 nm vesicles, to induce transformation of Golgi tubules into cisternae. Also, formation of intraluminal ultra-small vesicles after fusion of endosomes allows equilibration of their TAA, volume and surface area. Finally, when microvilli of the brush border are broken into vesicles and microvilli fragments, TAA of these membranes remains the same as TAA of the microvilli. Thus, TAA has a significant role in transformation of organelle shape when other factors remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Beznoussenko
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti 66030, Italy.
| | - Sergei S Pilyugin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8105, USA.
| | - Willie J C Geerts
- Department of Biochemical Physiology, Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Koert N J Burger
- Department of Biochemical Physiology, Institute of Biomembranes, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alberto Luini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alexander A Mironov
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti 66030, Italy.
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26
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Kumar A, Mazzanti M, Mistrik M, Kosar M, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Garrè M, Parazzoli D, Shivashankar GV, Scita G, Bartek J, Foiani M. ATR mediates a checkpoint at the nuclear envelope in response to mechanical stress. Cell 2015; 158:633-46. [PMID: 25083873 PMCID: PMC4121522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ATR controls chromosome integrity and chromatin dynamics. We have previously shown that yeast Mec1/ATR promotes chromatin detachment from the nuclear envelope to counteract aberrant topological transitions during DNA replication. Here, we provide evidence that ATR activity at the nuclear envelope responds to mechanical stress. Human ATR associates with the nuclear envelope during S phase and prophase, and both osmotic stress and mechanical stretching relocalize ATR to nuclear membranes throughout the cell cycle. The ATR-mediated mechanical response occurs within the range of physiological forces, is reversible, and is independent of DNA damage signaling. ATR-defective cells exhibit aberrant chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. We propose that mechanical forces derived from chromosome dynamics and torsional stress on nuclear membranes activate ATR to modulate nuclear envelope plasticity and chromatin association to the nuclear envelope, thus enabling cells to cope with the mechanical strain imposed by these molecular processes. ATR localizes at the nuclear envelope in S phase and prophase ATR responds to mechanical stress by relocalizing to the nuclear envelope The ATR mechanical response is fast and reversible ATR coordinates chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77115 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kosar
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre A Mironov
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Garrè
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77115 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marco Foiani
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
During the intracellular phase of the pathogenic lifestyle, Salmonella enterica massively alters the endosomal system of its host cells. Two hallmarks are the remodeling of phagosomes into the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) as a replicative niche, and the formation of tubular structures, such as Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). To study the dynamics and the fate of these Salmonella-specific compartments, live cell imaging (LCI) is a method of choice. In this chapter, we compare currently used microscopy techniques and focus on considerations and requirements specific for LCI. Detailed protocols for LCI of Salmonella infection with either confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM) are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kehl
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Correlative microscopy is a method when for the analysis of the very same cell or tissue area, several different methods of light microscopy (LM) and then electron microscopy (EM) are used consecutively. The combination of LM and EM allows researchers to study phenomena at a global scale and then to look for unique or rare events for their subsequent EM examination. Unfortunately, the observation of living cells under EM is still impossible. LM provides the possibility to examine quickly many live cells, whereas EM provides the high level of resolution. On the other side, the final goal of any morphological analysis of a biological sample, whether it is an organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, or molecule, is to get an averaged three-dimensional model of the structure examined and to determine the chemical composition of it. This chapter describes the methodology of imaging with the help of CVLEM. The guidelines presented herein enable researchers to analyze structure of organelles and to obtain the three-dimensional model of the structure examined, and in particular rare events captured by low-resolution imaging of a population or transient events captured by live imaging can now also be studied at high resolution by EM.
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29
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Loussert Fonta C, Leis A, Mathisen C, Bouvier DS, Blanchard W, Volterra A, Lich B, Humbel BM. Analysis of acute brain slices by electron microscopy: a correlative light-electron microscopy workflow based on Tokuyasu cryo-sectioning. J Struct Biol 2014; 189:53-61. [PMID: 25448886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain slices are slices of brain tissue that are kept vital in vitro for further recordings and analyses. This tool is of major importance in neurobiology and allows the study of brain cells such as microglia, astrocytes, neurons and their inter/intracellular communications via ion channels or transporters. In combination with light/fluorescence microscopies, acute brain slices enable the ex vivo analysis of specific cells or groups of cells inside the slice, e.g. astrocytes. To bridge ex vivo knowledge of a cell with its ultrastructure, we developed a correlative microscopy approach for acute brain slices. The workflow begins with sampling of the tissue and precise trimming of a region of interest, which contains GFP-tagged astrocytes that can be visualised by fluorescence microscopy of ultrathin sections. The astrocytes and their surroundings are then analysed by high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). An important aspect of this workflow is the modification of a commercial cryo-ultramicrotome to observe the fluorescent GFP signal during the trimming process. It ensured that sections contained at least one GFP astrocyte. After cryo-sectioning, a map of the GFP-expressing astrocytes is established and transferred to correlation software installed on a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope equipped with a STEM detector. Next, the areas displaying fluorescence are selected for high resolution STEM imaging. An overview area (e.g. a whole mesh of the grid) is imaged with an automated tiling and stitching process. In the final stitched image, the local organisation of the brain tissue can be surveyed or areas of interest can be magnified to observe fine details, e.g. vesicles or gold labels on specific proteins. The robustness of this workflow is contingent on the quality of sample preparation, based on Tokuyasu's protocol. This method results in a reasonable compromise between preservation of morphology and maintenance of antigenicity. Finally, an important feature of this approach is that the fluorescence of the GFP signal is preserved throughout the entire preparation process until the last step before electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Loussert Fonta
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew Leis
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Cliff Mathisen
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David S Bouvier
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Willy Blanchard
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Volterra
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ben Lich
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno M Humbel
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nawa Y, Inami W, Lin S, Kawata Y, Terakawa S, Fang CY, Chang HC. Multi-color imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds in living HeLa cells using direct electron-beam excitation. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:721-6. [PMID: 24403210 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multi-color, high spatial resolution imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in living HeLa cells has been performed with a direct electron-beam excitation-assisted fluorescence (D-EXA) microscope. In this technique, fluorescent materials are directly excited with a focused electron beam and the resulting cathodoluminescence (CL) is detected with nanoscale resolution. Green- and red-light-emitting FNDs were employed for two-color imaging, which were observed simultaneously in the cells with high spatial resolution. This technique could be applied generally for multi-color immunostaining to reveal various cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 4328561 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 53-471-1128; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 1020083 (Japan)
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31
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Kopek BG, Shtengel G, Grimm JB, Clayton DA, Hess HF. Correlative photoactivated localization and scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77209. [PMID: 24204771 PMCID: PMC3808397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to localize proteins precisely within subcellular space is crucial to understanding the functioning of biological systems. Recently, we described a protocol that correlates a precise map of fluorescent fusion proteins localized using three-dimensional super-resolution optical microscopy with the fine ultrastructural context of three-dimensional electron micrographs. While it achieved the difficult simultaneous objectives of high photoactivated fluorophore preservation and ultrastructure preservation, it required a super-resolution optical and specialized electron microscope that is not available to many researchers. We present here a faster and more practical protocol with the advantage of a simpler two-dimensional optical (Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM)) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) system that retains the often mutually exclusive attributes of fluorophore preservation and ultrastructure preservation. As before, cryosections were prepared using the Tokuyasu protocol, but the staining protocol was modified to be amenable for use in a standard SEM without the need for focused ion beam ablation. We show the versatility of this technique by labeling different cellular compartments and structures including mitochondrial nucleoids, peroxisomes, and the nuclear lamina. We also demonstrate simultaneous two-color PALM imaging with correlated electron micrographs. Lastly, this technique can be used with small-molecule dyes as demonstrated with actin labeling using phalloidin conjugated to a caged dye. By retaining the dense protein labeling expected for super-resolution microscopy combined with ultrastructural preservation, simplifying the tools required for correlative microscopy, and expanding the number of useful labels we expect this method to be accessible and valuable to a wide variety of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Kopek
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Grimm
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David A. Clayton
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Harald F. Hess
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
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Mochalov KE, Efimov AE, Bobrovsky A, Agapov II, Chistyakov AA, Oleinikov V, Sukhanova A, Nabiev I. Combined scanning probe nanotomography and optical microspectroscopy: a correlative technique for 3D characterization of nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8953-8962. [PMID: 23991901 DOI: 10.1021/nn403448p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Combination of 3D structural analysis with optical characterization of the same sample area on the nanoscale is a highly demanded approach in nanophotonics, materials science, and quality control of nanomaterial. We have developed a correlative microscopy technique where the 3D structure of the sample is reconstructed on the nanoscale by means of a "slice-and-view" combination of ultramicrotomy and scanning probe microscopy (scanning probe nanotomography, SPNT), and its optical characteristics are analyzed using microspectroscopy. This approach has been used to determine the direct quantitative relationship of the 3D structural characteristics of nanovolumes of materials with their microscopic optical properties. This technique has been applied to 3D structural and optical characterization of a hybrid material consisting of cholesteric liquid crystals doped with fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) that can be used for photochemical patterning and image recording through the changes in the dissymmetry factor of the circular polarization of QD emission. The differences in the polarization images and fluorescent spectra of this hybrid material have proved to be correlated with the arrangement of the areas of homogeneous distribution and heterogeneous clustering of QDs. The reconstruction of the 3D nanostructure of the liquid crystal matrix in the areas of homogeneous QDs distribution has shown that QDs do not perturb the periodic planar texture of the cholesteric liquid crystal matrix, whereas QD clusters do perturb it. The combined microspectroscopy-nanotomography technique will be important for evaluating the effects of nanoparticles on the structural organization of organic and liquid crystal matrices and biomedical materials, as well as quality control of nanotechnology fabrication processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin E Mochalov
- Laboratory of Nano-bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University "Moscow Engineering Physics Institute", 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Schellenberger P, Kaufmann R, Siebert CA, Hagen C, Wodrich H, Grünewald K. High-precision correlative fluorescence and electron cryo microscopy using two independent alignment markers. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 143:41-51. [PMID: 24262358 PMCID: PMC4045203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an emerging technique which combines functional information provided by fluorescence microscopy (FM) with the high-resolution structural information of electron microscopy (EM). So far, correlative cryo microscopy of frozen-hydrated samples has not reached better than micrometre range accuracy. Here, a method is presented that enables the correlation between fluorescently tagged proteins and electron cryo tomography (cryoET) data with nanometre range precision. Specifically, thin areas of vitrified whole cells are examined by correlative fluorescence cryo microscopy (cryoFM) and cryoET. Novel aspects of the presented cryoCLEM workflow not only include the implementation of two independent electron dense fluorescent markers to improve the precision of the alignment, but also the ability of obtaining an estimate of the correlation accuracy for each individual object of interest. The correlative workflow from plunge-freezing to cryoET is detailed step-by-step for the example of locating fluorescence-labelled adenovirus particles trafficking inside a cell. Vitrified mammalian cell were imaged by fluorescence and electron cryo microscopy. TetraSpeck fluorescence markers were added to correct shifts between cryo fluorescence channels. FluoSpheres fiducials were used as reference points to assign new coordinates to cryoEM images. Adenovirus particles were localised with an average correlation precision of 63 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Schellenberger
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rainer Kaufmann
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - C Alistair Siebert
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christoph Hagen
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Harald Wodrich
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux SEGALEN, 146 rue Leo Seignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Mironov AA, Sesorova IV, Beznoussenko GV. Golgi's way: a long path toward the new paradigm of the intra-Golgi transport. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:383-93. [PMID: 24068461 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transport of proteins and lipids is one of the main cellular functions. The vesicular model, compartment (or cisterna) maturation model, and the diffusion model compete with each other for the right to be the paradigm within the field of the intra-Golgi transport. These models have significant difficulties explaining the existing experimental data. Recently, we proposed the kiss-and-run (KAR) model of intra-Golgi transport (Mironov and Beznoussenko in Int J Mol Sci 13(6):6800-6819, 2012), which can be symmetric, when fusion and fission occur in the same location, and asymmetric, when fusion and fission take place at different sites. Here, we compare the ability of main models of the intra-Golgi transport to explain the existing results examining the evidence in favor and against each model. We propose that the KAR model has the highest potential for the explanation of the majority of experimental observations existing within the field of intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Mironov
- Istituto di Oncologia Molecolare di Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 20139, Milan, Italy,
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Handschuh S, Baeumler N, Schwaha T, Ruthensteiner B. A correlative approach for combining microCT, light and transmission electron microscopy in a single 3D scenario. Front Zool 2013; 10:44. [PMID: 23915384 PMCID: PMC3750762 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In biomedical research, a huge variety of different techniques is currently available for the structural examination of small specimens, including conventional light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), microscopic X-ray computed tomography (microCT), and many others. Since every imaging method is physically limited by certain parameters, a correlative use of complementary methods often yields a significant broader range of information. Here we demonstrate the advantages of the correlative use of microCT, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy for the analysis of small biological samples. Results We used a small juvenile bivalve mollusc (Mytilus galloprovincialis, approximately 0.8 mm length) to demonstrate the workflow of a correlative examination by microCT, LM serial section analysis, and TEM-re-sectioning. Initially these three datasets were analyzed separately, and subsequently they were fused in one 3D scene. This workflow is very straightforward. The specimen was processed as usual for transmission electron microscopy including post-fixation in osmium tetroxide and embedding in epoxy resin. Subsequently it was imaged with microCT. Post-fixation in osmium tetroxide yielded sufficient X-ray contrast for microCT imaging, since the X-ray absorption of epoxy resin is low. Thereafter, the same specimen was serially sectioned for LM investigation. The serial section images were aligned and specific organ systems were reconstructed based on manual segmentation and surface rendering. According to the region of interest (ROI), specific LM sections were detached from the slides, re-mounted on resin blocks and re-sectioned (ultrathin) for TEM. For analysis, image data from the three different modalities was co-registered into a single 3D scene using the software AMIRA®. We were able to register both the LM section series volume and TEM slices neatly to the microCT dataset, with small geometric deviations occurring only in the peripheral areas of the specimen. Based on co-registered datasets the excretory organs, which were chosen as ROI for this study, could be investigated regarding both their ultrastructure as well as their position in the organism and their spatial relationship to adjacent tissues. We found structures typical for mollusc excretory systems, including ultrafiltration sites at the pericardial wall, and ducts leading from the pericardium towards the kidneys, which exhibit a typical basal infolding system. Conclusions The presented approach allows a comprehensive analysis and presentation of small objects regarding both the overall organization as well as cellular and subcellular details. Although our protocol involves a variety of different equipment and procedures, we maintain that it offers savings in both effort and cost. Co-registration of datasets from different imaging modalities can be accomplished with high-end desktop computers and offers new opportunities for understanding and communicating structural relationships within organisms and tissues. In general, the correlative use of different microscopic imaging techniques will continue to become more widespread in morphological and structural research in zoology. Classical TEM serial section investigations are extremely time consuming, and modern methods for 3D analysis of ultrastructure such as SBF-SEM and FIB-SEM are limited to very small volumes for examination. Thus the re-sectioning of LM sections is suitable for speeding up TEM examination substantially, while microCT could become a key-method for complementing ultrastructural examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh
- VetImaging, VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Cutrona MB, Beznoussenko GV, Fusella A, Martella O, Moral P, Mironov AA. Silencing of mammalian Sar1 isoforms reveals COPII-independent protein sorting and transport. Traffic 2013; 14:691-708. [PMID: 23433038 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Sar1 GTPase coordinates the assembly of coat protein complex-II (COPII) at specific sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). COPII is required for ER-to-Golgi transport, as it provides a structural and functional framework to ship out protein cargoes produced in the ER. To investigate the requirement of COPII-mediated transport in mammalian cells, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of Sar1A and Sar1B. We report that depletion of these two mammalian forms of Sar1 disrupts COPII assembly and the cells fail to organize transitional elements that coordinate classical ER-to-Golgi protein transfer. Under these conditions, minimal Golgi stacks are seen in proximity to juxtanuclear ER membranes that contain elements of the intermediate compartment, and from which these stacks coordinate biosynthetic transport of protein cargo, such as the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein and albumin. Here, transport of procollagen-I is inhibited. These data provide proof-of-principle for the contribution of alternative mechanisms that support biosynthetic trafficking in mammalian cells, providing evidence of a functional boundary associated with a bypass of COPII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell B Cutrona
- Department of Cellular and Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8/A, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy.
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Fusella A, Micaroni M, Di Giandomenico D, Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Segregation of the Qb-SNAREs GS27 and GS28 into Golgi vesicles regulates intra-Golgi transport. Traffic 2013; 14:568-84. [PMID: 23387339 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the main glycosylation and sorting station along the secretory pathway. Its structure includes the Golgi vesicles, which are depleted of anterograde cargo, and also of at least some Golgi-resident proteins. The role of Golgi vesicles remains unclear. Here, we show that Golgi vesicles are enriched in the Qb-SNAREs GS27 (membrin) and GS28 (GOS-28), and depleted of nucleotide sugar transporters. A block of intra-Golgi transport leads to accumulation of Golgi vesicles and partitioning of GS27 and GS28 into these vesicles. Conversely, active intra-Golgi transport induces fusion of these vesicles with the Golgi cisternae, delivering GS27 and GS28 to these cisternae. In an in vitro assay based on a donor compartment that lacks UDP-galactose translocase (a sugar transporter), the segregation of Golgi vesicles from isolated Golgi membranes inhibits intra-Golgi transport; re-addition of isolated Golgi vesicles devoid of UDP-galactose translocase obtained from normal cells restores intra-Golgi transport. We conclude that this activity is due to the presence of GS27 and GS28 in the Golgi vesicles, rather than the sugar transporter. Furthermore, there is an inverse correlation between the number of Golgi vesicles and the number of inter-cisternal connections under different experimental conditions. Finally, a rapid block of the formation of vesicles via COPI through degradation of ϵCOP accelerates the cis-to-trans delivery of VSVG. These data suggest that Golgi vesicles, presumably with COPI, serve to inhibit intra-Golgi transport by the extraction of GS27 and GS28 from the Golgi cisternae, which blocks the formation of inter-cisternal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fusella
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8, 66030, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Liv N, Zonnevylle AC, Narvaez AC, Effting APJ, Voorneveld PW, Lucas MS, Hardwick JC, Wepf RA, Kruit P, Hoogenboom JP. Simultaneous correlative scanning electron and high-NA fluorescence microscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55707. [PMID: 23409024 PMCID: PMC3568124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is a unique method for investigating biological structure-function relations. With CLEM protein distributions visualized in fluorescence can be mapped onto the cellular ultrastructure measured with electron microscopy. Widespread application of correlative microscopy is hampered by elaborate experimental procedures related foremost to retrieving regions of interest in both modalities and/or compromises in integrated approaches. We present a novel approach to correlative microscopy, in which a high numerical aperture epi-fluorescence microscope and a scanning electron microscope illuminate the same area of a sample at the same time. This removes the need for retrieval of regions of interest leading to a drastic reduction of inspection times and the possibility for quantitative investigations of large areas and datasets with correlative microscopy. We demonstrate Simultaneous CLEM (SCLEM) analyzing cell-cell connections and membrane protrusions in whole uncoated colon adenocarcinoma cell line cells stained for actin and cortactin with AlexaFluor488. SCLEM imaging of coverglass-mounted tissue sections with both electron-dense and fluorescence staining is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Liv
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A. Christiaan Zonnevylle
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Angela C. Narvaez
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip W. Voorneveld
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam S. Lucas
- Electron Microscopy ETH Zurich - EMEZ, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James C. Hardwick
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A. Wepf
- Electron Microscopy ETH Zurich - EMEZ, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Kruit
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob P. Hoogenboom
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Correlative microscopy is a method when for the analysis of the very same cell or tissue area several different methods of light or electron microscopy are used. Usually these methods of analysis are separated by the period of additional preparation. Traditionally, LM and EM observations are carried out in different populations of cells/tissues. In biology, light microscopy (LM) is usually used to study phenomena at a global scale and to look for unique or rare events for their subsequent examination under the electron microscope. This combination provides an opportunity for live imaging with subsequent electron microscopic analysis of the very same sample, which provides the convenience and the velocity of light microscopy with the very high level of resolution of electron microscopy. Unfortunately, observation of living cells under EM is still impossible. The advent of true correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) has allowed high-resolution imaging by EM of the very same structure observed by LM. This chapter describes imaging with the help of CLEM. The guidelines presented herein enable researchers to analyze structure of organelles and in particular rare events captured by low-resolution imaging of a population or transient events captured by live light imaging can now also be studied at high resolution by EM.
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Takizawa T, Robinson JM. Correlative fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy in tissues. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 111:37-57. [PMID: 22857922 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416026-2.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy has meant different things over the years; currently, this term refers to imaging the same exact structures with two or more imaging modalities. This commonly involves combining fluorescence and electron microscopy. Much of the recent work related to correlative microscopy has been done using cell culture models. However, many biological questions cannot be addressed in these models, but require instead the 3-dimensional organization of cells found in tissues. Herein, we discuss some of the issues related to correlative microscopy of tissues including the major reporter systems presently available for correlative microscopy. We present data from our own work in which we have focused on the use of ultrathin cryosections of tissues as the substrate for immunolabeling to combine immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of the same sub-cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Takizawa
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Faas FG, Avramut MC, M. van den Berg B, Mommaas AM, Koster AJ, Ravelli RB. Virtual nanoscopy: generation of ultra-large high resolution electron microscopy maps. J Cell Biol 2012; 198:457-69. [PMID: 22869601 PMCID: PMC3413355 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A key obstacle in uncovering the orchestration between molecular and cellular events is the vastly different length scales on which they occur. We describe here a methodology for ultrastructurally mapping regions of cells and tissue as large as 1 mm(2) at nanometer resolution. Our approach employs standard transmission electron microscopy, rapid automated data collection, and stitching to create large virtual slides. It greatly facilitates correlative light-electron microscopy studies to relate structure and function and provides a genuine representation of ultrastructural events. The method is scalable as illustrated by slides up to 281 gigapixels in size. Here, we applied virtual nanoscopy in a correlative light-electron microscopy study to address the role of the endothelial glycocalyx in protein leakage over the glomerular filtration barrier, in an immunogold labeling study of internalization of oncolytic reovirus in human dendritic cells, in a cryo-electron microscopy study of intact vitrified mouse embryonic cells, and in an ultrastructural mapping of a complete zebrafish embryo slice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G.A. Faas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M. Cristina Avramut
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bernard M. van den Berg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A. Mieke Mommaas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Abraham J. Koster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Raimond B.G. Ravelli
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
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Samuels L, McFarlane HE. Plant cell wall secretion and lipid traffic at membrane contact sites of the cell cortex. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 1:S19-23. [PMID: 22160188 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall secretion is the result of dynamic vesicle fusion events at the plasma membrane. The importance of the lipid bilayer environment of the plasma membrane and its interactions with the endomembrane system through vesicle traffic are well recognized. Recent advances in yeast molecular biology and biochemistry lead us to re-examine the hypothesis that non-vesicular traffic of lipids through close contact sites of the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum could also be important in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Non-vesicular traffic is the extraction and transfer of individual lipid molecules from a donor bilayer to a target bilayer, usually with the assistance of lipid transfer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Brandenburg B, Bujny MV, Gelderblom HR. Optische und Elektronenmikroskopische Detektion – Erregerschnelldiagnostik, hochauflösende Lichtmikroskopie und Live-Cell-Imaging. LEXIKON DER INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN DES MENSCHEN 2012. [PMCID: PMC7122969 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17158-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Die Kombination aus Zellbiologie und Mikrobiologie hat mit der Zellulären Mikrobiologie eine neue Disziplin geschaffen, deren primäres Ziel die Erforschung des Zusammenspiels von Wirt und Erregern auf der Ebene des Gewebes, der Zelle und letztlich von einzelnen Molekülen ist. Die Entschlüsselung dieser dynamischen Interaktionen erlaubt ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis von Infektionsmechanismen sowie zellulärer Logistik und bereitet damit den Weg für die Entwicklung wirkungsvoller Therapeutika.
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Kobayashi K, Cheng D, Huynh M, Ratinac KR, Thordarson P, Braet F. Imaging fluorescently labeled complexes by means of multidimensional correlative light and transmission electron microscopy: practical considerations. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 111:1-20. [PMID: 22857920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416026-2.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
These days the common ground between structural biology and molecular biology continues to grow thanks to the biomolecular insights offered by correlative microscopy, even though the vision of combining insights from different imaging tools has been around for nearly four decades. The use of correlative imaging methods to dissect the cell's internal structure is progressing faster than ever as shown by the boom in the number of methodological approaches available for correlative microscopy studies, each designed to address a specific scientific question. In this chapter, we will present a relatively straightforward approach to combining information from fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy at the supramolecular level. The method combines live-cell and/or confocal laser microscopy with classical sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thereby allowing the integration of dynamic details of subcellular processes with insights about the organelles and molecular machinery involved. We illustrate the applicability of this multidimensional correlative microscopy approach on cultured Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells exposed to fluorescently labeled cisplatin, and discuss how these methods can deepen our understanding of key cellular processes, such as drug uptake and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Röhrl C, Ranftler C, Stangl H, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Ellinger A. Photooxidation technology for correlative light and electron microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 931:423-36. [PMID: 23027015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-056-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Correlative microscopic approaches combine the advantages of both light and electron microscopy. Here we show a correlative approach that uses the photooxidation capacity of fluorescent dyes. Through illumination with high energetic light, the chromogen diaminobenzidine is oxidized and stable deposits are formed at the sites of the former fluorescent signals, which after osmification are then visible in the electron microscope. The potential of the method is illustrated by tracing the endocytic pathway of three different ligands: the lipid ceramide, high density lipoproteins, and the lectin wheat germ agglutinin. The ligands were labeled either with BODIPY or Alexa dyes. Following cell surface binding, uptake, and time-dependent intracellular progression, the route taken by these molecules together with the organelles that have been visited is characterized. Correlative microscopic data are recorded at various levels. First, by fluorescence and phase contrast illumination with the light microscope, followed by the analysis of semithin sections after photooxidation, and finally of thin sections at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Correlative light-electron microscopy a potent tool for the imaging of rare or unique cellular and tissue events and structures. Methods Enzymol 2012; 504:201-19. [PMID: 22264536 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391857-4.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In biology, light microscopy (LM) is usually used to study phenomena at a global scale and to look for unique or rare events, and it also provides an opportunity for live imaging, while the forte of electron microscopy (EM) is the high resolution. Observation of living cells under EM is still impossible. Traditionally, LM and EM observations are carried out in different populations of cells/tissues. The advent of true correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) has allowed high-resolution imaging by EM of the very same structure observed by LM. This chapter describes imaging with the help of CLEM. The guidelines presented herein enable researchers to analyze structure of organelles and in particular rare events captured by low-resolution imaging of a population or transient events captured by live imaging can now also be studied at high resolution by EM.
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Jahn KA, Barton DA, Kobayashi K, Ratinac KR, Overall RL, Braet F. Correlative microscopy: providing new understanding in the biomedical and plant sciences. Micron 2011; 43:565-82. [PMID: 22244153 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is the application of two or more distinct microscopy techniques to the same region of a sample, generating complementary morphological, structural and chemical information that exceeds what is possible with any single technique. As a variety of complementary microscopy approaches rather than a specific type of instrument, correlative microscopy has blossomed in recent years as researchers have recognised that it is particularly suited to address the intricate questions of the modern biological sciences. Specialised technical developments in sample preparation, imaging methods, visualisation and data analysis have also accelerated the uptake of correlative approaches. In light of these advances, this critical review takes the reader on a journey through recent developments in, and applications of, correlative microscopy, examining its impact in biomedical research and in the field of plant science. This twin emphasis gives a unique perspective into use of correlative microscopy in fields that often advance independently, and highlights the lessons that can be learned from both fields for the future of this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jahn
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis and The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Murphy GE, Narayan K, Lowekamp BC, Hartnell LM, Heymann JAW, Fu J, Subramaniam S. Correlative 3D imaging of whole mammalian cells with light and electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:268-78. [PMID: 21907806 PMCID: PMC3210386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report methodological advances that extend the current capabilities of ion-abrasion scanning electron microscopy (IA-SEM), also known as focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, a newly emerging technology for high resolution imaging of large biological specimens in 3D. We establish protocols that enable the routine generation of 3D image stacks of entire plastic-embedded mammalian cells by IA-SEM at resolutions of ∼10-20nm at high contrast and with minimal artifacts from the focused ion beam. We build on these advances by describing a detailed approach for carrying out correlative live confocal microscopy and IA-SEM on the same cells. Finally, we demonstrate that by combining correlative imaging with newly developed tools for automated image processing, small 100nm-sized entities such as HIV-1 or gold beads can be localized in SEM image stacks of whole mammalian cells. We anticipate that these methods will add to the arsenal of tools available for investigating mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions, and more generally, the 3D subcellular architecture of mammalian cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E. Murphy
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Bradley C. Lowekamp
- Office of High Performance Computing and Communications, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Lisa M. Hartnell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jurgen A. W. Heymann
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jing Fu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Popescu CI, Rouillé Y, Dubuisson J. Hepatitis C virus assembly imaging. Viruses 2011; 3:2238-54. [PMID: 22163343 PMCID: PMC3230850 DOI: 10.3390/v3112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) assembly process is the least understood step in the virus life cycle. The functional data revealed by forward and reverse genetics indicated that both structural and non-structural proteins are involved in the assembly process. Using confocal and electron microscopy different groups determined the subcellular localization of different viral proteins and they identified the lipid droplets (LDs) as the potential viral assembly site. Here, we aim to review the mechanisms that govern the viral proteins recruitment to LDs and discuss the current model of HCV assembly process. Based on previous examples, this review will also discuss advanced imaging techniques as potential means to extend our present knowledge of HCV assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costin-Ioan Popescu
- Institute of Biochemistry, The Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest 17, Romania
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 59021, France; E-Mails: (Y.R.); (J.D.)
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 59021, France; E-Mails: (Y.R.); (J.D.)
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O'Leary R, Reilly JE, Hanson HH, Kang S, Lou N, Phillips GR. A variable cytoplasmic domain segment is necessary for γ-protocadherin trafficking and tubulation in the endosome/lysosome pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4362-72. [PMID: 21917590 PMCID: PMC3216661 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable portion of the γ-protocadherin (Pcdh-γ) cytoplasmic domain (VCD) controls Pcdh-γ trafficking and organelle tubulation in the endolysosome system. Active VCD segments are conserved in Pcdh-γA and Pcdh-γB subfamilies. Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are arranged in gene clusters (α, β, and γ) with variable and constant exons. Variable exons encode cadherin and transmembrane domains and ∼90 cytoplasmic residues. The 14 Pcdh-αs and 22 Pcdh-γs are spliced to constant exons, which, for Pcdh-γs, encode ∼120 residues of an identical cytoplasmic moiety. Pcdh-γs participate in cell–cell interactions but are prominently intracellular in vivo, and mice with disrupted Pcdh-γ genes exhibit increased neuronal cell death, suggesting nonconventional roles. Most attention in terms of Pcdh-γ intracellular interactions has focused on the constant domain. We show that the variable cytoplasmic domain (VCD) is required for trafficking and organelle tubulation in the endolysosome system. Deletion of the constant cytoplasmic domain preserved the late endosomal/lysosomal trafficking and organelle tubulation observed for the intact molecule, whereas deletion or excision of the VCD or replacement of the Pcdh-γA3 cytoplasmic domain with that from Pcdh-α1 or N-cadherin dramatically altered trafficking. Truncations or internal deletions within the VCD defined a 26–amino acid segment required for trafficking and tubulation in the endolysosomal pathway. This active VCD segment contains residues that are conserved in Pcdh-γA and Pcdh-γB subfamilies. Thus the VCDs of Pcdh-γs mediate interactions critical for Pcdh-γ trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Leary
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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